Faculty of Law

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

Salient feature of Juvenile Justice Act,2015

PRANAV SHRIVASTAVA
B.A.LL.B
IX SEM (S.F)
2017-22 BATCH

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 CONTENTS

Sl. No Page No:

1 Abstract 3
2 Introduction 4

3 Present juvenile system in India 7

4 Juvenile justice system in U.K 11
5 Comparative analysis . 13
6 conclusion 17
7 References 18

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ABSTRACT
The Juvenile Delinquency problem involves millions of youth. The prevailing problem in modern societies is
the deterioration of moral character among the youth. It has been observed that the tendency among youth
people to commit crime and indulge in anti- social activities is increasing. Juvenile Delinquency involves
wrong doing by a child or a young person who is under an age specified by statute. Delinquency is simply
the first step on the road to adult crimes or it is a gateway to adult criminality. In India, the concept is
confined to the violation of ordinary penal law of the country so far as the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court
is concerned. Under Section 82, upto 7 years of age there is an absolute irrefutable presumption that the child
is ‘Doli incapax’. This immunity is granted to the children below 7 years on the pragmatic approach of the
state that children below seven years are not capable hence they do not have the capacity to have the
requisite “mens-rea”.
Under Section 83, if the child does not attain maturity of mind the burden of proof lies with the child. To
make them liable they must attain maturity of mind and this is called “mischievous discretion” under English
law. The children of this age will have to prove that there was no maturity of mind when the act committed
and therefore, no mens-rea.
In UK, the first court set up in Chicago in 1899 to address the issue of juvenile cries and punishments. It
peaked in 1994. In 2002, 2.3 million Juveniles were arrested for committing crimes. The 1908 Children Act
created a separate and distinct system of justice board in the juvenile court. The 1993 Children and Young
Persons Act formally required the court to take account of welfare consideration in all cases involving child
offenders and the 1969 Children and Young Persons Act advocated the phasing out of criminal in favor of
civil proceedings. A child under the age of 10 years should not be arrested according to Section 16 of Children
and Young Person Act, if a juvenile arrested and later he turns out to be below the age of 10 years he should
be released immediately according to Section 34(2) of Police and Criminal Evidence Act.
A Child may be only kept in police custody for 72 hour and as soon as possible the constable should make
arrangements for the investigations to take place.

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INTRODUCTION

In the last few decades, the crime rate by the children under the age of 16 years has increased. The reason
of increasing crime rate is may be due to the upbringing environment of the child, economic conditions, lack
of education and the parental care. These are the some of the basic reasons. And the most disappointing
part is that, children (especially under the age group of 5 to 7 years) now a days are used as tool for
committing the crime as at that this stage their mind is very innocent and can easily be manipulated.
Contemporary World has seen increase in the rate of crime committed by juveniles which is a very serious
problem especially in India as these juveniles are the future of their respective countries. More and more
children are moving towards the pathway of crime to lead their life. Various factors are responsible for this
approach of juveniles.

Change is the natural phenomenon and this phenomenon applies in every sphere of life so the law cannot
be an exception to this. In the same way, the laws relating to child, having its seeds right from enactment of
the Constitution of India in the form of fundamental rights under Article 15(3) read with Directive Principles
of State Policy under Article 39(e) & (f) along with fundamental duties under Article 51A, was the need of
the society. The laws relating to the child was also expedient to be enacted due to accession by the
Government of India to the Convention on the rights of the child, 1992, the standards set in UN rules for
the administration of justice, 1985, UN rules for protection of juveniles deprived of their liberty, 1990 and
Hague Convention on Adoption,1993. And therefore, the law was enacted in the year 1986 in form of
Juvenile Justice Act and the same was, as per the above said natural phenomenon of changes, changed
time to time accordingly Le. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2000 and Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.
The frightful incident of “Nirbhaya Delhi Gang Rape Case”, on December 16, 2012 shocked the whole
nation and many debates were started among legal fraternity and socialists. The main reason and issue of
the debate was the involvement of accused, who was just six months short to attain the age of 18 years.
The involvement of the accused in such a heinous crime of rape forced the Indian Legislation to introduce a
new law and thus, Indian Parliament came up with a new law which is known as “ Juvenile Justice (Care
and Protection), 2015. In other words, the present Act is the result of post Nirbhaya's incident
development. In this backdrop, the present Act has to be analyzed and discussed.
The present Act places its reliance on following principles which have also been enumerated in Act itself:
principle of presumption of innocence; principle of dignity and worth; principle of participation’ principle of
best' principle of family responsibility’ principle of safety’ Positive measures’ Principle of non-stigmatising
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semantics’ Principle of non- waiver of rights’ Principle of equality and non-discrimination' Principle of right
of privacy and confidentiality’. Principle of institutionalization as a measure of last resort' Principle of non-
stigmatising semantics’ Principle of repatriation and restoration’ Principle of fresh start’ Principle of
diversion and Principle of natural justice.
The J.J. Act, 2015 provides provisions for both children in need of care and protection and children in conflict
with law. Some key provisions include: across the Act to remove the negative connotation associated with
the word “juvenile”; inclusion of several new definitions such as orphaned, abandoned and surrendered
children’ and petty, serious and heinous offences committed by children’ clarity in powers, function and
responsibilities of Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) Child Welfare Committee (CWC): clear time lines for inquiry by
Juvenile Justice Board (JJB); special provisions for heinous offences committed by children above the age of
sixteen year: separate new chapter on “adoption” to streamline adoption of orphan, abandoned and
surrendered children; inclusion of new offences committed against children; and mandatory registration of
Child Care Institutions. This article, mainly focus on the provisions related to Juvenile in conflict with law.
The Introduction of the Act has replaced the existing juvenile laws and has introduced some remarkable
changes. One of the remarkable changes is juvenile under the age group of 16 to 18 years should be tried as
an adult.

PRESENT JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA

Like the other countries, India had also made legal provisions that especially and specifically deals with the
rights and protection of juvenile offenders which seeks to tackle the problem of juvenile delinquency. The
Juvenile Justice System in India is made on the basis of three main assumptions:-
1. Young offenders should not be tried in courts, rather they should be corrected in all the best possible
ways,
2. They should not be punished by the courts, but they should get a chance to reform
3. Trial for child in conflict with law should be based on non-penal treatment through the communities
based upon the social control agencies for e.g. Observation Homes and Special Homes.

JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT, 2015

The aims to consolidate the laws relating to children alleged and found to be in conflict with law and
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children in need of care and protection by catering and considering their basic needs through proper care &
protection, development, treatment, social- integration, by adopting a child friendly approach in the
adjudication and disposal of matters in the best interest of children. The act also focuses on rehabilitation
of juvenile offenders through various child care houses and institutions.

THE MOST IMPORTANT SUBJECTS OF THE ACT ARE AS FOLLOWS

Claim of Juvenility
The very first and most debatable question among the legal fraternity and socialists is the “claim of
juvenility”. The claim of Juvenility is to be decided by Juvenile Justice Board. The Board has to decide the
claim of juvenility before the court proceedings but the claim of juvenility can be raised before the court at
any stage of proceedings and even after the disposal of the matter by the Board. The Board had to consider
Rule 12 of the Juvenile Justice Rules, 2007 in order to determine the claim of juvenility. In case of
KulaiIbrahim v. State of Coimbatore it was observed by the Court that accused has right to raise the
question of juvenility at any point of time during trial or even after the disposal of the case under the
Section 9 of Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.
In case of Deoki Nandan Dayma v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the court held that entry in the register of school
mentioning the date of birth of student is admissible evidence in determining the age of juvenile or to show
that whether the accused is juvenile or child.
Again in the case of Satbir Singh& others v. State of Haryana, Supreme Court again reiterated that for the
purpose of
an inquiry, not an investigation or a trial, an inquiry not under the Code of Criminal Procedure, but under
the J.J. Act. Criminal Courts, JJ Board, Committees etc., we have noticed, proceed as if they are conducting a
trial, inquiry, enquiry or investigation as per the Code.
Section 9 & 94 has also used certain expressions which are also be borne in mind. It uses the expression "on
the basis appearance. Further, the age determination inquiry has to be completed and age be determined
within fifteen days which is also an indication of the manner in which the inquiry has to be conducted and
completed.
"Age determination inquiry" contemplated under section 94 of the Act enables the court to seek evidence
and in that process, the court can obtain the matriculation or equivalent certificates, if available. Only in the
absence of any matriculation or equivalent certificates, the court need obtain the date of birth certificate
from the school first attended other than a play school. Only in the absence of matriculation or equivalent
certificate or the date of birth certificate from the school first attended, the court need obtain the birth
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certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat (not an affidavit but certificates or
documents). The question of obtaining medical opinion from a duly constituted Medical Board arises only if
the above mentioned documents are unavailable. In case exact assessment of the age cannot be done, then
the court, for reasons to be recorded, may, if considered necessary, give the benefit to the child or juvenile
by considering his or her age on lower side within the margin of one year.
Bail grant to juvenile
In normal course, a juvenile is entitled to bail, notwithstanding gravity of the crime. His bail can be refused
only when there are reasonable grounds for believing that his release is likely to bring into association with
any known criminal or ex- pose his moral, physical or psychological danger or that his re- lease would
defeat the ends of justice.
The language in Section 12 of the Act that “not- withstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973, or any other law for the time being in force ” mandates that this Section is having
overriding effect and the juvenile accused shall be released.
Since the juvenile in conflict with law is entitled to be released on bail, he is also entitled to get interim bail.
It may be pointed out that the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held in the case of Sukhwant Sing & ors. Vs.
State of Punjab. That when there is power to grant bail, there is inherent power to the court concerned to
grant interim bail to the person, pending final disposal of the bail application and it is in the discretion of
the concerned Court to grant interim bail. The same is applicable to the Juvenile Justice Board. When
pending final disposal of the application, juvenile may be released on interim bail.
Juvenile Justice Board
There shall be a constitution of Board for the purpose of inquiry and hearing in the matters of juvenile in
conflict with law.

The Board shall consist of Principal Magistrate and two social workers, among whom one should be a
women. The Act provides that under no circumstances the Board can regulate and operate from regular
court premises. The decision taken by the Principal Magistrate shall be final. Special Procedure of Juvenile
Justice Board: The Act has provided the procedure against the juvenile offender. Following are the main
special procedure.
1. The proceedings cannot be initiated on a complaint registered by the police or citizen.
2. The hearing must be informal and should be strictly confidential.
3. The offenders should be kept under Observation Home after detention.
4. The trial of juvenile in conflict with law shall be conducted by lady Magistrate.

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5. A child in conflict with law may be produced before an individual member of the Board, when Board is
not sitting.
Changes brought after Nirbhaya’s case
New Act classifies offences. A 'heinous offence' is offence with minimum punishment of seven years of
imprisonment or more. A 'serious offence' are offences with three to seven years of imprisonment and a
'petty offence' is with a less than three year imprisonment. It treats all the children below 18 years equally.

Procedure to be followed when claim of juvenility is raised before the court

(Sec 19 of new Act) The Children’s Court to Decide the aspect as to whether the child is to be tried as an
adult if:-
 Age group of child is 16-18
 Committed heinous crime having minimum imprisonment of more than seven years
 Or, who commits a serious offence, may be tried as an adult if he is apprehended after the age of 21
years.
 The Board on inquiry and assessment of child of his mental and physical capacity to commit such
offence, ability to understand consequences of such offence and circumstances in which he allegedly
committed an offence.

The JJBs will conduct a preliminary inquiry of a crime committed by a child within a specified time period
and decides whether he should be sent to rehabilitation center or sent to a children’s court to be tried as
an adult. The board can take the help of psychologists and psycho-social workers and other experts to take
the decision.
Such an inquiry is to be completed within a period of four months from the date of first production of the
child before the Board, unless the period is extended, for a maximum period of two more months by the
Board, having regard to the circumstances of the case and after recording the reasons in writing for such
extension. If inquiry by the Board for petty offences remains inconclusive even after the extended period,
the proceedings shall stand terminated. However that for serious or heinous offences, if the Board requires
further extension of time for completion of inquiry, the same is to be obtained from the Chief Judicial
Magistrate or, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, as the case may be.

Procedure of Inquiry and Trial under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection if Children) Act 2015
Section 14 (d)
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 Cases of petty offences, shall be disposed of by the Board through summary proceedings, as per the
procedure prescribed under the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973;
 Inquiry of serious offences shall be disposed of by the Board, by following the procedure, for trial in
summons cases under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;
 Inquiry of heinous offences,
1. For child below the age of sixteen years as on the date of commission of an offence shall be
disposed of by the Board under clause;
2. For child above the age of sixteen years as on the date of commission of an offence shall be dealt
with in the manner prescribed under section 15.

Child Welfare Committees

Chapter 5 of the act provides for constitution of a Child Welfare Committee for exercising the powers and to
discharge the duties conferred on such Committees in relation to children in need of care and protection
under this Act and ensure that induction training and sensitization of all members of the commit- tee is
provided within two months from the date of notification.
New welfare institutions established
Sections 43 and 44 provide for the constitution of open shelters and foster homes respectively by the State
Government for case and protection of the child.
Section 47 of the act enables the State Government to establish such observation homes in every district as
it deems fit for temporary reception, care and rehabilitation of any child alleged to be in conflict with law,
during the pendency of any inquiry under this Act.
Several rehabilitation and social reintegration measures have been provided for children in conflict with law
and those in need of care and protection. Under the institutional care, children are provided with various
services including education, health, nutrition, de-addiction, treatment of diseases, vocational training, skill
development, life skill education, counselling, etc to help them assume a constructive role in the society. The
variety of non-institutional options include: sponsorship and foster care including group foster care for
placing children in a family environment which is other than child’s biological family, which is to be selected,
qualified, approved and supervised for providing care to children. Section 48 of the act enables the State
Government to establish such safety homes in every district as deems fit for rehabilitation of those children
in conflict with law who are found to have committed an offence and who are placed there by an order of
the Juvenile Justice Board
Confidentiality

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Section 74 prohibits the disclosure of identity of children with respect to their name, address, school or any
other particular in newspapers or any other media.
Adoption
Chapter 8 of the act deals with provisions with respect to Eligibility of adoptive parents and the procedure
for adoption. To streamline adoption procedures for orphan, abandoned and surrendered children, the
existing Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) is given the status of a statutory body to enable it to
perform its function more effectively. Separate chapter (VIII) on Adoption provides for detailed provisions
relating to adoption and punishments for not complying with the laid down procedure. Processes have been
streamlined with timelines for both in-country and inter-country adoption including declaring a child legally
free for adoption.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE INDIAN AND BRITISH MODEL

 The Indian law that governs Juvenile justice system is The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Act, 2015.
 The United kingdom law which governs Juvenile justice system is Crime and Disorder Act 1998.

1. Criminal Responsibility India

 Under the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2015 which provides the criminal
responsibility, the age of criminal majority starts from the age of 16 to 18 years whosoever commits a
serious offence. Thus, also attracts a minimum 7 years of imprisonment. Also, no child under the Juvenile
Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2015 can be awarded a Death Penalty & Life Imprisonment
 The law defines a “juvenile or child’” as a person who has not completed their 18thyear of age.
United Kingdom.
 In England and Wales Now, children aged 10 and 17 are capable of committing offences and it is not
possible for a child to avoid liability by showing he does not know the difference between right and
wrong.

2. Judicial Process India

 Under this act children are not to be taken to a regular criminal court.
 The purpose of a separate court is that its purpose is socio-legal rehabilitation and reformation, not
punishment.
 The aim is to hold a child culpable for their criminal activity, not through punishment, but counselling the

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 child to understand their actions and persuade them away from criminal activities in the future.
 The JJB consists of a metropolitan magistrate or a judicial magistrate of the first class and two social
workers, at least one of whom should be a woman.
 JJB are meant to resolve cases within a four month period.

United Kingdom
 When a young person is charged with an offence, they will appear before the youth court.
 If a young person pleads not guilty, a date will be set for the trial when the magistrates will hear all the
evidence and decide whether or not the young person is guilty.
 If the decision is guilty, they will then decide on the most appropriate sentence.
 If the case is very serious, the youth court will send the case to the Crown Court for trial and or sentence.

3. PENALTIES AND RESTORATION INDIA

Orders regarding child found to be in conflict with law. Section 18

Where a Board is satisfied on inquiry that a child irrespective of age has committed a petty offence, or a
serious offence, or a child below the age of sixteen years has committed a heinous offence, the

I. notwithstanding anything contrary contained in any other law for the time being in force, and based on
the nature of offence, specific need for supervision or intervention, circumstances as brought out in the
social investigation report and past conduct of the child, the Board may, if it so thinks fit,—
a. allow the child to go home after advice or admonition by following appropriate inquiry and counselling
to such child and to his parents or the guardian; direct the child to participate in group counselling and
similar activities;
b. order the child to perform community service under the supervision of an organisation or institution, or
a specified person, persons or group of persons identified by the Board;
c. order the child or parents or the guardian of the child to pay fine:
d. Provided that, in case the child is working, it may be ensured that the provisions of any labour law for
the time being in force are not violated;
e. direct the child to be released on probation of good conduct and placed under the care of any parent,
guardian or fit person, on such parent, guardian or fit person executing a bond, with or without surety,
as the Board may require, for the good behaviour and child’s well- being for any period not exceeding
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 three years;
f. direct the child to be released on probation of good conduct and placed under the care and supervision
of any fit facility for ensuring the good behaviour and child’s well-being for any period not exceeding
three years;
g. direct the child to be sent to a special home, for such period, not exceeding three years, as it thinks fit,
for providing reformative services including education, skill development, counselling, behaviour
modification therapy, and psychiatric support during the period of stay in the special home.

Provided that if the conduct and behaviour of the child has been such that, it would not be in the child’s
interest, or in the interest of other children housed in a special home, the Board may send such child to the
place of safety.

II. If an order is passed under clauses (a) to (g) of sub-section (1), the Board may, in addition pass orders to
—
1. Attend school, or
2. Attend a vocational training centre; or
3. Attend a therapeutic centre; or
4. Prohibit the child from visiting, frequenting or appearing at a specified place; or
5. Undergo a de-addiction programme.

III. Where the Board after preliminary assessment under section 15 pass an order that there is a need for
trial of the said child as an adult, then the Board may order transfer of the trial of the case to the Children’s
Court having jurisdiction to try such offences.

United Kingdom
Juvenile courts have a wide range of sentencing options that they can impose on juveniles or youth
offenders.
 Incarcerating Juvenile Delinquents
 After a child is held delinquent a JJ Court may order incarceration as a penalty. But this incarceration is
different from those used in adult criminal justice system. Some common ways that the judges can
order confinement for a juvenile who has been found delinquent:
 Home confinement: The judge can order the minor to remain at home, with exceptions (attend school,
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 work, counselling, and so on).
 Placement with someone other than a parent or guardian: The judge can require that the minor live
with a relative or in a group or.
 Juvenile hall/juvenile detention facility: The judge can send the minor to a juvenile detention facility.
These facilities are designed for short-term stays.
 Secured juvenile facilities: These facilities are designed for longer term stays. Juveniles can be sent to
secured facilities for months or years.
 Juvenile and adult jail: In some jurisdictions, judges can send delinquent juveniles to a juvenile facility,
and then order transfer to an adult facility once the juvenile reaches the age of majority.

 Non-Incarceration Options for Juveniles

 Verbal warning: The sentence for the juvenile can be as simple as a verbal reprimand.
 Fine: The minor may be required to pay a fine to the government or pay compensation to the victim.
 Counseling: Often, judges require juveniles to attend counseling as part of a disposition order.
 Community service: Juveniles may be ordered to work a certain number of hours in service to the local
community.
 Electronic monitoring: Juveniles may be required to wear a wrist or ankle bracelet that verifies their
location at all times.

 Probation
 Probation is a program of supervision in which the minor’s freedom is limited and activities restricted.
 Probation is the most common disposition in juvenile cases that receive a juvenile court sanction. In an
average year, about half of all minors judged to be delinquent receive probation as the most restrictive
sentence

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CONCLUSION
Every child has a right to joyful, elated and jubilant childhood, the right to grow in a harmless and nurturing
environment, the right to be free from the intricacies and convolutions of life etc. but there are some
unlucky and doomed children who are deprived of these things and they grow out to be children not wanted
for or to term it the other way juvenile delinquents. To deal with these juvenile offenders much legislation
are made across the world. In India, The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 is far from being a perfect legislation to
protect and promote the rights of children. The mistakes in the earlier law have been replicated in the
present enactment. It is still left to the discretion of the respective State governments to set up the
mechanism mentioned under the Act, despite a demand that the full implementation of the Act be made
mandatory. The juvenile justice system is presently in limbo. Let us hope that respective State governments
fill the gap by preparing comprehensive rules in consultation with child rights experts and non-
governmental organizations. The Central government is empowered under Section 70 to remove, within two
years of the Act having come into force, any difficulty that hampers its effective implementation. Let us put
the Juvenile Justice Act to test, and make most of this provision to streamline its efficiency, keeping children
centre- stage. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 lays down the primary law for not only the care and protection
of the children but also for the adjudication and disposition of matters relating to children in conflict with
law. The Juvenile Justice Act 2015, provides for strengthened provisions for both children in need of care
and protection and children in conflict with law. JJ Act, 2015, has brought the drastic change in the Juvenile
Justice Act, 2000, in the area of treatments of juvenile, the functioning of the Juvenile Justice Board, and
Child Welfare Committee, the forum of appeal against the order of Juvenile Justice Board and Child Welfare
Committee, as well as in the area of inter country adoption and aftercare of the children. The Act is a
beneficial piece of legislation and therefore, must be interpreted and understood to advance the cause of
legislation and to confer the benefits of the provisions thereof to the categories of persons from whom the
legislation has been made. The Juvenile Justice System is limited in its application to the children committing
offences and others in need of care and protection. The term youth justice encompasses all aspects of the
complex system involving the treatment of children and young people who commit offences. The parallel
strands of the law relating to police investigation, diversion from prosecution, the pre-trial; process, bail,
remands and the use of secure accommodation, the youth court, the youth offending teams, trials,
sentences and post- sentence supervision all come under the youth justice umbrella.
The increasing rates of juvenile crime in India in very concerning issue and need to be focused upon.
Although government has laid various legislation and rules to stop the incidents of juvenile crimes but the
present laws on juveniles is not creating a deterrent effect on the juveniles and thus the results are not
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fruitful and legislative intent is not accomplishing.

References

1. Bare Act, The Children Act, 1960, Universal Publication, 12th Edition
2. Article 1 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989.
3. Prof. N.V. Paranjape, Criminology, Penology with Victimology, page no 662,Central Law Publications,
17th edition,2017

4. Prof. N.V. Paranjape, Criminology, Penology with Victimology, page no 673,Central Law Publications,

17th edition,2017.
5. 18. Pratap Sing Vs. State of Jharkhand, AIR 2005 SC 2731 19. (2009) 13 SCC 211.
6. Children and Young Persons Act 1933, 23 & 24 Geo. 5,
7. Legal concepts of childhood, (Julia Fionda, ed., 2001) 85
8. Children and Young Persons Act 1933, 23 & 24 Geo. 5,
9. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, c. 60,
10. Crime and Disorder Act 1998, c. 37,
11. An overview of these steps is available online at Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, Youth
Justice System, http://www.yjb.gov.uk/en-gb/yjs/TheSystem
12. Crime and Disorder Act 1998, c. 54,
13. Criminal Justice Act 1991, c. 53,
14. Andrew Bainham, children – the modern LAW 494 (2nd ed. 1998).
15. Children and Young Persons Act 1933, 23 & 24 Geo. 5,
16. c. 12, 39 and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, c. 23, 44.
17. A brief overview of all methods – both sentence based and pre-court methods are summarized online at
Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, Sentences, Orders and Agreements,
http://www.yjb.gov.uk/en- gb/yjs/SentencesOrdersandAgreements
18. Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, c. 6, 64-67

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