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Ch-2 Lec3 Force System

engineering mechanics force system.

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Dr Ahmed Al-Rubaie
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23 views

Ch-2 Lec3 Force System

engineering mechanics force system.

Uploaded by

Dr Ahmed Al-Rubaie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3 Structure I

FORCE SYSTEM

Forces

A force may be defined as the action of one body on another body which
changes or tends to change the motion of the body acted on. Because of the
inertia possessed by all material bodies, they react or oppose any force which
acts on them (Newton's third low).
Note1: Forces may be considered as localized vectors and they can not be
defined unless all the following characteristics
mentioned:
• Magnitude,
• Direction (sense and slope),
• Location of any point on its line of action.

Note2: The third characteristic shows that if two forces have the same direction,
they will produce the same external effect on a rigid body. This fact leads to the
principle of transmissibility.

So principle of transmissibility states that the


external effect of a force in a rigid body is
independent the point of application of the force
along its line of action.

System of Forces

When several forces act in a given situation, they are called system of forces or
force system. Force systems can be classified according to the arrangement of
the lines of action of the forces of the system as follows:

University of Kufa\College of Eng. Architecture Dep. (12( Mechanic\Static\1st Class


Lecture 3 Structure I

• Collinear: All forces of the system have a common line of action.


• Concurrent, Coplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system
are in the same plane and intersect at a common point.
• Parallel, Coplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system are
parallel and lie in the same plane.
• Nonconcurrent, Nonparallel, Coplanar: The action lines of all the
forces of the system are in the same plane, but they are not all parallel
and they do not intersect at a common point.
• Concurrent, Noncoplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the
system are intersect at a common point, but they are not all in one plane.
• Parallel, Noncoplanar: The action lines of all the forces of the system
are parallel and but they are not all in the same plane.
• Nonconcurrent, Nonparallel, Noncoplanar: The action lines of all the
forces of the system do not all intersect at a common point, they are not
parallel, and they do not lie in the same plane.

Resultant: The Resultant of a force system is the simplest force which can
replace the original system without changing its external effect on a rigid body.
The resultant of a force system can be:

• a single force,

• a pair of parallel forces having the same magnitudes but opposite sense
(called a couple), or

• a force and a couple. If the resultant is a force and a couple, the force will
not be parallel to the plane containing the couple.

University of Kufa\College of Eng. Architecture Dep. (13( Mechanic\Static\1st Class


Lecture 3 Structure I

Composition and Resolution of Forces

The process of replacing a force system by its resultant is called composition.


The resultant of pair of concurrent forces can be determined by means of
parallelogram law.
R = ( F1 ) 2 + ( F2 ) 2 − 2( F1 ).( F2 ) cos  …(2-1)


 



The angle the resultant makes with either force can be determined by law of
sines, for example:
F2 R
= …(2-2)
sin  sin 
Resolution: The process of replacing a force by its components is called
resolution.
A component of a force is any one of two or more forces having the given
forces as a resultant. So the term "component" is used to mean either one of two
concurrent forces or any one of three noncoplanar concurrent forces having the
given force as a resultant

University of Kufa\College of Eng. Architecture Dep. (14( Mechanic\Static\1st Class


Lecture 3 Structure I

Resultant of concurrent forces:

a) Resultant of concurrent, coplanar forces:


The resultant of concurrent, coplanar forces is force only, while as we will be
seeing later, the resultant of noncurrent forces is force or moment or both.

Example 1: The screw in Figure (a) is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

Solution: By parallelogram, the resultant FR is:


FR = 100 2 + 150 2 − 2(100 )(150 ) cos115 o

= 10 000 + 22 500 − 30 000 (−0.4226 )

= 212 .6 N  213 N

Applying the law of sines to determine 


150 212.6 150
= sin  = (sin 115o )
sin  sin 115o 212.6
 = 39.8o

Thus, the direction  of FR, measured from the horizontal, is


 = 39.8o + 15.0o =54.8o

University of Kufa\College of Eng. Architecture Dep. (15( Mechanic\Static\1st Class


Lecture 3 Structure I

Example 2: Resolve the horizontal 600-lb force in Figure (a) into components
acting along u and v axes and determine the magnitude of these components.

Solution: Applying the law of sines,


Fu 600
o
= Fu= 1039 lb
sin 120 sin 30o
Fv 600
o
= Fv= 600 lb
sin 30 sin 30o
Note: The result for Fu shows that sometimes a component can have a greater
magnitude than the resultant.
Example 3: Determine the magnitude of the components force F in Figure (a)
and the magnitude of the resultant force FR if FR is directed along the positive y-
axis.

Solution: The magnitude of FR and F can be determined by applying the law of


sines,
F 200
o
= F= 245 lb
sin 60 sin 45o

University of Kufa\College of Eng. Architecture Dep. (16( Mechanic\Static\1st Class


Lecture 3 Structure I

FR 200
o
= FR= 273 lb
sin 75 sin 45o

Example 4: It is required that the resultant force acting on the eyebolt in Figure
(a) be directed along the positive x-axis and that F2 has a minimum magnitude.
Determine this magnitude, the angle , and the corresponding resultant force.

Solution: The magnitude of F2 is a minimum or the shortest length when its line
of action is perpendicular to the line of action of FR, that is, when,

 = 90

Since the vector addition now forms a right triangle, the two unknown
magnitudes can be obtained by trigonometry.

FR = 800 cos 60o =400 N

F2 = 800 sin 60o =693 N

University of Kufa\College of Eng. Architecture Dep. (17( Mechanic\Static\1st Class


Lecture 3 Structure I

University of Kufa\College of Eng. Architecture Dep. (18( Mechanic\Static\1st Class

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