Name : Sri Wahyuni Daulay

Nim : 1601010975

1. Please explain what is technical translation base on an expert

 Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of
documents produced by technical writers(owner's manuals, user guides, etc.), or
more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which
deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information. 

2. Translation problem are divided into two main catagories; please mention and explain it?
 1. Lexical problems
　　In the interpretation of lexical problems, Miremadi states that, although words are entities
that refer to objects or concepts, a word in one language may not be substituted with a word in
another language when referring to the same concepts or objects.
　　He divides lexical problems into five subcategories:
　　Straight/ denotative meaning
　　This kind of meaning refers to those words of the source text that can be matched with
those of the target text "without missing images" (e.g. mother, father, etc).
　　Lexical meaning
　　Lexical meaning refers to words or phrases which seem to be equivalen, although in that
situation this may not be the case; the translator must be aware of the intention beyond the
words in order not to misrepresent the author's message.
　　Metaphorical expression
　　This subcategory refers to the problematic issues of translating idioms and similar
expressions.
　　Broeik (1981) quoted by Dr. Miremadi (1991) offers the following suggestions for
translating idiomatic expressions:
　　a) Distinguishing between ordinary expressions and metaphors
　　b) Having access to the resources of translating a single metaphor
　　c) Being aware of different contexts and their constraints on using metaphors
　　d) Correctly realizing the constraints on the translation, and rendering the message.
　　Semantic voids
e　　This subcategory includes those words and/or expressions that represent concepts that
cannot be found in other special communities. The close equivalents may be found, although
the exact equivalent cannot.
　　According to Dr. Miremadi (1991), this may happen in two cases, subjects to extra-
linguistic factors such as those words that have referents in a certain speech community but
not in others, and subject to intra-linguistic factors such as those concepts that may exist in two
language communities but the structure of their use may be completely different, Dagut (1931)
believes, as Dr. Miremadi (1991) mentioned, that this case occurs when the systems of
lexicalization of shared expressions are different from each other.
　　Proper names
　　The last but not the least sub-category in this group is the problem of proper names.
Although proper names refer to individuals and can be transcribed from one language into
another, sometimes the specific meaning that they carry, which do not exist in the target
speech community, may be lost (e.g. Asghar Rize in Persian).
　　2. Syntactic problems
　　Syntactic problems are the other main category of translation problems; as Dr. Miremadi
(1991) quoted Nida (1975), one can find no two languages that have the exact identical
systems of structural organizations (i.e. language structure varies from one language to
another).
　　These differences include:
 　　Word classes
　　Languages differ from each other in the internal word formation of language classification.
　　Grammatical relations
　　This difference exists among the languages in the way that a constituent of a sentence
functions within that sentence.
　　Word order
　　Style
　　Pragmatic aspects
　　Considering all these problems, a translator is expected to convey the message of the
source text to target readers; however, there is no completely exact translation between any
two languages and as Dr. Miremadi (1991) quoted Werner (1961), the degree of approximation
between two language systems determines the effectiveness of the translation.

3. What is translation strategy means?

 Strategy is uesd by (professional) translation for dealing with various types of text
espicially for non equivalent word/term.

4. Direct translation technique include 3 technique; borrowing, calque, and literal translation.
Please explain each of them in very clear?

 Borrowing

Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation.
Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages; for example software in the field of
technology and funk in culture. English also borrows numerous words from other languages;
abbatoire, café, passé and résumé from French; hamburger and kindergarten from German;
bandana, musk and sugar from Sanskrit.

Borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be "foreign".

 Calque

A calque or loan translation (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase borrowed

from another language and translated literally word-for-word. You often see them in specialized
or internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance
qualité taken from English). Examples that have been absorbed into English include standpoint
and beer garden from German Standpunkt and Biergarten; breakfast from French déjeuner
(which now means lunch in Europe, but maintains the same meaning of breakfast in Québec).
Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such as standpoint, beer
garden and breakfast and Spanish peso mosca and Casa Blanca from English flyweight and
White House). The meaning other calques can be rather obscure for most people, especially
when they relate to specific vocations or subjects such as science and law. Solución de
compromiso is a Spanish legal term taken from the English compromise solution and although
Spanish attorneys understand it, the meaning is not readily understood by the layman. An
unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can cause unwanted humor, often
interpreted as indicating the lack of expertise of the translator in the target language.

 Literal Translation

A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the
sentence structure: El equipo está trabajando para terminar el informe would translate into
English as The team is working to finish the report. Sometimes it works and sometimes it does
not. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German
using this technique because the French and German sentence structures are different. And
because one sentence can be translated literally across languages does not mean that all
sentences can be translated literally. El equipo experimentado está trabajando para terminar el
 informe translates into English as The experienced team is working to finish the report
("experienced" and "team" are reversed).

5. Please translate this paragrpaph

 Indonesian culture has been shaped by long interactions between native indigenous customs
and various foreign influences. Indonesia is located along ancient trade routes between the Far
East, South Asia and the Middle East, so that many cultural practices are strongly influenced
by many religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam and Christianity, all of
them strong. in the main trading cities. The result is a complex mix of cultures that is very
different from original indigenous culture.