BIOHACK NOTES

DIGESTION
AND ABSORPTION
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. The tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone. This type of arrangement is called ________ (NEET)
2. Diphyodont mean ? (NEET)
DigaQ. 1
3. Humans are homodont/heterodont. (NEET)
4. Dental formula of adult human - A
5. Dental formula of child - L
B
6. The hard chewing surface of teeth is M
made up of _______ C
7. Tongue is attached to floor by ______
8. The upper surface of tongue have small N
projections called ______
9. Common passage for food and air is - D
10. The oesophagus and trachea opens into - E O
11. ______ prevent entry of food into ______
12. The oesophagus leads to a ___ shaped structure. P
F
13. ___________ sphincter is present between
the oesophagus and stomach. G Q
14. 4 parts of stomach are - H R
15. Duodenum is ____ shaped. I
S
16. Ileum is highly coiled. T/F J
T
17. Pyloric sphincter is present between - K
18. Large intestine consists of (3) U
19. _______ is a blind sac and hosts some symbiotic microorganisms.
20. _________ arise from caecum. DigaQ. 2
21. Colon parts are - (4)
A
22. Wall of alimentary canal have layers - (4)
23. ______ is the outermost layer. B
24. Serosa is made up of thin/thick __________ C
25. The submucosal layer is formed of -
26. Mucosa forms _____ in the stomach and ____
D E
in the small intestine.
27. Villi is supplied by a large lymph vessel called ____
28. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are modification of -
29. Gastric glands are modification of -
30. The 3 digestive glands are -
31. The 3 salivary glands are -
32. These salivary glands are present just inside the buccal cavity. T/F
33. Liver weight ________
34. Largest gland of human body is -
35. Liver have ____ (no.) of lobes.
36. The structural and functional unit of liver is -
37. Each lobule is covered by a thick/thin connective tissue sheath called _________
38. _______ and _________ form the common bile duct.
39. Hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by ___________ (NEET)

• DIGESTION OF FOOD A
DigaQ. 3
40. The 2 major functions of buccal cavity is - B
41. Mucus is present in saliva. T/F
C
42. Swallowing is also called ________
43. The saliva in the oral cavity contains electrolytes (4) - (NEET) F D
44. Enzymes in saliva are (2) - (NEET)
45. About ____% of starch is hydrolysed by salivary amylase. E
46. Optimum pH for salivary amylase is _____
47. Starch is hydrolysed into ______ in mouth.
48. Lysozyme fxn (1) -
DigaQ. 4
49. Chief cells are also called -
A
50. Parietal cells are also called -

}G
51. _______ is also known as an extrinsic factor. B
52. The 3 types of glands in stomach are - (NEET) C
53. Fxn of all 3 of them is - (NEET) D
E
54. _______ help in absorption of extrinsic factor.
55. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the stomach. T/F F
56. Stomach stores food for __-__ hours.
57. What is chyme ?
58. Pepsin converts protein into ________ and ________
59. _______ and _______ play an important role in lubrication and protection from HCl.
60. HCl provides an acidic pH of ____, optimal for pepsins.
61. Rennin/Renin is a proteolytic enzyme in gastric juice
of infants. (NEET)
62. Small amount of lipases/proteases are also secreted by gastric glands.
63. The pancreatic juice contain enzymes - (6) (NEET)
64. Trypsinogen is activated by _______ which is secreted by _________ (NEET)
65. Bile contains (4) - DigaQ. 5
66. Bile contains enzymes. T/F
67. Bile activates _______
A
68. Goblet cells are absent in the intestine. T/F B
69. Bicarbonates are released from the pancreas. T/F
70. pH ____ is needed for enzyme activation in duodenum.
C
71. Sub-mucosal gland example is (1) - (NEET)
72. Trypsin breaks proteins into amino acids. T/F D
E
73. Pancreatic amylase breaks starch to glucose. T/F (NEET)
F
74. Pancreatic lipase breaks fat into monoglyceride. T/F
75. Pancreatic nucleases break ________ to ________ A DigaQ. 6
76. Sucrose is made up of ______ + ______ E
B
77. Lactase is made up of ______ + ______
78. Succus entericus doesn't constitute mucus. T/F C F
79. The breakdown of biomacromolecules occur in G
________ region.
80. The simple substances thus formed are absorbed in ____ D H
and _______ regions of the small intestine.
81. Fxns of large intestine (2) -
82. The undigested food enter into caecum through _________ I
83. The gastro-intestinal tract is not under neural and hormonal control. T/F
84. _______ prevent the backflow of faecal matter.
85. Gross calorific value of carbs, protein and fats is -
86. Physiological value of carbs, protein and fat is -

• ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD

87. Compounds absorbed by simple diffusion are (3) -

88. Compounds absorbed by facilitated transport are (2) -
89. Compounds absorbed by active transport are (3) -
90. Fatty acid and glycerol are first incorporated into _______
91. Chylomicrons are _______ coated fat globules.
92. Maximum absorption of substance takes place in ______
93. _______ is a drug which is absorbed from the mouth.
94. Absorption of alcohol take place in -
95. Drugs are not absorbed in the large intestine. T/F
96. Medicines are not absorbed in stomach. T/F
97. What is assimilation?
98. Mass peristaltic movement occurs in _______

• DISORDERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

99. Parasites of intestine are (5) -

100. The scientific names of all the parasites of Q.99 is -
101. Skin turn yellow in ________
102. Vomit centre is present in -
103. A feeling of ______ precedes vomiting.
104. Abnormal frequency of bowel movement is seen in (2) -
105. Absorption of food reduces in diarrhoea. T/F
106. Causes of Indigestion are (4) -
107. Dietary deficiencies of proteins and total food calories are widespread in - (5)
108. What deficiencies occur in marasmus?
109. Marasmus is found in infants of which age?
110. It occurs because?
111. Marasmus often happens because of which reason?
112. Features of marasmus (5) -
113. Body weight declines considerably in Marasmus. T/F
114. Growth and development of brain and mental faculties is not retarded in marasmus. T/F
115. Kwashiorkor is produced by _______ deficiency.
116. It occurs in children of ______ age.
117. It occurs because?
118. Features of kwashiorkor (5) -
119. Difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus is -
 DIGESTION
AND ABSORPTION

ANSWERS
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 33. 1.2-1.5 kg
1. Thecodont 34. Liver
2. Presence of two sets of teeth during life 35. 2
3. Heterodont 36. Hepatic lobule
4. 2123/2123 37. Thin, Glisson's capsule
5. 2102/2102 38. Duct of gallbladder and hepatic duct
6. Enamel 39. Sphincter of oddi
7. Frenulum • DIGESTION OF FOOD
8. Papillae 40. Mastication of food, facilitation of swallowing
9. Pharynx 41. T
10. Pharynx 42. Deglutition
11. Epiglottis, glottis 43. Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻
12. J 44. Salivary amylase, lysozyme
13. Gastro-oesophageal 45. 30
14. Fundus, cardiac, body, pyloric 46. 6.8
15. C 47. Maltose
16. T 48. Antibacterial agent
17. Stomach and duodenum 49. Peptic cells
18. Caecum, colon, rectum 50. Oxyntic cells
19. Caecum 51. Vitamin B₁₂
20. Vermiform appendix 52. Mucus neck cell, peptic or chief cells, parietal or
21. an ascending, a transverse, descending part and oxyntic cells
a sigmoid colon 53. Mucus cell - Secrete mucus, Peptic cell -
22. Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa and mucosa secrete pepsinogen, Parietal cell - secrete HCl and
23. Serosa intrinsic factor
24. Thin mesothelium 54. Intrinsic factor
25. Loose connective tissues containing nerves, blood 55. F, in ileum
and lymph vessels 56. 4-5
26. Rugae, villi 57. Food with acidic juice of stomach together
27. Lacteal forms chyme
28. Mucosa 58. Proteoses and peptones
29. Mucosa 59. Mucus and bicarbonates
30. Salivary, liver and pancreas 60. 1.8
31. parotids (cheek), the submaxillary/sub-mandibular
(lower jaw) and the sub- lingual (below the tongue)
32. False, just outer
61. Rennin (Trick - Digestion mai Di(2) aata hai, so 2 88. glucose and amino acids
n digestion vale rennin mai aayenge) 89. amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose,
62. Lipases electrolytes like Na
63. Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, 90. Chylomicrons
procarboxypeptidase, amylases, lipases and nucleases. 91. Protein
64. Enterokinase, intestinal mucosa 92. Small intestine
65. Bile salts, bile pigments (Bilirubin and biliverdin), 93. Nitroglycerin
cholesterol and phospholipid 94. Stomach
66. False 95. F
67. Lipase 96. F, (see summary of NCERT)
68. False 97. The utilization of absorbed substance by the
69. True tissue.
70. 7.8 98. Large intestine
71. Brunner's gland • DISORDERS
72. F 99. tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm,
73. F pin worm
74. T 100. Taenia solium, Ascaris, Enterobius, Ancylostoma,
75. Nucleic acids to nucleotides Enterobius (pinworm and threadworm are same)
76. Glucose and fructose 101. Jaundice
77. Glucose and galactose 102. Medulla
78. F, it consist of both mucus and enzymes 103. Nausea
79. Duodenum 104. Diarrhoea, Constipation
80. Jejunum and ileum 105. T
81. 1) Absorption of water, minerals and drugs, 106. inadequate enzyme secretion, anxiety, food
2) secretion of mucus which helps in adhering the poisoning, over eating, and spicy food
waste for easy passage 107. South Asia, South-East Asia, South America,
82. Ileo-caecal valve West Africa, Central Africa
83. F 108. Protein and calorie
84. Ileo-caecal valve 109. <1
85. Carbohydrates - 4.1 kcal/g, Proteins - 5.65 110. Mother's milk is replaced too early by other
kcal/g, Fats - 9.45 kcal/g foods which are poor in both proteins and caloric
86. Carbohydrates - 4.0 kcal/g, Proteins - 4.0 value
kcal/g, Fats - 9.0 kcal/g 111. Mother has second pregnancy or childbirth
• ABSORPTION OF FOOD
87. glucose, amino acids and some electrolytes like
chloride ions
112. 1) impaired growth 2) replacement of tissue DigaQ. 3 - Anatomical regions of human stomach
proteins 3) extreme emaciation of the body 4) A – Oesophagus
thinning of limbs 5) skin becomes dry, thin and B – Fundus
wrinkled C – Cardiac
113. T D – Body
114. F E – Pyloric
115. Protein F – Superior portion of duodenum
116. >1 DigaQ. 4 - transverse section of gut
117. Replacement of mother's milk by a high calorie A – Serosa
low protein diet B – Inner circular
118. wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of C – Outer longitudinal
growth and brain development, extensive oedema and D – Submucosa
swelling E – Mucosa
119. unlike marasmus, some fat is still left under the F – Lumen
skin in kwashiorkor G – Muscularis
• DigaQs DigaQ. 5 - A section of small intestinal mucosa
DigaQ. 1 - The human digestive system A – Villi
A – Oral cavity K – Vermiform appendix B – Lacteal
B – Mouth L – Parotid gland C – Capillaries
C – Submaxillary and M – Pharynx D – Artery
sublingual glands N – Oesophagus E – Crypts of Lieberkuhn
D – Liver O – Stomach F – Vein
E – Gall bladder P – Pancreas DigaQ. 6 - The duct systems of liver, gall bladder
F – Duodenum Q – Jejunum and pancreas
G – Transverse colon R – Descending colon A – Gall bladder
H – Ascending colon S – Sigmoid colon B – Duct from bladder
I – Ileum T – Rectum C – common bile duct
J – Caecum U – Anus D – Duodenum
DigaQ. 2 - Different types of teeth in the jaws E – Ducts from liver
A – Incisor F – Common hepatic duct
B – Canine G – Pancreas
C – Premolar H – Pancreatic duct
D – Molars I – Hepato-pancreatic duct
E – Socket of jaw
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