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A Study of Language by George True Everlasting Islamic Books

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these notes what I could manage the time. I Sahi Bukhari
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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Eponyms .......................................................... 8
a. Coinage............................................................ 8
Contents b. Eponyms--A ..................................................... 8
Preface ......................................................................... 1
a. Compounding .................................................. 8
The Study of Language By George Yule ........................... 6
b. Clipping............................................................ 8
a. Pragmatics ....................................................... 6
c. Word ............................................................... 8
b. Phonetics---A ................................................... 6
a. Borrowing ........................................................ 8
c. Phonology ........................................................ 6
a. Compounding .................................................. 8
32. Ch#4 Sound pattern of language .................... 7
a. Blending .......................................................... 8
a. Phonology ........................................................ 7
b. Clipping............................................................ 9
b. Phonetics ......................................................... 7
a. Clipping............................................................ 9
a. Allophone......................................................... 7
a. Hypocorism ..................................................... 9
b. Allomorph ........................................................ 7
b. Blending .......................................................... 9
c. Phoneme .......................................................... 7
c. Clipping............................................................ 9
a. Phones ............................................................. 7
a. Backformation ................................................. 9
b. Allophone......................................................... 7
b. Borrowing ........................................................ 9
c. Allomorph ........................................................ 7
a. Conversion ...................................................... 9
a. Allophone......................................................... 7
b. Backformation ................................................. 9
b. Phones ............................................................. 7
c. Blending .......................................................... 9
c. Allomorph ........................................................ 7
a. Acronyms ........................................................ 9
a. Syllable ............................................................. 7
b. Blending .......................................................... 9
b. Phoneme .......................................................... 7
a. Affixes .............................................................. 9
45. Assimilation.................................................. 8
b. Blending .......................................................... 9
Chapter # 5 .................................................................. 8
a. Stem ................................................................ 9
47. Word formation ............................................... 8
Chapter #6 Morphology ......................................... 9
a. Morphology--A..................................................... 8
a. Morpheme—A ................................................ 9
b. Syntax................................................................... 8
b. Allomorph...................................................... 10
c. Semantics ............................................................. 8
c. Phoneme ....................................................... 10
a. Morphology ..................................................... 8
a. Free ............................................................... 10
b. Semantics ......................................................... 8
b. Bound Morpheme ......................................... 10
c. Neologism ........................................................ 8
c. Derivational Morpheme ................................ 10
a. Coinage ............................................................ 8
a. Bound ............................................................ 10

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b. Free Morphemes ........................................... 10 a. Synonymy ...................................................... 11

a. Morphs........................................................... 10 b. Hyponymy ..................................................... 11
a. Allomorph ...................................................... 10 a. Hyponymy ..................................................... 11
Chapter #7 Grammar ............................................ 10 b. Relationship................................................... 11
a. Traditional ...................................................... 10 c. Antonyms ...................................................... 11
b. Phrase Structure ............................................ 10 a. Gradable ........................................................ 11
a. Theme ............................................................ 10 b. Hyponymy ..................................................... 11
b. Agent .............................................................. 10 c. Synonymy ...................................................... 11
c. Agreement ..................................................... 10 a. Hyponymy ..................................................... 11
a. Traditional ...................................................... 10 b. Family ............................................................ 11
b. Phrase Structure ............................................ 10 c. Prototypes ..................................................... 11
80. Deep ........................................................... 10 a. Hypones ........................................................ 12
81. Surface ....................................................... 10 b. Synonyms ...................................................... 12
82. Chapter # 8 syntax ........................................ 10 c. Homophones ................................................. 12
Chapter # 9 semantics .......................................... 10 a. Homonyms .................................................... 12
a. Semantic ........................................................ 11 b. Hoponyms ..................................................... 12
b. Phormophological Analysis ............................ 11 c. Homoworkds ................................................. 12
c. Transfromations............................................. 11 a. Antonymy ...................................................... 12
a. Subject ,adverb .............................................. 11 b. Polysemy ....................................................... 12
b. Noun,Predicate .............................................. 11 a. Metonymy ..................................................... 12
c. Agent .............................................................. 11 b. Homonymy .................................................... 12
a. Agent,Theme ................................................. 11 a. Concept Dveloping ........................................ 12
b. Location,Source ............................................. 11 b. Homonyms .................................................... 12
c. Instrument ..................................................... 11 c. Collocation .................................................... 12
a. Location ......................................................... 11 Chapter #10 Pragmatics ..................................... 12
b. Source ............................................................ 11 a. Context .......................................................... 12
a. Agent .............................................................. 11 a. Deixis ............................................................. 12
b. Source ............................................................ 11 b. Affix ............................................................... 12
c. Source ............................................................ 11 a. Context .......................................................... 12
a. Goal ................................................................ 11 b. Reference ...................................................... 12
b. Source ............................................................ 11 c. Inference ....................................................... 12
a. Lexical ............................................................ 11 a. Context .......................................................... 12

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b. Inference ........................................................ 12 c. Maxim of manner .......................................... 13

c. Reference ....................................................... 12 a. Gaps............................................................... 14
a. Anaphora ....................................................... 12 b. Unsurity ......................................................... 14
b. Presupposition ............................................... 12 c. Hudges........................................................... 14
a. Context........................................................... 13 a. Scheme .......................................................... 14
b. Inference ........................................................ 13 b. Background ................................................... 14
c. Presupposition ............................................... 13 c. Knowledge..................................................... 14
a. Speech Tricks ................................................. 13 a. Schema .......................................................... 14
b. Speech............................................................ 13 b. Information ................................................... 14
c. Speech Theories ............................................. 13 a. Turns.............................................................. 14
a. Politeness ....................................................... 13 b. Script ............................................................. 14
b. Speech Act ..................................................... 13 c. Understanding............................................... 14
Chapter #11 Discourse Analysis.............................. 13 142. Chapter # 12: Language And Brain ............... 14
a. Cohesion ........................................................ 13 153. Chapter #13 First Language Acquisition........ 14
b. Coherence ...................................................... 13 154. Chapter #14 second language acquisition .... 14
a. Inference ........................................................ 13 155. Chapter # 15 Gestures and Sign Language .... 14
b. Coherence ...................................................... 13 a. Oralism--A ..................................................... 15
c. Cohesion ........................................................ 13 a. Signed English( Manually Coded English)—A 15
a. Mood.............................................................. 13 b. Historical English ........................................... 15
b. Turn-Taking .................................................... 13 c. Dichronic English ........................................... 15
c. Speakiers time ............................................... 13 a. Graphics ........................................................ 15
a. The ................................................................. 13 b. Location ......................................................... 15
b. Discussion Principle ....................................... 13 c. Representation .............................................. 15
a. Maxim ............................................................ 13 a. Designing ....................................................... 15
b. Maxim of Quantity ......................................... 13 b. Movement ..................................................... 15
c. Maxim of manner .......................................... 13 c. Graphics ........................................................ 15
134. Say .............................................................. 13 a. Primes............................................................ 15
a. Maxim ............................................................ 13 a. Writing........................................................... 15
b. Maxim of Quantity--A .................................... 13 b. Transcription ................................................. 15
c. Maxim of manner .......................................... 13 c. Finger............................................................. 15
a. Axim ............................................................... 13 Chapter # 16 Writing........................................... 15
b. Maxim of Quantity ......................................... 13 a. Pictogram ...................................................... 15

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b. Ideogram ........................................................ 15 b. Linguistics Analysis ........................................ 16

a. Callipgraphy ................................................... 15 c. Dialectology................................................... 16
b. Pictorgram ..................................................... 15 a. Diglossia ........................................................ 16
c. Ideograms ...................................................... 15 b. Accent............................................................ 16
a. Logograms--A ................................................. 15 c. Isoglosses ...................................................... 16
a. Controlled Writing ......................................... 15 a. Language Continuam .................................... 16
b. Free Writing ................................................... 15 b. Accent Continuam ......................................... 16
c. Rebus ............................................................. 15 c. Dialect ........................................................... 16
a. Symbol Representation ................................. 15 a. Bilingualism ................................................... 16
b. Subject ........................................................... 15 b. Profieciency ................................................... 16
c. Essay Writing.................................................. 15 a. Diglossia ........................................................ 16
a. Alphabetic ...................................................... 16 b. Dialectology................................................... 16
b. Trancription ................................................... 16 a. Language Teaching ........................................ 16
a. English ............................................................ 16 b. Language Spread ........................................... 17
b. English Transcription...................................... 16 c. Language ....................................................... 17
a. Symbol Representation ................................. 16 a. Pidgen--A ....................................................... 17
b. Calipraphy ...................................................... 16 a. Pidgen............................................................ 17
c. Diagraph......................................................... 16 a. Standardization ............................................. 17
a. Family ............................................................. 16 b. Decreolization--A........................................... 17
b. History of English ........................................... 16 a. Decreole ........................................................ 17
c. Syetem of English........................................... 16 193. Chapter 19. Language and social vavriations:17
a. Cognats--A...................................................... 16 a. Social Segments............................................. 17
179. Chapter #18 Language and Regional variation b. Sociolinguistics .............................................. 17
16 c. Sociology ....................................................... 17
a. Dialect ............................................................ 16 210. A social dialect with low prestige spoken by a
b. Idiolect ........................................................... 16 lower-status group, with marked differences from the
c. Standard......................................................... 16 standard language..................................................... 18

a. Accent ............................................................ 16 a. Low Standard language ..................................... 18

b. Dialect ............................................................ 16 b. Low Dialect ........................................................ 18

a. Accent ............................................................ 16 c. vernacular--A..................................................... 18

b. Dialect--A ....................................................... 16 211. Chapter #20 language and Culture ............... 18

a. Language ........................................................ 16

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The Study of Language By George Yule b. Lips

1. The study of characteristics of sound c. Upper teeth and lower lips
a. Pragmatics 10. Alveolar : the active parts are
b. Phonetics---A a. Lower Lips and Upper Teeth
c. Phonology b. Lower teeth and Upper lips
2. How sounds are produced physically. c. Upper teeth ridge and front of
a. Articulatory phonetics --A Tongue.-A
b. Acoustic phonetics 11. Palatal: the active parts are
c. Auditory Phonetics a. Soft palate and back of the tongue
3. Physical properties of Sounds. b. Hard palate and tongue--A
a. Articulatory phonetics c. Teeth
b. Acoustic phonetics---A 12. Velar sounds : the active parts are
c. Auditory Phonetics a. Soft palate and back of the tongue—A
4. How sounds are perceived. b. Hard palate and tongue
a. Articulatory phonetics c. Teeth
b. Acoustic phonetics 13. Glottal: : the active parts are
c. Auditory Phonetics---A a. Larynx--A
5. Voiced sounds b. Soft palate and back of the tongue
a. When there is no vibration in vocal c. Hard palate and tongue
cards
b. When there is least vibration in vocal
cards 14. Stops:
c. When there is vibration in vocal a. Complete blocking of air stream—A
cords.-A b. Block of air stream and a little opening
6. Voiceless sounds c. Air from the sides of tongue
a. When there is no vibration in vocal 15. Fricatives:
cords..A a. Complete blocking of air stream
b. When there is least vibration in vocal b. Block of air stream and a little
cards opening--A
c. When there is vibration in vocal cords. c. Air from the sides of tongue
7. Bilabial : active parts are 16. Combine stop and combine releasing
a. Upper teeth and teeth ridge a. Fricatives
b. Lips--A b. Palatal
c. Back Tongue and Upper Ridge c. Affricatives--A
8. Labiodentals: the active parts are 17. Nasal cavity
a. Upper teeth and lower lips---A a. Nasal—A
b. Lips b. Stops
c. Back Tongue and Upper Ridge c. Affricatives
9. In Dental sound the active parts are : 18. Air from the sides of tongue
a. Teeth---A

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a. Liquid/ lateral—A c. Phoneme --A

b. Fricatives 35. Physically produced speech sounds,
c. Affricative representing one version of phoneme. [t],
19. Semi vowels, tongue in motion /tar/, /star.
a. Stops a. Phones --A
b. Glides--A b. Allophone
c. Fricative c. Allomorph
20. Complete closure and realese 36. One of closely related set of speech
a. Fricative sounds.
b. Glides a. Allophone --A
c. Glottal stops and flaps--A b. Phones
21. Vowels sounds c. Allomorph
22. Sounds which are produced with free air
flow. All the vowels are voiced.
23. Front : 37. An actual form used as part of a
24. Central: word representing one version of a
25. Back: morpheme.
26. High: a. Allomorh
27. Mid: b. Allophone
28. Low: c. Morph--A
38. When two words with same
patterns occur and have only one different
29. Short vowels: phoneme---bat,cat etc.
30. Long vowels: a. Minimal pair
31. Dipthongs: the sounds which are sonsist b. Juncture
of two vowels, one glide to other but one c. Both
sound. 39. A vowel containing sound which is
produced with single chest pulse.
a. Syllable –A
b. Phoneme
32. Ch#4 Sound pattern of language
33. Description of system and study of c. Allophone
human speech sounds. 40. The consonant before vowel is called
a. Phonology—A onset, vowel is called nucleolus and the
b. Phonetics followed consonant is called ______.
c. Pragmatics a. Coda—A
34. Smallest unit of sound in a b. Nucleaus
language e.g. /m/,/b/, etc. c. Rythem
a. Allophone 41. Nucleus and coda is called---.
b. Allomorph a. Rythem

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b. Juncture b. Semantics
c. Syllable c. Neologism
42. The syllable with no “coda” is called 49. Study of history and origin of words.[Latin
a. Open syllable—A words, Etymon(original form), Logia
b. Close syllable (study)]
c. Rythm a. Physiology
43. Syllable with no onset is called b. Newlogy
a. Open syllable c. Elipsis
b. Close syllable--A 50. Least common process of word formation
c. Rythm e.g. Trade names, aspirine, nylon etc.
44. The possible pattern in a syllable is called a. Coinage:
-----i.e CV,CVC,VCC etc. b. Eponyms
a. Consonant cluster—A c. Clipping
b. Vowel cluster 51. New word based on the name of a person
c. Word formation or place e.g. Jeans(Italian city of Genoa)
45. Assimilation : when two segment of a. Coinage:
sound occurs in a sequence and the some
b. Eponyms--A
aspects of one segment is taken or copied
c. Clipping
by other, the process is called-----. V—f,
52. Borrowing, compounding, blending,
i.e.I have to-----------I haf to…
clipping, backformation, conversion,
a. Elision
acronyms,
b. Morphomic analysis
derivation(affixes)
c. Assimilation--A
a. Compounding
46. The process of not pronouncing a sound
b. Clipping
segment that might be present in the
c. Word formation--A
deliberately careful pronounciation of a
53. New word from other language (sofa-
word in isolation, i.e. We asked him----
Arabic)
/wiəstəm/
a. Borrowing
a. Elision--A
b. Getting
b. Morphomic analysis
c. Newology
c. Assimilation
54. Making a word by joing tow separate
words, class + room=classroom
Chapter # 5 a. Compounding
b. Clipping
47. Word formation c. Blending
a. Morphology--A 55. Combination of two forms by taking the
b. Syntax parts from mother words. Motel(motor+
c. Semantics hotel), Telecast (television+ broadcast)
48. Study of new words
a. Blending –A
a. Morphology

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b. Clipping b. Infix—A
c. Hypocrism c. Prefix
56. Shortening the syllable. 63. Addition before root word( un+ pleasant=
Ad(advertisement), Cab( Cabriolet) unpleasant
a. Clipping a. Suffix
b. Blending b. Infix
c. Compounding c. Prefix--A
57. A type of reduction in British and 64. Addition at the end of the word(
Australian English Movie( Moving heart+less= heartless), it is of two types.
picture), A longer word is reduced to a a. Suffix--A
single syllable then “y” or “ie” is added at b. Infiz
the end. Telly(Television) c. Prefix
a. Hypocorism--A 65. Class maintaining, boy +s---boys
b. Blending a. Inflexational --A
c. Clipping b. Derivational
58. Reducing a word (typically a noun) c. Infix
to make a new word (verb). Donate
(Donation), Televise (Television) 66. Derivational : class changing, brave+ly---
a. Backformation—A bravely
b. Borrowing a. Inflexational
c. Compounding b. Derivational --A
59. Changing of function of a verb without c. Infix
reduction. Take over ---takeover, bottle,
water etc. 67. The root word is called stem. Bravely----
a. Conversion—A Brave (root)
b. Backformation a. Stem
c. Blending b. Main word
60. New word formation by initiatl words. c. Both --A
CD (Compact Disk)
a. Acronyms—A Chapter #6 Morphology
b. Blending
68. Study of forms of grammatical units ,their
c. Conversion
meanings, structure and function
61. By adding a syllable before or end
a. Semantics
of the word. Mis+ understand=
b. Morphology
misunderstand
c. Axiology
a. Affixes(Derivation)—A
69. Minimal unit of grammar, having specific
b. Blending
meaning. Reopened( re+open+ed) three
c. Conversion
morphemes. These are two types.
62. Change within word (man---men)
a. Morpheme—A
a. Suffix

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b. Allomorph a. Linguistics
c. Phoneme b. Grammar--A
70. ---stand themselves as single and word. c. Structure Analysis
a. Free morphemes—A 77. The prescriptive and ancient type of
b. Bound Morpheme grammar , and study of its constituents as
c. Derivational Morpheme in Latin and Greek. This is based on the
71. Morphemes which carry the content of parts of speech. Noun, pronoun, verb,
meassage (nouns, verbs, adjective) adjectives etc.
a. Derivational a. Traditional grammar—A
b. Lexical—A b. Phrase Structure
c. Functional c. Transformative Generative Grammar
72. Closed class of words( preposition, 78. The relationship of words whom they
pronoun, articles,conjunctions) qualify. I love Catherin.----( love ---
a. Functional Morphemes Catherine)
b. Dreivational a. Theme
c. Bound Morphemes b. Agent
73. Lexical Morphemes which cannot stand c. Agreement--A
alone and need to attach with other 79. The phrase structure in formation of
morphemes. E.g. -re, -ist, -s etc, sentence.
a. Bound morphemes--A a. Traditional grammar
b. Free Morphemes b. Phrase Structure
c. Functional Morphemes c. Transformative Generative Grammar--
74. An actual form of word representing one A
version of a morphemes. Good---
good+s(two---) 80. Deep Structure:
a. Morphs--A 81. Surface Structure:
b. Allomorph
82. Chapter # 8 syntax
c. Bound Morph
83. The study of sentence structure and
75. One of the close related set of morphs( s,
function.
es), (d,ed)
84. Structure ambiguity:
a. Allomorph—A
85. Tree diagram:
b. Bound Morphems
86. Symbols and Syntactic analysis:
c. Allomorph
87. Phrase Structure Rules:
88. Lexical Rule:
Chapter #7 Grammar
89. Movement Rule:
76. The study of structure of phrases and 90. Compliment Phrase:
sentence, their rules and
functions(grammatical and Chapter # 9 semantics
ungrammatical)
91. The study of meanings

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a. Grammar b. Diagnosis
b. Morphology c. Relation
c. Semantics 99. Two or more words with closely
92. Role of words to illustrate the meanings. meanings: buy/purchase
A. Simple b. Complex a. Synonymy—A
a. Semantic role(thematic roles)—A b. Hyponymy
b. Phormophological Analysis c. Family
c. Transfromations 100. Two forms with opposite
93. The performer of action is ---- and the meanings. Fast/slow
action is called ---.i.e.The boy(---) kicked a. Hyponymy
the ball(---). b. Relationship
a. Subject ,adverb c. Antonyms--A
b. Noun,Predicate 101. Opposite along scale. Big/small
c. Agent , theme --A a. Hyponymy
94. : if an agent use an entity to perform an b. Gradable (direct)--A
action, that is called --------. If a noun c. Indirect
phrase is used to designate an entity as 102. (indirect, complimentary):
the person who has a feeling, perception married/unmarried
or state, it fills the role of ------------. a. Gradeable
a. Agent,Theme b. Hyponymy
b. Location,Source c. Non gradable--A
c. Instrument ,experience----A 103. Raise/fall, pack/unpack
95. -------------is where an entity is in a. Reversive—A
the description of an event;(in the room ) b. Antonymy
a. Location –A c. Synonymy
b. Source 104. When a meaning of a form included
c. Goal to other. Carrot/vegetable
96. -------is where from an entity a. Gradable
moves. b. Hyponymy—A
a. Agent c. Synonymy
b. Source—A 105. Animal(dog---horse), dog and
c. Source horse are cohyponyms.
97. Where an entity moves. He drove from a. Joint Hyponymy
Chicago(source) to New York(--------). b. Antonymy
a. Goal—A c. Co- hyponyms --A
b. Source 106. Characteristics of one object
c. Agent of other( animal---dog—horse---cow)
98. The words can show or contains on a. Hyponymy
through their lexical relationship. b. Family
a. Lexical relation--A c. Prototypes--A

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107. Different written form but same 114. (Greek word: pointing via
pronunciation. Bare/bear, meat/meet. language). It is of three types.
a. Hypones a. Deixis—A
b. Synonyms b. Affix
c. Homophones--A c. Suffix
108. When one word have same or 115. Him, them, those etc.
different meanings. Bank (of river), Bank( a. Personal Dexis--A
money saving place) b. Spatial Dexis
a. Homonyms—A c. Temporal Dexis
b. Hoponyms
c. Homoworkds 116. Here, there, near that etc.
109. One form having multiple a. Personal Dexis
meanings. Head( head of state, head of b. Spatial Dexis--A
team.) c. Temporal Dexis
a. Antonymy
b. Polysemy --A 117. Now, then, last week etc.
c. Synonymy a. Personal Dexis
110. Different forms for a concepts. b. Spatial Dexis
King/crown, house/roof c. Temporal Dexis--A
a. Metonymy –A 118. An act which a speaker /writer
b. Homonymy uses language to enable a listener to
c. Compulsory Words identify something.
111. Other concept with in concept. a. Context
Table—chair b. Reference—A
a. Concept Dveloping c. Inference
b. Homonyms 119. Additional information used by
c. Collocation--A listener to create a connection between
what is said and what must be meant.
Chapter #10 Pragmatics a. Context
b. Inference—A
112. The study of meaning behind the
c. Reference
text.
120. Use of pronouns (it) and noun
a. Syntax
phrases with the objects to refer back
b. Pragmatics—A
something already mentioned.
c. Syntagmatics
a. Anaphora—A
113. The set of words used in the same
b. Presupposition
phrase or sentence.
c. Context
a. Context—A
121. An assumption by a speaker or
b. Reference
writer about what is true or already
c. Semantics
known by the listener/reader.

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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

a. Context 128. The study of language in text and

b. Inference conversations.
c. Presupposition--A a. Semantics
122. Expressions; a type of action b. Discourse Analysis--A
performed by a speaker with the c. Pragmatics
utterance, requesting, commanding, 129. The arrangement of text in a
questioning, or informing. It is of two sentence, (Textual meaning and function)
types: a. Cohesion—A
a. Speech Tricks b. Coherence
b. Speech acts—A c. Textual Analysis
c. Speech Theories 130. The sense in the people. (Cultural
123. Questions (sentence start with meanings)
helping verb) a. Inference
a. Direct Act—A b. Coherence—A
b. Indirect Act c. Cohesion
c. Inference Act 131. The way in which a speaker takes a
124. Normal sentence turn.
a. Direct Act a. Mood
b. Indirect Act--A b. Turn-Taking-A
c. Inference Act c. Speakiers time
125. Showing awareness and 132. Grice ‘s maxims; make your
consideration of another person‘s face. It conversational contribution such as is
is of two types; required, at the stage which is occurs by
a. Politeness—A the accepted purpose or direction of talk
b. Speech Act exchange in which you are engaged.
c. Speech Theory a. The Cooperative principles—A
126. Need to be independent and free b. Discussion Principle
from imposition c. Quality Prinicple
a. Negative face—A 133. Say as required
b. Positive Face a. Maxim of quality—A
c. Normal Face b. Maxim of Quantity
127. Need to be connected and c. Maxim of manner
belonging to the member of group. 134. Say accurate and authentic
a. Positive Face a. Maxim of quality
b. Normal face b. Maxim of Quantity--A
c. Negative face--A c. Maxim of manner
135. Be relevant in discussion
Chapter #11 Discourse Analysis a. Axim of relation—A
b. Maxim of Quantity
c. Maxim of manner

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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

136. Be brief, orderly and clear in 148. Broca ‘s Aphasia:

discussion 149. Wernicke ‘s Aphasia:
a. Maxim of quality 150. Conduction Aphasia :
b. Maxim of quantity 151. Diochotic Listening:
c. Maxim of manner--A 152. The critical period:
137. Lacking of surety about uttered
153. Chapter #13 First Language
phrases or sentences.
Acquisition
a. Gaps 154. Chapter #14 second language
b. Unsurity acquisition
c. Hudges--A 155. Chapter # 15 Gestures and Sign
138. An additional meanings conveyed Language
by a speaker adhering to the cooperative
Use of non-verbal expressions
principle.
a. Gestures--A
a. Implicature—A
b. Signals
b. Gaps
c. Notions
c. Unsurity
156. Signals through parts of body
139. Information that is not in text, but
a. Notions
is used from memory by a reader to
b. Signs
understand the text.
c. Embles--A
a. Scheme
157. The gesture which are reflection of
b. Background information—A
verbal saying
c. Knowledge
a. Dictics
140. Conversational knowledge exist in
b. Notations
memory (fixed)
c. Iconics--A
a. Schema—A
158. Gestures of pointing
b. Information
a. Decitics—A
c. Context
b. Iconics
141. Series of conversational actions
c. Notations
that take place.
159. Signals used by speaker for specific
a. Turns
purpose where verbal language cannot be
b. Script—A
used
c. Understanding
a. Alternate Gestures Language
142. Chapter # 12: Language And Brain b. Alternate Pointing Language
143. Broca ‘s Aarea: c. Alternative Sign language--A
144. Wernick ‘s Area: 160. Language of firstly people who do
145. The motor Cortex and the arcuate not have verbal Language. BSL( British
fasciculus: Sign language), FSL( French sign
146. The localization view: language)
147. Aphasia: a. Adoptive Sign Language

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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Primary Sign language--A

c. Secondary Sign Language
161. In primary sighn Language, signs Chapter # 16 Writing
were used as popular -----.
168. Symbolic representation of
a. Beliefs--A
language.
b. Purpose
a. Writing--A
c. Emotions
b. Transcription
162. The method to teach kids the
c. Description
language as early stage.
169. A way of writing in which a
a. Oralism--A
picture/ drawing of one object is used to
b. Remeberance
represent the object.
c. Reminding
a. Pictogram—A
163. Emphasis on written rather spoken
b. Ideogram
English learning.
c. Caligraphy
a. Signed English( Manually Coded
170. A way of writing in which symbols
English)—A
represent some concepts.
b. Historical English
a. Callipgraphy
c. Dichronic English
b. Pictorgram
164. Shape and orientation of hands(
c. Ideograms--A
place of articulation)
171. A way of writing in which each
a. Graphics
symbol represent a word.
b. Location—A
a. Logograms--A
c. Representation
b. Pictogram
165. Shaped Gestures and its
c. Transcription
presentation
172. A way of writing in which a
a. Designing
pictorial representation of an object is
b. Movement—A
used to indicate the sound of the word for
c. Graphics
that object.
166. The sets of features that form
a. Controlled Writing
contrasting elements within the
b. Free Writing
articulatory parameters of ASL.
c. Rebus Writing--A
a. Primes—A
173. A way of wrinting in which each
b. Articulation
each symbol represent a syllable.
c. Differentiation
a. Symbol Representation
167. Alphabetical representation by
b. Subject writing—A
hands.
c. Essay Writing
a. Writing
174. A way of writing in which each
b. Transcription
symbol represent a specific sound or
c. Finger Spelling--A
phoneme.

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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

a. Alphabetic—A c. Diglossia
b. Trancription 182. A variety of language which is
c. Symbolism distintive in pronounciation, lexis and
175. The orthography of english allows grammar.
for a variation, how each sound is a. Accent
represented. b. Dialect--A
a. English arthograph—A c. Diglossia
b. English Transcription
c. Symbolism 183. The study of dialects
176. Combination of two letters a. Language
representing a single sound. Ph /f/ b. Linguistics Analysis
a. Symbol Representation c. Dialectology--A
b. Calipraphy 184. A line on map separating two areas
c. Diagraph--A in which a particular linguistics features
dialects are used.
a. Diglossia
Chapter # 17 language History and b. Accent
Change c. Isoglosses--A
177. Indo-European---Geranic---English 185. The gradual merging of one
a. Family of Englis—A regional variety of a language into an
b. History of English other.
c. Syetem of English a. Language Continuam
178. Words in different languages b. Accent Continuam
having similar form and meaning. c. Dialect continuam--A
a. Cognats--A 186. The stat of two languages. A
b. Lexis persona who knows two languages with
c. Morphems same proficiency is called bilingual.
a. Bilingualism—A
179. Chapter #18 Language and b. Profieciency
Regional variation c. Both
180. A variety of language treated as the 187. A situation where “high variety” of
official language used in public a language is used in formal situation and
broadcasting, publication and education “low variety” for informal.
a. Dialect a. Diglossia—A
b. Idiolect b. Dialectology
c. Standard Language--A c. Idiolect
181. Aspects of pronounciation that 188. The process and procedure
identify where the speaker is from. adopted by government or
a. Accent—A organizationsto acquire/learn a language.
b. Dialect a. Language Teaching

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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. Language Spread a. Idiolect

c. Language planning--A b. Sociolect--A
189. A variety of language of two c. Economist
different language learned persons for 197. The charactersistics which cause
mutual communication. the social dialect
a. Pidgen--A a. Social variables:--A
b. Dioalect b. Sociologyical factors
c. Creole c. Social Framework
190. When pidgen becomes first 198. The way of pronoucing a words by
language of community, it becomes creol people.
and the process is called creolization. a. Linguistic Variations
a. Pidgen b. Social Variations
b. Dioalect c. Linguistics variables--A
c. Creole--A 199. A linguistics feature which
191. The standard but distintive to illustarte the specific class of the society.
mother creole. a. Social Notations
a. Standardization b. Social Markers--A
b. Decreolization--A c. Social status
c. Diglossia 200. A way of speaking
192. The range of varieties that evolves a. Speech act
in communities where creole is spoken, b. Speech style--A
usually as result of creolization c. Speaking behaviour
a. Decreole Continuam--A 201. The change in the pay of speaking
b. Dialect Continum either with paying attention or without
c. Language Continuam paying attention is called
a. Style change
193. Chapter 19. Language and social b. Style modification
vavriations: c. Style shifting--A
194. The study of language in social
202. Prestige:
context.
203. Cover prestige:
a. Social Segments
204. overt prestige: status that is
b. Sociolinguistics—A
c. Sociology generally recognized as ‘better’ or
195. ----------has been concerned with more
the cities and towns. 205. Speech accomodation:
a. Standard Dialects 206. Register:
b. Social dialects--A 207. Jargon:
c. Regional Dialects 208. Slang Language:
196. The dialect use by a specific class of 209. AAVE stands for
the society(class on economic base)----. a. African American Vernacular Language--A

17
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In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem.

b. African Asian Vernacular language

c. African Australian Vernacular Language

210. A social dialect with low

prestige spoken by a lower-status
group,
with marked differences from the
standard language
a. Low Standard language
b. Low Dialect
c. vernacular--A
211. Chapter #20 language and Culture
212. Linguistics Realtivity:
213. Linguistics determinism:
214. The Sapir-Whorth Hypothesis:
215. Classifiers:
216. Addresss Terms:
217. Social gender:

18
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