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Fast Forward
Culture Shock
page 169
12.11 taxonomy (n) /tækˈsɒnəmi/
the branch of science dealing with the
classification of things ● Chromosomes are
12.1 conical (adj) /ˈkɒnɪkl/
useful in the taxonomy of living things.
shaped like a cone ● The Apache tents have a
➣ taxonomist (n), taxonomic (adj)
conical shape with a gap at the top for smoke
to come out. ➣ cone (n), conically (adv) 12.12 derivative (n) /dɪˈrɪvətɪv/
sth which is based on sth else ● Certain
12.2 wet market (n) /wet ˈmɑːkɪt/
products which sold as ‘chocolate’ in other
a market selling fresh meat and produce,
countries are referred to as ‘chocolate
and not durable goods such as cloth and
derivatives’ in Italy. ➣ derive (v), derivate (adj)
electronics ● Lee sold his goats at the wet
market. 12.13 hieroglyph (n) /ˈhaɪərəɡlɪf/
an ancient Egyptian symbol used to represent

Reading pages 170-171

a word, sound or syllable ● Archaeologists
have managed to decipher the meaning of the
Egyptian hieroglyphs on the wall of the king's
12.3 sophistication (n) /səˌfɪstɪˈkeɪʃn/ tomb. ➣ hieroglyphics (n), hieroglyphic (adj)
the quality of having a lot of experience and
knowledge of the culture and other socially 12.14 rudimentary (adj) /ˌruːdɪˈmentri/
important issues ● Having a well-stocked basic; undeveloped ● I have only a
bookcase gave the room an atmosphere rudimentary knowledge of Polish – just enough
of sophistication. ➣ sophisticate (n), to utter polite responses. ➣ rudiments (n)
sophisticated (adj) 12.15 ferment (v) /fəˈment/
12.4 worldliness (n) /ˈwɜːldlinəs/ cause sth to undergo a chemical change
the quality of having a lot of life experience through the action of yeast or bacteria ● Most
and thus being broad-minded ● Having been fruits and some vegetables can be fermented
brought up by German parents in Asia, Kim to make wine. ➣ fermentation (n)
had an air of worldliness in the eyes of her 12.16 vessel (n) /ˈvesl/
English collleagues. ➣ worldly (adj) a container ● They used coconut shells as
12.5 establishment (n) /ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/ drinking vessels to serve the cocktails.
a business or other organization, or the 12.17 tribute (n) /ˈtrɪbjuːt/
place where an organization operates ● The a gift from one country or tribe to another as
university is a well-respected establishment. a peace offering ● In agricultural societies,
➣ establish (v), established (adj) peasants had to pay tribute to the ruling power
12.6 platter (n) /ˈplætə(r)/ to defend their land from enemies.
a large flat serving dish ● The restauranteur ➣ tributary (adj)
brought a huge platter of starters before the 12.18 ruse (n) /ruːz/
main meal. a trick used to obtain sth by cheating
12.7 culinary (adj) /ˈkʌlɪnəri/ ● So-called discount offers are simply a ruse
related to cookery ● He participate in a reality to attract more customers.
show to present his culinary skills. 12.19 counterfeit (adj) /ˈkaʊntəfɪt/
12.8 yield (v) /jiːld/ sth that has been made to look like a genuine
provide ● Our trees yield several kilos of olives article ● Keith was horrified when the
annually. ➣ yield (n) shopkeeper refused to accept the €100 note
upon discovering that it was counterfeit.
12.9 domesticate (v) /dəˈmestɪkeɪt/
begin cultivating a plant for human use 12.20 worthless (adj) /ˈwɜːθləs/
● Domesticating a stray cat can be a difficult not worth anything; useless ● The shares had
task lasting several months. ➣ domestication become worthless by the time the company
(n), domesticated (adj) went bankrupt. ➣ worth (n), worthy (adj)
12.10 lineage (n) /ˈlɪniɪdʒ/ 12.21 hull (n) /hʌl/
ancestry ● Judging from his clothes, he the leafy outer covering of a seed or plant;
appeared to be of noble lineage. husk ● She deftly scooped out the flesh of the
avocado from its hull.

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 12.22 symbolically (adv) /sɪmˈbɒlɪkli/
in a symbolic way; as a symbol ● The Vocabulary pages 172-173-174
statue symbolically represented the nation’s
12.31 heritage (n) /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/
independence. ➣ symbolise (v), symbolism
a country’s history and long-standing traditions
(n), symbolic (adj)
regarded as an integral part of its character
12.23 etymology (n) /ˌetɪˈmɒlədʒi/ ● The Olympic Games are a symbol of
the origin of a word and its meaning ● The Greece’s national heritage. ➣ heritable (adj)
history and etymology of many English words
12.32 mannerism (n) /ˈmænərɪz(ə)m/
dates back to ancient Greek. ➣ etymologist (n)
a subconscious habit or way of behaving
12.24 hybrid (n) /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ ● She has the annoying mannerism of
sth that is produced by a blend of two or more constantly looking at her phone in the middle
things ● The fruit of the tree was a hybrid of an of a conversation. ➣ manner (n), manners (n),
apple and a pear. ➣ hybrid (adj) mannered (adj)
12.25 alkali (n) /ˈælkəlaɪ/ 12.33 reluctant (adj) /rɪˈlʌktənt/
a chemical substance which causes acids to unwilling; not keen to do sth ● He was
neutralise or effervesce ● As it is an alkali, reluctant to discuss his wartime experience as
adding soda to citrus fruit juice will cause it to it evoked painful memories. ➣ reluctance (n),
effervesce. ➣ alkalise (v), alkaline (adj) reluctantly (adv)
12.26 pungent (adj) /ˈpʌndʒənt/ 12.34 age-old (adj) /ˈeɪʤˈəʊld/
strong smelling or tasting ● The pungent sth that has existed for many years; traditional
aroma of orange blossoms filled the night air. ● The age-old tradition of bullfighting is fast
➣ pungency (n), pungently (adv) losing its popularity in Spain.
12.27 lavender (n) /ˈlævəndə(r)/ 12.35 quaint (adj) /kweɪnt/
a sweet-scented plant with pale purple flowers attractive with an old-worldly quality ● The
● Before packing away her winter woollies, upbeat resort was once a quaint fishing village
she leaves small bunches of lavender to keep on the coast of Cornwall. ➣ quaintness (n),
them fresh and ward off insects. quaintly (adv)
12.28 divine (adj) /dɪˈvaɪn/ 12.36 old-time (adj) /ˈəʊldˌtaɪm/
connected with a god ● It was the divine right associated with an earlier period ● His great-
of kings to receive tributes from their subjects. grandfather was a banjo player in an old-time
➣ divinity (n), divinely (adv) music hall. ➣ old-timer (n)
12.29 palatable (adj) /ˈpælətəbl/ 12.37 ever-present (adj) /ˈevə ˈpreznt/
with a pleasant taste ● The murky brown soup constanty remaining ● Around the souk, the
was, fortunately, much more palatable than it ever-present aroma of spices filled the air.
looked; in fact it was quite tasty. ➣ palate (n)
12.38 long-standing (adj) /lɒŋ ˈstændɪŋ/
12.30 fraudulent (adj) /ˈfrɔːdjələnt/ that has existed for many years ● It is a
deceptively made to cheat sb, usually to make long-standing Hawaiian tradition to offer
money ● The company was taken to court visitors a garland of flowers as a greeting.
for fraudulent advertising. ➣ fraudulence (n),
12.39 paternal (adj) /pəˈtɜːnl/
fraud (n), fraudulently (adv)
from the father’s side of the family
● Nancy’s paternal grandmother comes from
Sparta. ➣ paternity (n), paternally (adv)
Food-related words
12.40 nomadic (adj) /nəʊˈmædɪk/
Nouns salt cellar palatable with a lifestyle that involves moving as a group
alkali vessel pungent from place to place ● Many Bedouins have
fare now abandoned their nomadic lifestyle in
hull Adjectives Verbs favour of urban life. ➣ nomad (n)
hybrid culinary ferment
karavai divine 12.41 time-honoured (adj) /taɪm ˈɒnəd/
platter intoxicating respected as having existed for many years
● In the time-honoured tradition, the flame was
carried all the way from Olympia around the
world to the venue of the Games.

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 12.49 chronicle (n) /ˈkrɒnɪkl/
Adjectives for traditions a written account of events in chronological
order ● Pausanias the traveller’s chronicles
age-old old-time have shed much light on the history of ancient
ever-present quaint Greece up to the 2nd century AD. ➣ chronicle
long-standing time-honoured (v), chronicler (n)
nomadic
12.50 memorial (n) /məˈmɔːriəl/
sth built to remember a famous historic event
or figure ● It is customary for people to lay
wreaths around the war memorial to honour
Things from the past the victims of war on Remembrance Day. ➣
dowry memorial memorial (adj)
hieroglyph relic 12.51 revival (n) /rɪˈvaɪvl/
heirloom residue the process of regaining strength or sth’s
heritage the Renaissance improving prospects ● The tourist industry is
legacy vestige beginning to show some signs of revival after
years of recession. ➣ revive (v)
12.52 recite (v) /rɪˈsaɪt/
12.42 the Renaissance (n) /ðə rɪˈneɪsns/ say sth out loud which you have learnt by
the period during the 14th to 16th centuries heart, e.g. a poem or piece of prose ● On 25th
when art and literature were influenced by a January, Scots get together to celebrate the
revived interest in classical ancient Greek and birthday of their national poet, Robert Burns,
Roman culture ● The Renaissance began by reciting some of his best-loved works whilst
in Florence with the influx of Greek scholars enjoying traditional food and drinks.
fleeing the Ottoman conquest. ➣ recitation (n), recital (n), recitative (adj)
12.43 dowry (n) /ˈdaʊri/ 12.53 oral (adj) /ˈɔːrəl/
the custom of giving money or property to a spoken ● Angela did very well in the oral
woman or her husband by the woman’s family exam and turned the whole thing into a natural
to support her when she marries conversation with the examiner, gaining top
● Until a couple of centuries ago, dowries were marks for speaking fluently. ➣ oral (n), orally
still commonly provided to a husband by his (adv)
bride’s father in western society.
12.54 vocal (adj) /ˈvəʊkl/
12.44 legacy (n) /ˈleɡəsi/ loudly voicing your opinions; generally
a situation that is a result of past actions or connected with the voice ● The proposal to
events ● We are now having to endure the do away with the national holiday met with
legacy left by the consumerist era of the 80s resistance from a vocal majority. ➣ vocal (n),
and 90s. ➣ legacy (adj) vocally (adv)
12.45 vestige (n) /ˈvestɪdʒ/ 12.55 aural (adj) /ˈɔːrəl/
a small trace of sth that has remained over generally connected with hearing ● We did a
time ● The castle ruins remain as the last listening comprehension test to measure our
vestige of 13th century Frankish rule. aural skills. ➣ aurally (adv)
➣ vestigial (adj)
12.56 phonetic (adj) /fəˈnetɪk/
12.46 residue (n) /ˈrezɪdjuː/ using symbols from a special alphabet to
a small amount of a substance left after a denote different sounds; generally connected
process is complete ● They were obviously tea with sounds ● This book includes phonetic
drinkers, from the brown residue around the symbols to assist in pronunciation.
inside of their cups. ➣ residual (adj) ➣ phonetics (n), phonetically (adv)
12.47 heirloom (n) /ˈeəluːm/
an object that has been handed down the Speaking & listening adjectives
generations in a family ● This old teapot is a
family heirloom which belonged to my great- oral aural
aunt’s mother. ➣ heir (n), heiress (n), heirloom vocal phonetic
(adj)
12.48 relic (n) /ˈrelɪk/ 12.57 deviance (n) /ˈdiːviəns/
an object or custom, etc. surviving from the an act of doing sth differently from the normal
past ● The display case contained pieces of way ● The tribe have retained their old ways
Bronze Age kitchenware and other such relics. and are resistant to any deviance from their
social norms. ➣ deviate (v), deviant (n),
deviant (adj), deviantly (adv)

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 12.58 primitive (adj) /ˈprɪmətɪv/ 12.69 adorn (v) /əˈdɔːn/
simple and unsophisticated ● Some native decorate ● The temple was adorned with
Australian animals, including the platypus scented flowers and colourful statues.
and marsupials, are among the most primitive ➣ adornment (n)
species in existence. ➣ primitively (adv) 12.70 frond (n) /frɒnd/
12.59 sit tight (expr) /sɪt taɪt/ a long thin leaf ● Through the palm fronds, we
stay where you are and wait or don’t move could make out a cruise ship on the horizon.
● The train had just pulled out of the station, 12.71 sane (adj) /seɪn/
so all we could do was sit tight and wait for the logical; of sound mind ● In my view, anyone
next one. who takes such foolhardy risks in the name of
12.60 hold fast (expr) /həʊld fæst/ sport is not entirely sane. ➣ sanity (n)
keep believing in sth despite them being ✎ Opp: insane
questioned or threatened ● Despite a series of 12.72 undercurrent (n) /ˈʌndəkʌrənt/
setbacks, he held fast to his original business a hidden feeling which has a noticeable effect
plan until the company eventually took off. on sth ● An undercurrent of envy prevented
12.61 esteemed (adj) /ɪˈstiːmd/ them from developing a closer relationship.
highly regarded or respected ● The esteemed 12.73 accomplishment (n) /əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt/
professor was our guest speaker at the achievement ● The stadium was one of the
medical convention. ➣ esteem (n) architects greatest accomplishments.
12.62 stay put (expr) /steɪ pʊt/ ➣ accomplish (v), accomplished (adj)
stay where you are ● Though many of their 12.74 blow your own trumpet (expr) /bləʊ jɔː ʊən
compatriots had emigrated due to the financial ˈtrʌmˌpət/
crisis, they decided to stay put and try to boast about your success ● Though Steve has
weather the storm. never been one to blow his own trumpet, he
12.63 integrate (v) /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ is rather proud of winning the trophy for Tang
mix well and become part of a social group Soo Do.
● It takes a couple of generations for foreign 12.75 decipher (v) /dɪˈsaɪfə(r)/
incomers to become truly integrated in another discover the meaning of sth difficult to
culture. ➣ integration (n), integral (adj), understand ● He deciphered the enemy’s
integrally (adv) signal code just in time to help plan a counter
12.64 defy (v) /dɪˈfaɪ/ attack. ➣ decipherable (adj)
refuse to obey an order; go against a rule 12.76 fondness (n) /ˈfɒndnəs/
● Oliver did not dare to defy Fagin, for fear of affection ● The British fondness for a nice cup
being beaten. ➣ defiance (n), defiant (adj), of tea is a legacy of their empirical past.
defiantly (adv) ➣ fond (adj), fondly (adv)
12.65 ostracise (v) /ˈɒstrəsaɪz/ 12.77 fit (n) /fɪt/
exclude sb from a social group and refuse to a short-lasting uncontrollable state of an
converse with them ● He was ostracised by extreme emotion, e.g. laughter, crying, etc.
the village community for questioning their ● The class burst into fits of laughter at the
religious beliefs. ➣ ostracism (n) English teacher’s attempts to speak Greek.
12.66 reverent (adj) /ˈrevərənt/ 12.78 bout (n) /baʊt/
respectful ● A reverent silence fell as the priest a short period of sth, especially illness
entered the temple. ➣ revere (v), reverence ● A bout of gastric flu caused her to lose quite
(n), reverently (adv) a bit of weight.
✎ Opp: irreverent
12.67 veil (n) /veɪl/
a covering worn to conceal the face ● The Expressions
bride wore a traditional lace veil over her face.
blow your own trumpet
➣ veil (v), veiled (adj)
hold fast
12.68 cremate (v) /krəˈmeɪt/ sit tight
burn a corpse, usually as part of a funeral stay put
ceremony ● As a dying wish, the angler
requested that his body was to be cremated
and the ashes scattered in the river.
➣ cremation (n), crematorium (n)

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Grammar pages 175-176-177 Speaking page 179
12.79 blight (n) /blaɪt/ 12.86 long-winded (adj) /lɒŋ ˈwɪndid/
a disease that destroys a crop; sth that affects sth/ that goes into a lot of detail and takes too
sb badly ● The blight of fungus destroyed the long to get to the point ● Although some of
vines before the grapes had ripened. her points were valid, her speech about racial
➣ blight (v) inequality was too long-winded.
12.80 creole (adj) /ˈkriːəʊl/ 12.87 installation (n) /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃn/
the language of sb of mixed racial roots, the act of placing sth in a position so that it can
especially in the southern states of the USA be used ● The installation of the new heating
and West Indies ● On our visit to the West system only took a couple of days. ➣ install (v)
Indies, we adored the spicy creole cuisine,
but could not understand much of the creole
language. Writing pages 180-181
12.81 karavai (n) /kəreəˈvaɪ/ 12.88 teething problems (n) /ˈtiːðɪŋ ˈprɒbləms/
a round loaf of traditional Russian bread problems faced in the initial stages of doing sth
● Karavai is a type of decorated bread, new ● Opening a restaurant was a good idea,
traditionally served at Russian weddings to but we faced a number of teething problems
symbolise fertility. before getting off the ground.
12.82 salt cellar (n) /sɔlt ˈselə(r)/ 12.89 ordinarily (adv) /ˈɔːdnrəli/
a small container which salt is poured usually; normally ● Ordinarily, he never
● Could you pass the salt cellar and pepper attends religious ceremonies, but he made an
pot please? This sauce needs a little exception out of respect to his wife’s family.
seasoning. ➣ ordinary (adj)
12.83 embroidered (adj) /ɪmˈbrɔɪdəd/ 12.90 gem (n) /ʤem/
decorated with patterns made by stitching sth with a uniquely desirable quality ● The
with coloured threads ● The woman at the peninsula is a hidden gem, with unspoilt
market stall tried to persuade us to buy her beaches and towering cliffs.
embroidered tablecloths. ➣ embroider (v),
12.91 haunt (n) /hɔːnt/
embroidery (n)
a place that many people visit ● Visiting his
12.84 folklore (n) /ˈfəʊklɔː(r)/ old university campus, Dad took me round
the traditional stories of a country ● There’s some of his old haunts in the city. ➣ haunt (v),
usual a moral ending in tales from ancient haunted (adj)
folklore.
12.92 veritable (adj) /ˈverɪtəbl/
used to emphasise or qualify a metaphor or
exaggeration ● The dinner was a veritable
Nouns disaster; everything went wrong that could go
Feelings & Actions fondness wrong!
accomplishment installation
12.93 fare (n) /feə(r)/
deviance mannerism
produce on sale, especially food ● As we
endurance ruse
passed each stall, we were offered samples of
establishment sophistication
the traditional fare on sale.
fit worldliness
12.94 intoxicating (adj) /ɪnˈtɒksɪkeɪtɪŋ/
making you feel excited as though
overpowered ● The intoxicating smell

Listening page 178

of cooking filled the air. ➣ intoxicate (v),
intoxication (n)
12.85 indescribable (adj) /ˌɪndɪˈskraɪbəbl/ 12.95 unqualified (adj) /ˌʌnˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/
so unusual that sth cannot be described complete ● The fundraiser was an unqualified
● Terrorism in this country caused success.
indescribable suffering to its people. 12.96 gleefully (adv) /ˈɡliːfəli/
✎ Opp: describable happily; in a very pleased way ● She gleefully
agreed to prepare the food for the wedding
feast. ➣ glee (n), gleeful (adj)

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 Video 12: Rite of 12.100 womanhood (n) /ˈwʊmənhʊd/
the state of being a woman ● The ceremony

Passage
denoted that the girls had reached
page 182 womanhood and were ready to find a
husband.
12.97 rite of passage (n) /raɪt əv ˈpæsəʤ/ 12.101 tepee (n) /ˈtiːpiː/
a traditional ritual that symbolises an important a large conical tent traditional to Native
stage in sb’s life ● The mother prepared her Americans in the past ● Most Native
daughter’s gown for her rite of passage upon Americans now live in towns or cities and few
her coming of age. would contemplate the prospect of a nomadic
12.98 clay (n) /kleɪ/ life in a tepee that their ancestors had.
a kind of soft mud used in making ceramic
dishes ● The potter skilfully moulded the clay
Other nouns
into a gorgeous vase, then placed it in the kiln
to harden. blight gem tribute
bout lavender undercurrent
12.99 endurance (n) /ɪnˈdjʊərəns/
clay lineage wet market
the ability to withstand great difficulty
derivative revival womanhood
● The ordeal put the girls through both
etymology taxonomy
physical and psychological endurance.
➣ endure (v)

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