PRELIMINARIES

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INVOCATION

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NATIONAL SECURITY
CONCERNS

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“Educate and inform the
whole mass of the people...
They are the only sure
reliance for the
preservation of our liberty”

Thomas Jefferson

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 Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Discuss the National Security,
Human Security and Threats to National Security

Condition: Given in a classroom environment,

power point presentation.
Standard: The Students will be able to:

• Describe the National Security, Human Security and National

Interest
• Identify the classification of National Interest and
Fundamental elements, 12 Pts of National Security Goals;
Dimensions of National Security
• Identify the threats to National Security

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What do you see in the picture?

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Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) between the Philippines and the
United States intends to promote:

Interoperability
Capacity building towards AFP modernization
Strengthening AFP for external defense
Maritime Security
Maritime Domain Awareness
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HADR)

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RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement dated Feb
10, 1998 aims to:
Strengthen international and regional security in the Pacific
area;
Reaffirm their obligations under the Mutual Defense Treaty of
August 30, 1951; and
Promote their common security interests.

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 1. How many ally or allies does the
Philippines Have?
2. How do we call the countries to which we
have diplomatic relations?

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NATIONAL SECURITY

is a state or condition where our most

cherished values and beliefs, our
democratic way of life, our institutions
of governance and our unity, welfare
and well-being as a nation and
people are permanently protected
and continuously enhanced.
.

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In the Philippine context. The
National Security defined as:

“the state or condition wherein the

nation’s sovereignty and territorial
integrity, the people’s well- being,
core values, and way of life, and the
State and its institutions, are
protected and enhanced.”

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NATIONAL INTEREST

any issue that has the potential

to directly impact the pursuit of
National Goals can be classified
as an area of National Interest.

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The word “threat” literally
means the expression of an
intention to inflict injury to
another.

Two elements are interfered from this

definition.
The first is intention, either declared or
indicated to inflict injury.
The second, is force or the means with
which to carry the intention.

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In the 1994 United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) Report, human security was
referred to as having two aspects:
• “first safety from such chronic threats as
hunger, disease and repression”.
• “second, it means protection from sudden and
hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life –
whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities.
Such threats can exist at all levels of national
income and development.”

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The 7 Elements of Human
Security are defined by the
United Nations:

• Economic,
• Environmental,
• Food,
• Health,
• Political,
• Personal and Community.

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 REPUBLIC ACT 9372

known as the “Human Security Act of

2007.” terrorism, to condemn
terrorism as inimical and dangerous
to the national security of the country
and to the welfare of the people, and to
make terrorism a crime against the
Filipino people, against humanity, and
against the law of nations.

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What is the importance of
Human Security Act of 2007 in
the Philippines?

❑ Provides for the State's policy to

protection "life, liberty, and
property from acts of terrorism".

❑ The State is to uphold the basic

rights and fundamental liberties of
the people as found in the
Constitution.

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 What are the crimes that can be classified as “terrorism” under
RA 9372 or “HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007”?
SEC. 3. Terrorism.- Any person who commits an act punishable under any of the following provisions of
the Revised Penal Code:
a. Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine Waters);
b. Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
c. Article 134-a (Coup d' Etat), including acts committed by private persons;
d. Article 248 (Murder);
e. Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
f. Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction), or under
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
2. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990);
3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
4. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law);
5. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974); and,
6. Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal and Unlawful
Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms, Ammunitions or
Explosives)

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Republic Act No 11479

AN ACT TO PREVENT, PROHIBIT AND PENALIZE

TERRORISM, THEREBY REPEALING REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 9372, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
“HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007”

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Under Section 4 of Republic Act 11479 or the
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, terrorism shall not include
advocacy, protest, dissent, stoppage of work,
industrial or mass action, and other similar exercises
of civil and political rights – as long as these are not
intended to endanger a person or pose a “serious risk”

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 The Philippine National Security Strategy (NSS)
in 2018 was the first official publication that is in
consonance with the National Security Policy
(NSP) 2017-2022 principles of national security
and economic development.

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What is the ultimate goal of the Philippine
National Security Strategy (NSS)?
A safe and secure Philippines, at peace with itself and its
neighbors, where its citizens are allowed to reach their
full potential through social cohesion and the promotion
of social justice and harmony, political stability, sound
environmental management, and economic progress.

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 12 POINTS OF
NATIONAL SECURITY
GOALS
as basis for the strategic actions of
concerned government
agencies and departments.

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 12- Point National Security Goals….
12 National Security Goals 17 Sustainable Development Goals
1. Guarantee public safety and achieve 11. Sustainable Cities and
good governance Communities
2. Mitigate the impact of health-related 3. Good Health
threats
3. Develop a dynamic, inclusive and 1. No poverty
sustainable economy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
12. Responsible Consumption and
Production
4, Quality Education
4, Achieve food and water security 2. Zero Hunger
5. Clean Water and Sanitation

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 12- Point National Security Goals….
12 National Security Goals 17 Sustainable Development Goals
5. Safeguard and preserve national 16. Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
sovereignty and territorial integrity
6. Heighten consciousness and pride in 5. Gender Equality
our heritage culture and values
10. Reduced Inequality

7. Promote human and ecological securi 13. Climate Action

8. Achieve energy security 7. Affordable and Clean Energy

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 12- Point National Security Goals….
12 National Security Goals 17 Sustainable Development
Goals
9. Ensure maritime and airspace 15. Life below water
security
10. Strengthen international 17. Partnership to achieve the
relations Goal
11. Provide strong cyber
infrastructure and cyber security
12. Improve vital transportation 9. Industry, Innovation and
infrastructure and port security Infrastructure

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 THREE (3) MAJOR PILLARS OF
NATIONAL SECURITY

1. Safeguarding the Philippine’s national Unity, its

democracy and its social institutions.

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(3) MAJOR PILLARS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

2. Security of the State and preserving and

protecting its sovereignty, territorial integrity
and institutions – This is provided in the
Constitution as stated in the following:

• Definition of national territory consistent with

new international covenants (Art. I)
• Renunciation of war as an instrument of
national policy (Art. II Sec. 2)
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(3) MAJOR PILLARS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

• Civilian supremacy over military (Art. II Sec. 3)

• Role of the armed forces as protector of the people
and the State (Art. II Sec. 3)
• Maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life,
liberty and property and the promotion of the general
welfare (Art. II Sec. 5)
• Pursuit of an independent foreign policy based on
national sovereignty and national interest (Art. II Sec. 7)

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(3) MAJOR PILLARS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

• Right to self-determination (Art. II Sec. 7)

• Freedom from nuclear weapons (Art II Sec. 8)
• Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus (Art. III
Sec. 15)
• Concept of a Citizen Army (Art XVI Sec. 4)

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(3) MAJOR PILLARS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

3. Protection of properties, infrastructures and

keeping the people safe from all forms of threats,
both here and abroad, and to the extent possible,
creating jobs in order to bring back home
overseas Filipino workers where their physical
safety can be fully guaranteed by the Government

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CLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL INTEREST

1. Public Interest – these are domestic (internal)

concern (education, health care, taxation)

2. National interest – refers to issues that affect foreign

relations and policy. (Military actions, international trade)

3. National Security – defense of the homeland,

preservation of borders, health and safety of the citizens.

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4. Nation’s Economic Welfare – health of its economy.

5. Foreign Aid – transfer of money, goods, service from

one country to another for the benefit of both countries.

6. Humanitarian Assistance – acts of kindness in

response to natural disasters, civil war, or outbreaks of
disease.

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 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

Socio-political Stability
We must achieve peace and harmony among
all Filipinos, regardless of creed, ethnic origin or
social station. The government and the people
must engage in nation-building under the rule
of law, Constitutional democracy and the full
respect for human rights.
 

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FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

Territorial Integrity

We must ensure the permanent inviolability of

our national territory and its effective control by
the Government and the State. This includes the
preservation of our country’s Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) and its protection from
illegal incursions and resource exploitation.

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FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

Economic Solidarity and Strength

We must vigorously pursue a free-market economy

through responsible entrepreneurship based on
social conscience, respect for the dignity of labor and
concern for the public interest. We must perpetuate
an economic regime where the people take
command of their own lives, their livelihood and their
economic destiny.

 
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FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

Ecological Balance

National survival rests upon the effective

conservation of our natural environment in the
face of industrial and agricultural expansion and
population growth. We must promote sustainable
development side by side with social justice.
 

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FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

Cultural Cohesiveness

Our lives as a people must be ruled by a common set of

values and beliefs grounded on high moral and ethical
standards, drawn from our heritage and embodying a
Filipino standard, drawn from our heritage and
embodying a Filipino identity transcending religious,
ethnic and linguistic differences.

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FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

Moral-spiritual Consensus

We must be propelled by a national vision

inspired, and manifested in our words and
deeds, by patriotism, national pride and the
advancement of national goals and objectives.

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FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

External Peace
We must pursue constructive and cordial relations
with all nations and peoples, even as our nation
itself must chart an independent course, free from
external control, interference or threat of aggression.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

is defined as an intention, declared or

indicated to jeopardize, prejudice, or in
any way endanger by the use of force
or any means the security of the state.

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 CLASIFICATION OF
THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

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INTERNAL SECURITY CONCERNS

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

in constructive peace negotiations, the armed activities of
the group continue to be a source of serious concern,
particularly the build-up of its defensive and offensive
capabilities. Hand in hand with this security problem is
the threat from the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and Maute
Brothers group, a small band of highly mobile terrorists
with suspected links to international networks.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

MILF’s Goal
The ultimate purpose of this movement
is to create an independent Bangsa
Moro comprising the whole or part of
Mindanao, Palawan, Sulu, Basilan and
Tawi-Tawi.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

The Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s

Army/National Democratic Front (CPP/NPA/NDF)
continue to pose a serious threat to national security,
although presently weakened in comparison with their
peak strength in the 1985-87.

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INTERNAL SECURITY CONCERNS

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

❑ New People’s Army (NPA) - is the “military arm

of the Communist Party of the Philippines.

❑ The CPP/NPA/NDF remain to be the most

serious threat to the security of the country as it
sustained its armed struggle to achieve its
ultimate goal of toppling the government and
supplant it with a communist form of
government.

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

❑ At the start, it has adopted the Maoist doctrine

of encircling the cities from the countryside.
However, recent reports on strategies of the
NPA activities indicate that the CPP/NPA is
now categorically guided in its action by
universal theory of Marxism – Leninism.

❑ This is guerilla warfare complimented by

insurrectional type of operations in urban areas.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

ULTRA RIGHTIST GROUP

This group is composed of former

military personnel, Marcos loyalist,
former politicians, business tycoons
and other big wigs who are critical of
the present set-up of government.

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Organized Crime
a national security concern.
The challenge of illegal drugs,
in particular, has grown into a
major threat to the national
community.

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Grave Incidence of Poverty

also a serious threat to national security,

especially to the extent that it breeds and
abets rebellion, crime and dissidence.
Poverty incidence affects about one-third
of Filipino families nationwide.

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Economic Sabotage
undermines the market economy,
the financial system and the nation’s
resources. Under this category are
underground activities such as
counterfeiting, money laundering,
large-scale smuggling, inter-oceanic
poaching and commercial dumping.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Graft and Corruption

has become another threat to our

national security by virtue of the
huge scale by which it saps public
resources, undermines the morale
of the civil service and affects the
delivery of quality basic services.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Severe Calamities
cause serious food shortages,
abet hoarding and profiteering
and cause hunger, disease and
deprivation. Over the past ten
years, the disaster toll stands at
more than 13,000 lives lost and
P179 Billion worth of property
destroyed.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Persistent Environment
Degradation

Poses along term security threat. The

attrition of forest and watersheds, air
land-water pollution and the
proliferation of toxic substances are a
caused of sickness, death and the
diminution of national productivity and
well being.

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

EXTERNAL THREAT

❑ The multilateral dispute

over the Spratlys Islands is
a source of intermittent tensions,
owing to the build up of structures,
believed to be military-oriented, by
some claimant countries in the
area.

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Chinese Naval Presence in the

South China Sea:

The increasing presence and build up of

Chinese Naval forces in the area as
evidenced by their continued naval patrol
along South China Sea (West Philippine
Sea) and their reported construction of a
logistic base at Spratly Island expose the
country to Chinese political and intelligence
maneuverings.

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TERRITORIAL DISPUTES IN SCS/WPS

❑ Republic of Vietnam dispute over the ownership of

the Parcels and the Spratlys and their boundaries in
the Gulf of Tonkin, the Indonesia-Vietnamese
continental shelf boundary claims in the Natun area
and the claims

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CHINA’S ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS IN WPS

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GRAY ZONE DEFINED

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UNRESTRICTED WARFARE

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CN “GAME OF GO” STRATEGY IN THE SCS

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CN GRAY ZONE CAMPAIGN IN MAINLAND

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CN’s “GAME OF GO” IN MAINLAND PH

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CN’s “GAME OF GO” IN MAINLAND PH

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

The smuggling of firearms and

contraband, illegal migration and the
occasional movement of foreign
terrorists through the porous borders
of our southwestern frontier have
elicited transnational concern. Philippine
law enforcement agencies work closely
with international police organizations,
bilaterally and multilaterally, to check
these activities.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

The lingering effects of the

currency crisis affecting
the countries within the
Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN) are
a cause of regional anxieties,
which tend to aggravate political
instabilities and socio-economic
dislocations involving the poorest
peoples.

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 THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

❑ The serious Economic disparity

between rich and poor nations keeps the
world in a state of instability and virtually on
the brink of war in many places.

❑ Ethnic, Religious and Cultural conflict

pervades many regions and nations,
including our own. It is constantly
exacerbated by mass poverty, limited access
to resources, denial of human rights, lack of
national integration and international
issues.
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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

❑ The proliferation of Weapons

of Mass Destruction (WMD)
is a threat to global security. Nuclear
materials and technologies are more
accessible now than at any other time
in history. The relative ease of
production of both chemical and
biological weapons has made these
attractive to terrorists.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Transnational Organized
Crime

has proliferated in the era of

globalization. There are links among
drug trafficking, terrorism, smuggling
of illegal aliens, massive financial
and bank fraud, arms smuggling
and political corruption.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Cybernetic Crime
is a growing global threat, as experienced with
computer viruses such as Melissa and Chernobyl,
which have attacked isolated or networked information
systems through the internet or through software
carriers and devices.

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NATIONAL SECURITY
and
NSTP PROGRAM

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 MANPOWER RESERVOIR FOR
NATIONAL SECURITY
1. Graduates of CWTS and LTS
shall belong to the National Service
Reserve Corps (NSRC) which could
be tapped by the State for literacy
and civic welfare activities such
assisting in disaster preparedness,
mitigation, response and
rehabilitation programs.

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MANPOWER RESERVOIR FOR NATIONAL SECURITY

2. Graduates of the ROTC

component shall form part of the AFP
Citizen Armed Forces (AFP Reserve
Force), subject to DND requirements.

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 “Let us work together and lay a new
foundation in which a better Philippines
can be reconstructed. Help me build a
better tomorrow.”

President RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE

State of the Nation Address / 2017

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 QUESTION?

WHO’s OUR REAL ENEMY?

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 REFERENCES

• National Security Policy

www.nsc.gov.ph/attachments/article/NSP/NSP-2011-2016.pdf
• Philippine National Security Strategy pdf – 2018
• National Security Policy 2017-2022, National Security Council)
• Dimensions of National Security , NDCP; Prof Joaquin 2018
• 1994 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Report, Human Security
• National Security Policy 2017-2022, National Security Council)
• Human Security Act of 2007
• Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020
• Cordova (2019). Regional and domestic security challenges presentation. Camp
General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City.
• Gottlieb, S. (n.d.). It's now evident that public health is part of national security.
• https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-heist-bangladesh-idUSKCN1PO19J