GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE

1.1 BE; POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (page 3)

be
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
Yes, I am.
I am from Oman. ’m not from Florida. Am I late?
No, I’m not.
Is he/she/it from Yes, he is.
He / She / It is my neighbor. ’s not my cousin.
Indiana? No, he isn’t.
Are they your Yes, they are.
You / We / They are close friends. ’re not close friends.
neighbors? No, they’re not.

People usually say: You can also say:

you’re not you aren’t
we’re not we aren’t
they’re not he/she/it isn’t
he’s/she’s/it’s not he/she/it isn’t

1.2 POSSESSION (page 5)

Possession (pages 3 and 5)
Subject pronouns Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns
I my It’s my mirror. mine It’s mine.
you your It’s your bottle. yours It’s yours.
he his It’s his brush. his It’s his.
she her It’s her gum. hers It’s hers.
we our It’s our house. ours It’s ours.
they their It’s their umbrella. theirs It’s theirs.
Use whose to ask about possession.  Whose is this? Whose bag is this?  It’s mine.
We can also say  Who does this (bag) belong to?  It’s mine. / It belongs to me.
’s shows possession  my son’s keychain (= the keychain that belongs to my son)

Who’s = Who is
Who’s from Al Ahmadi? Judy.
Whose = possession
Whose family lives in Al Ahmadi? Judy’s.
2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT FOR HABITS AND ROUTINES (page 15)
Simple present for habits and routines
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
sleep for eight
I don’t sleep much.
hours.
sleeps for six Yes, she does.
He / She / It doesn’t sleep much. Does she sleep a lot?
hours. No, he doesn’t.
You / We / sleep for seven Yes, we do.
don’t sleep much. Do you sleep a lot?
They hours. No, they don’t.
Information questions Time phrases
Where does he study? Every day/evening/week/month
Why do we have homework? On Sunday/the weekend
How do they get to and from work?
In the morning/the afternoon/
How many hours do you sleep a night? the evening

3.1 PRESENT CONTINUOUS (page 27)

Present continuous
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
’m not watching
I ’m winning.
the game.
Yes, they are.
You / We / They ’re going to the gym. ’re not playing well. Are they winning?
No, they aren’t.
’s not having a Yes, it is.
He / She / It ’s losing. Is it raining?
good game. No, it isn’t.
4.1 PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE PLANS (page 41)
Present continuous for future plans
Affirmative Negative Question Information question
Comic Con is coming He isn’t selling Are you going to
What are you doing later?
here this weekend. anything. Comic Con?

Present continuous for plans usually

includes a future time expression.
What are you doing tomorrow?
We’re going to the beach on the weekend.

4.2 OBJECT PRONOUNS (page 43)

Subject pronoun Object pronoun
I / we me / us They buy great gifts for me / us.
you you I’m getting a special gift for you.
he / she / they him / her / them I’m seeing him / her / them tomorrow.
it it This is a great gift! I love it!

5.1 SIMPLE PAST ( page 53)

Simple past of be
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
I / He / She / It was cool. wasn’t loud. Was it fun? Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
Yes, they were. / No, they
You / We / They were perfect. weren’t proud. Were they crazy?
weren’t.

Simple past
Regular verbs: verb + -(e)d Irregular verbs
learn ➔ learned love ➔ loved do ➔ did have ➔ had
visit ➔ visited study ➔ studied go ➔ went hit ➔ hit

5.2 SIMPLE PAST NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS (page 55)

Simple past negative and questions
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
I / He / She / It / You / didn’t study Did he study Yes, he did.
studied medicine.
We / They journalism. medicine? No, she didn’t.
Information questions
What did you study? Why did she retire?
When did they get married? Who did you live with?
Where did he come from? How many children did they have?
6.1 BE GOING TO (page 65)
be going to + verb
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
am/’m going to Yes, I am.
am/’m not going Am I going to save
I save money for a
to waste money. money? No, I’m not.
new bike.
is/’s not going to Is she going to sell Yes, she is.
is/’s going to buy
He / She / It see the movie with some of her old
a TV. No, she isn’t.
us. clothes online?
are/’re going to do are/’re not going Are they going to Yes, they are.
You / We / They
a lot today. to save money. shop online? No, they aren’t.
Information questions
Who am I going to go shopping with?
What is she going to buy?
Where are you going to meet them for lunch?

6.2 DETERMINERS (page 67)

Determiners
Things or people in general Specific things or people With pronouns
All sales clerks are friendly. All (of) the sales clerks here are friendly.
All of us/them …
(= sales clerks in general) (= the sales clerks in this store specifically)
Most stores have good sales Most of the stores in town have good sales
Most of them …
on Black Friday. on Black Friday.
Many stores are in shopping
Many of the stores in this mall are expensive. Many of them …
malls.
Some people don’t like Some of the people in my family don’t like
Some of us …
shopping. shopping.
None of the customers who shop here like
No customers like high prices. None of us/them …
high prices.
7.1 QUANTIFIERS (page 79)
Count nouns … Non-count nouns …
have a singular and plural form. do not have a plural form.
chili chilies rices  rice
use a/an for the singular. do not use a/an.
a chili a rice  rice
use some with plural nouns in affirmative sentences. use some in affirmative sentences.
I’d like some chilies. I ate some rice.
use any in negative sentences and questions.
Do you have any chilies? I didn’t eat any rice.
I don’t have any chilies. Did you eat any rice?

7.2 VERB PATTERNS (page 81)

verb + to + verb verb + verb + -ing
I prefer to eat at food trucks. I usually can’t stand waiting in line.
I love to try new food. I don’t mind waiting here.

You can put if/when at the

8.1 IF AND WHEN (page 91) beginning or in the middle of a
sentence, and the meaning doesn’t
Statements change.
I always stay in a hotel near the airport when I travel for work. If I’m late for work, I take a taxi. =
I take a taxi if I’m late for work.
If I want to explore the city, I use a good online guidebook.
You can use when for if and the
Questions meaning doesn’t change.
When you travel, do you usually go by plane or by train? When I’m late for work, I take a taxi. =
Do you take a taxi if you’re late for work? I take a taxi when I’m late for work.

8.2 GIVING REASONS USING TO AND FOR (page 93)

Giving reasons using to and for
to + verb
to have lunch   to take a shower   to catch a bus
for + noun
for lunch   for the experience   for a shower
So, Ali, why are you going to Lima?
To visit Cuzco. And for the experience. It’s an amazing trip!
9.1 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES (page 103)
Comparative adjectives
cold ➔ colder (than)
short adjectives: add -er
wet ➔ wetter (than)
adjectives ending in -y: -y ➔ -i, add -er friendly ➔ friendlier (than)
long adjectives: more or less + adjective important ➔ more important (than) ➔ less important (than)
good ➔ better
irregular adjectives
bad ➔ worse

9.2 SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES (page 105)

Superlative adjectives
short adjectives: add -est young ➔ the youngest
adjectives ending in -y: -y ➔ -i, add -est funny ➔ the funniest
long adjectives: most + adjective important ➔ the most important
good ➔ the best
irregular adjectives
bad ➔ the worst
10.1 HAVE TO (page 117)
have to + verb
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
have to clean the don’t have to eat Do you have to Yes, you do.
I / You / We / They
desks. in the lunchroom. eat at your desk? No, you don’t.
has to be very doesn’t have to Does it have to be Yes, it does.
He / She / It
clear. stay outside. so loud in here? No, it doesn’t.

10.2 MAKING PREDICTIONS (page 119)

Making predictions
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
I / He / She / will / ’ll
will not / won’t Yes, I will.
It / You / We / might catch a cold. Will you be OK?
catch a cold. No, I won’t.
They may

When you aren’t sure, you can use

possibly or probably before the main
verb.
You’ll probably feel stressed.
You'll possibly feel stressed.
You can also use maybe at the
beginning of the sentence.
Maybe I’ll go out with friends after work.
11.1 PRESENT PERFECT FOR EXPERIENCE (page 129)
Present perfect
We use the present perfect to talk about experiences.
We form the present perfect with have/has + past participle.
For regular verbs, the past participle looks the same as the simple past (played, called). See the inside of
the back cover for a list of irregular verbs.
Affirmative Negative Question Short answers
I / You / We / have/’ve changed haven’t changed Have you (ever) Yes, I have.
They my password. my password. joined a group. No, we haven’t.
has/’s joined a hasn’t changed Has it (ever) Yes, it has.
He / She / It
group. his password. snowed in July? No, it hasn’t.

ever = any time up to now

Have you ever seen snow?
never = not ever
I’ve never been to Peru.

11.2 PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST (page 131)

Present perfect and simple past
Use the present perfect to talk about past experiences when you don’t specify when they happened.
Use the simple past to say exactly when something happened.
Questions Answers
Have you ever been to China? Yes, I have.
When did you go there? I went last year.
I’ve never posted a video on social media. Have you? Oh, yes. I’ve posted videos lots of times.
12.1 QUESTIONS WITH BE LIKE (page 141)
Questions with be like
Use questions with what + be + noun + like to ask for a description of something.
Simple present What’s the weather like? It’s cold and windy.
Simple past What was the food like? It was excellent!
Future What will the course be like? It’ll be hard work!

12.2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS: WHO, WHICH, THAT (page 143)

Relative pronouns: who, which, that
Use who, which, and that to introduce new information about a person or object.
Use who and that for people.  I know the people who live there.  I know the people that live there.
Use which and that for things.  I like the plants that grow there.  I like the plants which grow there.