CHAPTER 3 DYNAMICS

FORCE:
A force  moves  or  tends  to  move,  stops  or  tends  to  stop  the  motion  of  a  body.  The  force
can  also  change  the  direction  of  motion  of  a  body”.

Explanation:
a. A force can move the body.e.g.
We can open a door either by pushing or pulling it.

b. A force may not always cause a body to move. e.g.
A boy pushing a wall and is thus trying to move it. He could not move the wall.
A Goalkeeper needs a force to stop a ball coming to him.

c. A force can change the direction of moving body. e.g.
A batsman can change the direction of a moving ball by pushing it with his bat.

d. A force can also change the shape or size of a body on which it acts. e.g.
An apple can be cut with a knife by pushing its sharp edge into the apple.

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION:

1. Newton’s first law of motion or law of inertia
2. Newton’s second law of motion or law of acceleration
3. Newton’s third law of motion or law of action and reaction

FIRST LAW OF MOTION:

First law of motion states that,

“A body remains in rest or continues to move uniform velocity until or unless an external
force acted upon it. It is also called as law of inertia.”
INERTIA
The property by virtue of which a body opposes any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion is
known as inertia. Greater the mass of the body greater is the inertia. That is mass is the measure of the
inertia of the body.

2nd LAW OF MOTION:

Second law of motion states that,

“When an unbalanced force is applied on a body some acceleration will produce it will
cover some distance which is directionally proportional to the applied force and it will
produce acceleration in the direction of motion.”
EXPLANATION
First consider that the force is directly proportional to the mass and acceleration.
F α m … … … … eqi
F α a ………… eqii
By combining relation i and ii
F α ma
F = kma but k = 1
F = ma

THIRD LAW OF MOTION:

Third law of motion states that,

“Every action having an equal reaction but opposite in direction.”

For example:
Walking on ground.
Launching of rocket.

TENSION IN STRING
 The tension is defined as: 
  "The force exerted by a string when it is subjected to pull".

EXPLANATION
  If a person is holding a block of weight W attached to the end of a string, a force is experienced
by him. This force is known as Tension. When the body is at rest, the magnitude of tension is
equal to the weight of the body suspended by the string. Tension and the weight acts in the
opposite direction. Tension is vector quantity, which has both magnitude and direction. Its
magnitude remains constant at all points of the string.

UNIT OF TENSION  

  Since tension is a force, therefore, it has same units as that of force.

  In S.I. system : NEWTON  

MOTION OF BODIES CONNECTED TO STRING

CASE 1 WHEN BOTH BODIES CONNECTED VERTICALLY
  Consider two bodies of unequal masses m1 and m2 connected by the ends of a inextensible string, which
passes over a   frictionless pulley as shown in the diagram.

If m1>m2, the body ‘A’ will move downward with acceleration ‘a’ and the body ‘B’ will move up with
same   acceleration. Here we have to find the value of ‘a’ and tension ‘T’.

Consider the motion of body A  

  There are two forces acting on A

  (i)Weight of body in downward direction: w1 = m1g 

  (ii) Tension in the string in upward direction = T

Since body A is moving downward

Then m1g>T

The net force acting on the body is 

F1= m1g – T                        

  Net force acting on body 'A' is given by Newton’s 2nd law as m1a. Thus we have the equation for the
motion of body "A" as:

m1g – T = m1a --------- (i)

Consider the upward motion of body B

   There are two forces acting on B
  (i)Weight of body in downward direction: w2 = m2g 
  (ii) Tension in the string in upward direction = T
  Since body "B" is moving up,
 T>m2g
the net force acting on body is
F= T – m2g                        
T – m2g = m2a---------- (ii)
  Adding (i) & (ii)

(m1 – m2)g = (m1 + m2)a

putting the value of 'a' in equation (ii) to find the magnitude of T

T – m2g = m2a 

T – m2g = m2  

CASE II: When one of the bodies moves vertically while the other moves
horizontally
Two bodies A & B of masses m1 and m2 are attached to the ends of a string, which passes over a
frictionless pulley as shown in the figure. The body "A" moves vertically downward with acceleration
equal to "a" and the body "B" moves on a smooth horizontal plane towards the pulley with   the same
acceleration.
Consider the motion of body A
 There are two forces acting on the body A
1. Weight of the body downward: w1 = m1g
2. Tension in the string towards pulley = T
  The net force acting on the body A
m1g – T
  According to Newton’s 2nd law of motion, the resultant force acting on it is equal to m1a
  Therefore,
m1g – T = m1a --------- (i)
  Now Consider the motion of body B
  There are three forces acting on it.
1. The tension (T) in the string, which acts horizontally towards the pulley.
2. Its weight w2 = m2g which acts vertically downward.
3. Reaction of the surface (R) on the body which acts vertically upward.
 As there is no motion of body "B" in the vertical direction. Therefore weight and normal reaction cancel
each other
  Thus the net horizontal force acting upon body B is T 
  Applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion, we get

T = m2a --------(ii)

  Putting the value of T in equation (i), we get

m1g – m2a = m1a

m1g = m1a + m2a

m1g = a (m1 + m2)

  Putting the value of "a" in equation (ii), we get

T = m2a --------(ii)
MOMENTUM

Physical quantity that describes the quantity of motion in a body is called momentum.

The momentum of a moving body is defined as

"The product of mass and velocity of a moving body is called linear momentum"

Mathematically,

`
Momentum is a vector quantity and its direction is the same as that of velocity.

EXPLANATION
Momentum is that property of a moving body which determines how much effort is required to accelerate
or stop a body. Hence it may also be termed as quantity of motion of a body. From various observations it
is concluded that greater effort is required to stop a body if it possess either greater mass or greater
velocity or both.

Units
In S.I. system : NS [1 NS = 1 kg m/s]
DIMENSION
The dimension of momentum is [MLT-1]
Law Of Conservation Of Momentum
The law of conservation of momentum states that:

"For an isolated system, the total momentum of the system remains constant or conserved."

In other words

"Total momentum of an isolated system before and after collision is constant."

EXPLANATION  
Consider an isolated system of two bodies "A" & "B" having masses m 1 & m2 moving initially with
velocities u1 & u2 respectively. They collide with each other and after the impact their velocities become
v1 & v2.
 Before collision

During collision

 
After collision

Total momentum of system before collision = m1u1 + m2u2

Total momentum of system after collision = m 1v1 + m2v2

Total momentum of system before collision = Total momentum of system after collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

This is known as the Law of conservation of momentum. This expression shows that the total momentum
of an isolated system before and after collision remains constant i.e. the total momentum of the system is
conserved.

Q-11:  What  is  the  force  of  friction? On  what  factors  it  depends?  What  is  the  scientific
reasonof friction? Also describe limiting friction, coefficient of friction and applications 
of friction?

FRICTION:
“The  force  that  opposes  the  motion  of  moving  objects  is  called friction”.
Factors  on Which  Friction Depends:
In case of solids, the force of friction between two bodies depends upon many factors
such as
i. Nature of the two surfaces in contact
ii. The pressing force between them.

For Example:
Rub your palm over different surfaces such as table, carpet, polished marble surface, 
brick,etc.  You will find smoother is the surface, easier it is to move  your palm over the 
surface. Moreover,harder you press your palm over the surface, more difficult would it be
to move.

Limiting Friction:
“The  maximum  value  of  friction  is  known as  the  force  of  limiting  friction  (Fs)”.

Explanation:
Friction is equal to the applied force that tends to move a body at rest. It increases 
with the applied force. Friction can  be  increased  to certain maximum  value. It does not
increase  beyond this.The maximum value of friction is known as the force of limiting 
friction.It depends on the normal
reaction (pressing force) between the two surfaces in contact.

Coefficient of Friction:
“The  ratio  between  the  force  of  limiting  friction  Fs  and  the  normal  reaction  R  is  constant
.

This  constant  is  called  the  coefficient  of friction and is represented by μ”.

Mathematically:
μ = FS /R

Or FS = μR
If m be the mass of the block, then for horizontal surface:
R = mg
Hence Fs = μmg

Q-12: What is rolling friction? 

ROLLING FRICTION:
“Rolling  friction  is  the  force  of  friction  between  a  rolling  body  and  a  surface  over
which it  rolls”.
Note: Rolling friction is lesser than sliding friction.

Q-14: What are the advantages and disadvantages of friction? Also describe the 
methods of reducing friction.

ADVANTAGES  AND DISADVANTAGES  OF FRICTION:

Friction has the advantages as well as disadvantages.In many situations, we need 
friction while in other situations we need to reduce it as much as possible.

Advantages  of  Friction:

i. We cannot write if there would be no friction between paper and the pencil.
ii. Friction enables us to walk on the ground.
ii.
Birds could not fly if there is no air resistance. The reaction of pushed air enables  the
birds to fly.

Disadvantages  of Friction:

i.Friction is undesirable when moving at high speeds because it opposes the 
motion and thuslimits the speed of moving objects.
ii.Most of our useful energy is lost as heat and sound due to the friction between variou
s moving parts of machines.
iii. In machines, friction also causes wear and tear of their moving parts.

Methods  of Reducing  Friction:

The friction can be reduced by:
i. Making the sliding surfaces smooth.
ii. Making the fast moving objects a streamline shape (fish shape) such as cars, 
aeroplanes etc.This causes the smooth flow of air and thus minimizes air
resistance at high  speeds.
iii. Lubricating the sliding surfaces.
iv. Using ball bearings or roller bearings. Because the rolling friction is lesser 
than  the sliding friction.
Q-15: What is circular motion? Explain with examples.

UNIFORM  CIRCULAR  MOTION:

“The  motion  of  an  object  in  a  circular  path  is  known  as  circular  motion”.

For Example:
We come across many things in our daily life that are moving
along circular path. Take a small stone. Tie it at one end of a string and
keep the other end of the string in your hand. Now rotate the stone
holding  the  string. The  stone  will  move  in  a  circular  path. The  motion  of
stone will be called as circular motion.
Similarly, motion of the moon around the Earth is circular motion.

Q16:  What is centripetal force? What is  the direction of centripetal force? Give  its 

examples and formula.

CENTRIPETAL  FORCE:

“Centripetal  force  is  a  force  that  keeps  a  body to  move  in  a  circle”.

Explanation:
Consider a body tied at the end of a string moving with uniform speed
in a circular  path.  The  string  to which the body  is  tied keeps  it  to  move in a
circle by pulling the body towards the centre of the circle. The string pulls the
body perpendicular to its motion. This pulling force continuously changes the
direction  of  motion and  remains towards  the  centre  of  the circle. This  centre
seeking force is called the centripetal force. It keeps the body to move in a
circle.

Direction  of Centripetal  Force:

Centripetal  force always acts perpendicular  to the motion of the body. It always 
acts towards the centre of the circle.

Examples:
Let us study the centripetal forces in the following examples:
i. A stone tied to one  end of a string  rotating  in a circle.  The tension  in
the string provides the necessary centripetal force. It  keeps the stone
to remain in the circle. If the string is not strong enough to provide the
necessary tension, it breaks and the stone moves away along a
tangent to the circle.
ii. The moon revolves around the Earth. The gravitational force of the Earth 
provides the necessary centripetal force.
Formula  of  Centripetal  Force:
Let a  body of  mass m moves with uniform speed  v in  a circle of  radius r. The
acceleration ac, produced by the centripetal force is given by:

Q-17: What is centrifugal force? Explain with example.

CENTRIFUGAL  FORCE:

“A reaction  of  centripetal  force  that  pulls  the  string  outward  is  called  centrifugal  force”.

Explanation:
Consider a stone tied to a string moving in a circle. The necessary
centripetal force acts on the stone through the string that keeps it to move in a circle.
According to Newton's third law of motion, there exists a reaction to this 
centripetal force.Centripetal reaction that pulls the string outward is sometimes called the 
centrifugal force.

Q-18: Write down few applications of centripetal force.

a) BANKING  OF  THE  ROADS:

“Banking  of  a  road means  that  the  outer  edge  of  a  road  is  raised”.

Explanation:

When a car takes a turn, centripetal force is needed to
keep it  in its  curved track. The  friction between the tyres and the
road provides the necessary centripetal force. The car would skid
if the force of friction between the tyres and the road is not
sufficient enough particularly when the roads are wet.

This problem is solved by banking of curved roads.
Imagine a vehicle on a curved road, banking causes a component
of  vehicle’s  weight  to  provide  the  necessary  centripetal  force  while
taking  a turn.  Thus  banking  of roads  prevents  skidding  of vehicle
and thus makes the driving safe.

b) WASHING MACHINE  DRYER:
“The  dryer  of  a  washing  machine  is  basket  spinners”.

Explanation:
 They have a perforated wall having large numbers of fine holes in the cylindrical
rotor. The lid of the cylindrical container is closed after putting wet clothes in it. When
it spins at high speed, thewater from wet clothes is forced out through these holes due 
to lack of centripetal force.