MMW MIDTERM EXAMINATION REVIEWER FIBONACCI SPIRAL - first ten numbers are 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,

PATTERNS IN NATURE 13, 21, 34, 55

PATTERN - Anything that repeats with recurring
characteristics or a series of a regular or consistent THE GOLDEN RATIO
arrangement according to a specific rule or sequence  “phi” - Ф (upper), φ(lower)
1. SYMMETRY - a pattern that will show if an imaginary  Named after greek sculptor Phidias
line is drawn across an object, the resulting parts are  Irrational number approximately equal to 1.618
mirrors of each other  Known as divine ratio/proportion
2. SPIRAL - a curved pattern that focuses on a center  Continued fraction
point and a series of circular shapes that revolve
around it. INDISPENSABILITY OF MATHEMATICS
3. MEANDER - a series of regular sinuous curves, 1. MATHEMATICS HELPS ORGANIZE PATTERNS
bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a AND REGULATIONS IN THE WORLD - relation to
river, strea, or other watercourses. the patterns of the world, and nature
4. CRACKS - linear openings that form in materials to 2. MATHEMATICS HELPS PREDICT THE BEHAVIOR
relieve stress. OF NATURE AND PHENOMENA IN THE WORLD -
5. STRIPES - is a line or band that differs in color or determining patterns of nature to track its behaviors
tone from an adjacent area. 3. MATHEMATICS HELPS CONTROL NATURE AND
LOGICAL PATTERNS - includes studying of shapes and OCCURRENCE IN THE WORLD FOR OUR OWN
colors and can be seen on aptitude tests ENDS - helps control nature and occurrences in the
GEOMETRIC PATTERNS - collection of shapes, world. PREDICTION
repeating, or altered to create a cohesive design. 4. MATHEMATICS HAS NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS
 TESSELATIONS - repeating patterns of polygons. IN THE WORLD, MAKING IT INDISPENSABLE
 FRACTALS - mathematical constructions
characterized by self-similarity. Two objects are self- LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
similar if they can be turned into the same shape by (refer to module 5)
stretching or shrinking and sometimes rotating.
 SIERPINSKI TRIANGLE - an equilateral triangle LANGUAGE OF SETS
which recursively replaces the triangle with three SET - collection of distinct objects
smaller congruent equilateral triangles such that (sets must only have one of the unique letter/number it
each smaller triangle shares a vertex with the contains)
large triangle. SETO F REAL NUMBERS
 PASCAL’S TRIANGLE - contains numerical 1. N - NATURAL NUMBERS - counting numbers (positive
coefficients of binomial expansions. integers - 1, 2, 3, . . .
 FRACTAL TREE 2. Z - INTEGERS - Natural numbers, their negatives and 0
 KOCH SNOWFLAKE 3. Q - RATIONAL NUMBERS - can be represented as a/b
WORD PATTERNS where and b are integers and b is not equal to 0. decimal
 ANALOGY - compares two different things, but they representations are terminating or repeating
do it by breaking them into parts to see how they are 4. Q’ - IRRATIONAL NUMBERS - numbers that can be
related represented as non-repeating and non-terminating
 RHYME SCHEME - the rhymes’ pattern at the line of decimals
a poem or song 5. R - REAL NUMBERS - rational and irrational
NUMBER PATTERNS - a list of numbers that follow a KINDS OF SETS
particular sequence or order 1. FINITE SET - set whose elements are limited or
 GEOMETIRC SEQUENCE - a sequence where a countable
term is multiplied by a constant, called the common 2. INFINITE SET - set whose elements are unlimited or
ratio, to get the next term cannot be counted
 TRIANGULAR NUMBERS - the terms are related to 3. UNIT SET OR SINGLETON SET - set with only one
the number of dots needed to create a triangle element
 SQUARE NUMBERS - the terms are the squares of 4. EMPTY SET OR NULL SET - set with no object or
their position element
 CUBE NUMBERS - the terms are the cubes of their 5. EQUAL SETS - two sets containing the same elements
position are equal
 FIBONACCI NUMBERS 6. EQUIVALENT SETS - if sets A and B have the same
number of elements or the same cardinality
THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE - can be seen in nature, 7. DISJOINT SETS - two sets with no common elements
phenomena, human body and photographs are disjoint
 LEONARDO PISANO
 “Leonardo of Pisa” SUBSETS
 Born in Pisa, Italy, 1170  A is a subset of B ( A ⊆ B )
 “Fibonacci” - “fillius Bonacci” - son of Bonacci  Every set is a subset of itself
 Guglielmo Bonaccio  The empty set is a subset of every set
PROPER SUBSET
 If every element of A is in B but there is at least one
element in B that is not in A, then A is a proper
subset of B
 A⊂B
 Every set is not a proper subset itself
 Null set is a proper subset of every set
SUPERSET
 If A is a subset of B, then we can say that B is a
superset of A
 B⊇A
POWER SETS
 The set of all subsets of a set A is called the power
set of A

UNIVERSAL SET - the set containing all the possible

elements under consideration
COMPLEMENTARY SETS - Sets A and B are
complementary if they have no common elements, and
their union is the universal set

OPERATIONS OF SETS
UNION - union of two sets A and B is the set containing all
the elements of both sets. A ∪ B.
INTERSECTION - set containing the common elements of
both sets. A ∩ B
COMBINATIONS

PRODUCT SETS - the set of two non-empty sets is the

set of all ordered pairs