General Mathematics: Quarter 1 - Module 8: The Domain and Range of A Rational Functions
General Mathematics: Quarter 1 - Module 8: The Domain and Range of A Rational Functions
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
The Domain and Range of a
Rational Functions
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the domain and range of a rational function. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
What I Know
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Encircle the letter that corresponds
to your answer for each statement.
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6. In a set of ordered pairs (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6), the domain D = ________
a. {1,2,3,4,5} c. {6,5,4,3,2}
b. {2,3,4,5,6} d. {1,2,3,4,5,6}
7. In a set of ordered pairs (1,3), (2,5), (3,7), (4,9), (5,11), the range R = ________
a. {1,2,3,4,5} c. {5,4,3,2,1}
b. {3,5,7,9,11} d. {1,2,3,4,5,7,9,11}
8. Some values for the Domain of the rational function f(x) = 3𝑥 2 − 5 are 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5. Find the Range corresponding to each value. ________
a. {-2,7,22,43,70} c. {5,4,3,2,1}
b. {-5,-2,7,22,43,70} d. {1,2,3,4,5}
9. Some values for the Range of the rational function f(x) = 3𝑥 2 − 5 are 22, 70, and
295. Find the Domain corresponding to each value. ________
a. {-5,-3,3,5,10} c. {3,5,10}
b. {-3,-5,-10} d. {±3, ±5, ±10}
10. Find the domain and range of the linear function f(x) = 2𝑥 + 4.D ________ R _______
a. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ -4};R {y ϵ R| y ≠ 4}
b. D {x|x ϵ R};R {y|y ϵ R}
c. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ 0};R {y ϵ R| y ≠ 0}
d. D {x|x ϵ N};R {y|y ϵ N}
11. Find the domain and range of the quadratic function f (x) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4. D ________
R ________
a. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ 4};R {y ϵ R| y ≠ -4}
b. D {x|x ϵ N};R {y|y ϵ N}
c. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ -3};R {y ϵ R| y ≠ 3}
d. D {x|x ϵ R};R {y|y ϵ R}
22 + 𝑥
12. Find the domain and range of the rational function f(x) = 25 + 𝑥
D ______R _______
a. D(-∞, -22) U (-22, ∞);R(-∞, 1) U (1, ∞).
b. D(-∞, -25) U (-25, ∞);R(-∞, -25) U (-25, ∞).
c. D(-∞, -25) U (-25, ∞);R(-∞, 1) U (1, ∞).
d. D(-∞, -22) U (-25, ∞);R(-∞, -25) U (-22, ∞).
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𝑥 2 −𝑥 − 6
13. Find the domain and range of the rational function f(x) = D_____R _______
𝑥+2
a. D(-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞);R (-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞).
b. D(-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞);R (-∞, -3) U (-3, ∞).
c. D(-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞);R (-∞, 3) U (3, ∞).
d. D(-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞);R (-∞, -5) U (-5, ∞).
3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 3
14. Find the domain of the rational function f(x) = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4
D ________
a. D(-∞, -4) U (-4, 2) U (2, ∞).
b. D(-∞, -4) U (-4, 1/2) U (1/2, ∞).
c. D(-∞, -1/2) U (-1/2, 4) U (4, ∞).
d. D(-∞, -4) U (-4, ∞)
15. A cellphone provider offers a new phone for ₱7,000.00 plus ₱1,299.00 monthly
plan. What would be the average cost after 12 months?
a. ₱1,799.00 c. ₱7,799.00
b. ₱1,882.00 d. ₱8,299.00
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Lesson
1 The Domain and Range of a
Rational Functions
Introduction
To be able to understand the domain and range of a rational function, let us see the
real-life application of a rational function in this situation:
Let’s say you are taking an exam in your General Mathematics subject. You
knew that you already have 22 correct answers out of 25 questions. Twenty-
two out of 25 questions had already an 88% rating. Now you told yourself, “I
must have a final grade of 90%.” The question is how many more correct
answers to additional questions do you need, to get your desired final grade
of 90? How about if you desire a grade of 89 or 95?
In this module, you will know the answer to that real-life problem. But first, you will
have to learn the definition of the domain and range of a rational function.
Subsequently, along your study, you will learn how to find the domain and range
and apply your knowledge of it in solving real-life problems involving a rational
function.
What’s In
In your previous lesson, you learned how to represent rational functions in the form
of table of values, graphs, and equations.
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Let us have an equation y = 3x + 2. When x = 6, you know that y = 20. Now, find the
value of y on the following equations when x = -4.
a) 2y = 4x – 6
7𝑥+4
b) y = 3𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑥−4
c) y = 𝑥+4
What’s New
Now imagine that you are ninety-six kilometers (96 km.) away from Manila. You are
planning to visit your grandmother who will be celebrating her birthday. Your father
has allowed you to drive his car so that you will arrive at the party on time. Assuming
there will be no traffic during that day, you have resolved to arrive at the party from
1 to 2 hours. So, at what speed are you going to travel to arrive in a certain period of
time?
For your Activity 1, construct a table of values that would represent the given
problem. Subsequently, plot the values obtained on a Cartesian plane. You may use
paper and pencil or any applicable graphing apps such as MS Excel, GeoGebra, or
Desmos. You may use the table below as your reference.
Table 1
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Questions to ponder:
________________________________________________________________
2. What is/are the given in the problem? What are you going to solve?
________________________________________________________________
3. How can you describe the relationship between the rate r and the time t in
the problem? Which do you think is the variable that depends on the value of
another variable?
________________________________________________________________
4. What can you say about the graph? Can the values in t increase infinitely?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
From the foregoing activity, you have constructed a function of your speed
against your time, and represent a function with a table of values, a graph,
and equation.
Congratulation!
What is It
Now, observe that there is a set of values that can be found in x (t, as used in the
preceding problem) that corresponds to a unique value in f(x) or in the latter case
r(t). In the graph, it can be seen that these x-values represent the points plotted along
the x-axis called abscissa. On the other hand, those values in the y-axis are called
ordinates. In a set of ordered pairs (1,6), (2,7), (3,8), (4,9), and (5,10), the points
(1,2,3,4,5) are the abscissa since they are on the x-axis while points (6,7,8,9,10) are
the ordinates since they are on the y-axis.
Corollary, the x-values are considered the independent variable (input) while the
y-values are considered the dependent variables (output) in forms such as the linear
form y=mx + b. This can be extended to quadratic, polynomial, and rational
functions. In functions, the symbol f(x) is used instead of y. So, y = f(x) and can be
read as “y equals f of x”.
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In our study of rational function these x-values represent the domain and the y-
values represent the range of a rational function. In definition, the domain of a
function is the set of all values that the variable x can take while the range of a
function is the set of all values that y or f(x) can take. But how do we determine and
write the domain and range of a rational function?
If you can recall, we can write the domain and range using different forms:
1. by roster format - this method enumerates the lists of all values in the set. Ex. The
domain of r(t) are (1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2).
2. by set-builder form or notation - for example, in numbers 10 to 20. you can say {x
| x are even numbers from 10 to 20). The | is read as “such that.” Assuming that
you also include odd numbers in the domain from 10 to 20, then, you can write
the domain of the function D(x) as {x | x ϵ R, 10≤x≤20}, read as “x such that x is
an element of a real number wherein x is greater than or equal to 10 but less than
or equal to 20.”
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3. by interval notation – for example, in a function f(x) = 𝑥−3
, the domain of this
function can be written in the form, (-∞, 3) U (3, ∞). This means that the values of
the domain can take all real values of x except 3, otherwise the function is
undefined.
In the succeeding activities, you will learn how to find the domain and the range
using different methods. But first let us have another activity that will facilitate the
understanding of these methods.
Glolibee Telecom would like to offer you the newest smartphone which has
50x zoom in its camera. It is the latest top-of-the-line product. In order to avail this,
you only have to pay ₱12,000.00 down-payment while the rest may be paid ₱1.799.00
monthly for 24 months. So that would cost you ₱12000.00 + ₱1799.00(x) in 2 years.
Think about it and answer the following questions.
Questions
1. If you are just a student would you ask your parents to buy you this top-of-the-
line smartphone? Why or why not?
2. How much would be the total cost of buying this type of smartphone in 24-monthly
installment?
3. How much do you think would be the average cost after you have already paid for
12 months? When will be the average monthly cost be less than ₱2,500.00?
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Considering the foregoing questions, the answers to questions 2 and 3 above may be
mathematically explained using the domain and range of a rational function. While
your answer for question number 1, other than having your own personal conviction,
may depend on your answers on questions 2 and 3. Why is that so?
First, let us find out the total cost f(x) of the new smartphone. This can be expressed
in the linear function:
f(x) = 12000 + 1799(x),
where x is the independent variable (month) while the 12000 is the constant (down-
payment). The f(x)=y is the dependent variable which in this case, it is the total cost.
Assuming that we have to pay the smartphone in 24 months then, the total cost
would be,
f(x) = 12000 + 1799(24)
=55176
So, you have to pay ₱55,176.00 in 2 years. This should be your answer in question
number 2. Wow, that is a lot of money!
Now to find the average cost, we have to divide the total cost by the number of months
you have used the phone service. Thus, we now have a rational function in the form:
12000 + 1799(𝑥)
f(x) =
𝑥
Table 2
In table 2, the x-values (month) is the domain of the function while the y-values
(average cost) is the range of the function. The table shows that after 12 months your
average cost is ₱2,799.00. But take note you still have 12 more months to pay. And
when will be the average monthly cost be less than ₱2,500.00? To answer this
question, we will predict situations from this rational function using the inequality:
12000 + 1799(𝑥)
2500 > 𝑥
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(2500) (x) > 12000 + 1799x
2500x -1799x > 120000
Therefore, starting on the 17 th month you will be paying an average cost of less than
₱2,500.00. This real-life situation has shown you the applicability of the domain-
range of a rational function which you may apply in your daily life.
This discussion has illustrated how to determine the domain and range of rational
function by table of values and by listing elements in the domain and range using
what we call the roster method. We also substitute the values in the domain to find
the corresponding values in the range. Another method, the set-builder and interval
notation may be shown in the following examples:
Example 1:
yx2 = 2x – 3
yx2 – 2x + 3 = 0 (ax2 + bx + c)
1/3 ≥ y
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Example 2:
Domain: {x | x ϵ R, x ≠ -2}, that is all values can take the variable x except -2 because
the denominator becomes 0 and f(x) will be undefined. The interval notation can also
be written as D (-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞).
To find the range, we use f(x) = y so that,
𝑥−2
y= 𝑥+2
xy + 2y = x – 2
xy – x = -2y - 2
x(y - 1) = -2(y + 1)
−2(𝑦+1)
x= 𝑦−1
Equate y – 1 = 0
y=1
Range: {y | y ϵ R, y ≠ 1}, that is all values can take the variable y except 1 because
the denominator becomes 0 and x will be undefined.
Example 3:
Domain: {x ϵ R | x ≠ -4, 1/2}, that is all values can take the variable x except -4 and
1/2 because the denominator becomes 0 and f(x) will be undefined. The interval
notation can also be written as D(-∞, -4) U (-4, ½) U (1/2, ∞).
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Example 4:
Find the domain and range of the rational function
𝑥 2−3𝑥−4
f(x) =
𝑥+1
Domain: {x ϵ R | x ≠ -1}, that is all values can take the variable x except -1 because
the denominator becomes 0 and f(x) will be undefined. The interval notation can also
be written as D (-∞, -1) U (-1, ∞).
y=x–4
y = -1 – 4
y = -5
What’s More
Enrichment Activity 1
2. B = {(Rizal, 1861), (Bonifacio, 1863), (Mabini, 1864), (Luna. A., 1866), (Del Pilar,
G., 1875)} D(B) ___________________________________________
3. If the ordinates of A are {Quezon, Cavite, Rizal, Batangas, Laguna} and its abscissa
are each provinces’ corresponding Capitals, what would be the domain of (A)?
_________________________________________
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x
y 6 8 10 12 14
y = {0, 3, 4, 7, 9}
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Enrichment Activity 2
Given the domain {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}, determine the range for each expression. Use a
table of values.
1. y = 3x + 2 6. x – 2y = 6
(𝑥 2 – 1)
2. x + y = 8 7. y = 𝑥
3. y = 5x – 1 8. x = y - 3
4. y = 3x2 9. y = x2 – 4x - 3
2𝑥−1
5. y = 2
10. y = (x – 1(x +1)
Great job!
Independent Practice
Find the domain and range of the following rational function. Use any notation.
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1. f(x) =
𝑥+1
3𝑥
2. f(x) =
𝑥+3
3− 𝑥
3. f(x) =
𝑥−7
2+𝑥
4. f(x) =
𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)
5. f(x) = 𝑥 2−1
Independent Assessment
Find the domain and range of the following rational function. Use any notation.
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1. f(x) =
𝑥−1
2𝑥
2. f(x) =
𝑥−4
𝑥+3
3. f(x) =
5𝑥−5
2+𝑥
4. f(x) =
2𝑥
(𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3)
5. f(x) =
𝑥 2−9
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What I Have Learned
This module is about the domain and range of a rational function. It laid down the
basic concepts of domain and range and showed how to determine them in a rational
function. From this module, you learned that a function is a simple rule of
correspondence between two variables x and y. The x variable is considered the input
which is also called the independent variable while the y variable is the output which
is also called the dependent variable. It is a basic notion that for every value of x
there corresponds a value in y. This set of values in x is the domain while the set of
values in y is the range of a rational function.
Now you try to summarize on your own by filling in the blanks:
To determine the domain and range in rational functions, ______ the denominator to
______ and solve for the variable x. The objective is that it must have _________
denominator. The value that would make it zero is the value that would not be in
included in the domain. To find the range, solve the equation for x in terms of ____.
Again, it must have non-zero denominator. The value that would make the
___________ equal to zero is the value that would not be included in the range.
What I Can Do
Application
There are many ways of applying rational functions in our lives. Examples of these
are: average cost, medical dosage, average grade problem, cost of living, and
economic production of goods. An example of its application can be seen below.
Use the given formula to find the concentration of the drug after 1-4 hours.
12(0)
Data manipulation: when t=0, C(0) = =0
02+5
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Presentation: Using a table of values, we have:
Table 3
t 1 2 3 4
C(t) 2.00 2.67 2.57 2.29
Interpretation: The table and the graph show that the drug is most effective after 2
hours where it peaked at 2.67 mg/L. The Domain and Range of the given function
are D{x ϵR| x ≥ 0} R{y ϵR| y ≥ 0}
3. You can use graphing paper, MS Excel, Desmos, or any graphing app to graph the
function. You can also use calculators to solve the table of values.
4. Your grade will be according to the criteria below:
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Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle below the
letters that corresponds to your answer for each statement.
3. The set of all possible input values (x) which produce a valid output (y) from
function is called _________
A. algebra C. domain
B. binomial D. range
6. In a set of ordered pairs (-5,-4), (-5,1), (-2,3), (2,1), (2,-4), the domain D =________
A. {-5,-2,2} C. {-5,-5,-2,2,2}
B. {-4,1,3,1,-4} D. {1,2,3,4,5}
7. In a set of ordered pairs (-5,-4), (-5,1), (-2,3), (2,1), (2,-4), the range R = ________
A. {-4,1,3} C. {-4,1,3,1,-4}
B. {-5,-5,-2,2,2} D. {1,2,3,4,5}
8. Some values for the Domain of the rational function f(x) = 6x 2 - 5 are -2, -1, 0, 1,
and 2. Find the Range corresponding for each value. ________
A. {91,19,-5,19,91} C. {19,1,-5,1,19}
B. {-2,-1,0,1,2} D. {0,1,2,3,4}
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3𝑥 2 −5
9. Some values for the Range of the rational function f(x) = are undefined, -2,
𝑥
and 10.75. Find the Domain corresponding to each value. ________
A. {0,-1,-4} C. {-2,-1,0}
B. {1,2,3} D. {0, 1, 4}
10. Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = 6𝑥 − 4. D ________ R _______
A. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ -4} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ 6}
B. D {x|x ϵ R} R {y|y ϵ R}
C. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ 0} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ 0}
D. D {x|x ϵ N} R {y|y ϵ N}
11. Find the domain and range of the function f (x) = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15. D ________ R
________
A. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ 4} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ -4}
B. D {x|x ϵ N} R {y|y ϵ N}
C. D {x ϵ R| x ≠ -5} R {y ϵ R| y ≠ -3}
D. D {x|x ϵ R} R {y|y ϵ R}
7+𝑥
12. Find the domain and range of the rational function f(x) = 𝑥−5
D ________ R
________
A. D(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞) R(-∞, 1) U (1, ∞)
B. D(-∞, 7) U (7, ∞) R(-∞, -5) U (-5, ∞)
C. D(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞) R(-∞, -1) U (-1, ∞)
D. D(-∞, -7) U (-7, ∞) R(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞)
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+ 4
13. Find the domain and range of the rational function f(x) = D ________
𝑥− 2
R ________
A. D(-∞, -1) U (-1, ∞) R(-∞, 4) U (4, ∞)
B. D(-∞, 5) U (5, ∞) R(-∞, -2) U (-2, ∞)
C. D(-∞, 2) U (2, ∞) R(-∞, 0) U (0, ∞)
D. D(-∞, 2) U (2, ∞) R(-∞, 2) U (2, ∞)
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15. The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream can be modeled by the function
30𝑡
C(t) = 𝑡 2+9,
, 0≤t≤5. Determine when the maximum amount of drug is in the body
and the amount at that time.
A. in 2 hrs. with 5 mg/L C. in 3 hrs. with 6 mg/L
B. in 3 hrs. with 5 mg/L D. in 4 hrs. with 4.8 mg/L
Additional Activities
Instruction: In doing this activity you may need MS Excel or a mobile app such as
Desmos to sketch the graph.
In this module’s introduction, you were asked about average grade problem. The
rational function for that situation is:
22+𝑥
f(x) = 25+𝑥
Construct a table of values and sketch the graph for this rational function. Find the
domain and range.
Answer:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x)
In answering the questions in this module’s introduction, how many correct answers
do you need to have a 90% rating, what would be your answer? ______
From this table of values, what do you think would be its domain and range?
_______________________________
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