Grammar Modals 2: obligation, probability, possibility fi © Obligation Use Modal Example Present or future obligation must/ mustn't All visitors must turn off their mobile phones, have to You have to/need to press ‘send’ need to 'No present or future obligation don't have to. You don't have to/don't need to/needn't pay to send don'tneed to an email. needn't Past obligation hhad to Yesterday, Sam had to buy more stamps. No past obligation didn't have to learnt a little Italian, but everyone spoke English, didn't need to __so| didn't have to/didn't need to use it. In oe oe have to is more common than must. Must is often used in written notices and instructions. ¥ ‘We have to pay the phone bill today,’ Rita said. ¥ Passengers must turn off all mobile phones, ‘Mustn't and don't have to do not mean the same. 7 You mustn't co that!( = Don't do that!) 7 You don't have to do that. ( = You can do that if you want to, but its not necessary.) © Probability and possibility Use Example Present strong probability The phone is ringing - it must be Simon. This letter can't/couldn't he from Japan because it's got a French stamp. Present and future probability We ought to/should hear from Chery this weekend. Present and future possibilty [fm not sure what language it is - it could/may/might be Poiish. We often use must, can't and couldn't for probability when we have some evidence for our opinion. 7 | just rang Paul, but there's no answer. He must be out. To talk about possiblity and probability about the past, we use a modal and the perfect infinitive. ‘See Unit 22. 81Unit 2 Grammer Choose the sentence (A, B or C) which means the same as the first sentence. 1 We have to pay the electricity bill before Friday. ‘AWe can pay it if we want to. B We must pay it C We've already paid it 2 You dor't need to buy me a birthday present. A You must buy me a birthday present. B ifs nat necessary to buy me a birthday present C You mustn't buy me a birthday present. 3 Ihave to do some work on my project this evening. Al haven't got time to do the work. B I've already done the work. C | need to do the work, 4 Lenny didn't have to see the head teacher after all. Alt wasn't necessary for Lenny to see the head teacher. B Lenny went to see the head teacher. C Lenny is waiting to see the head teacher. Circle the correct word or phrase. 1 ‘Smoking isn't allowed in the airport.” ‘You mustn't / don’t have to smoke in the airport. 2 ‘t's not necessary to come to the train station to meet me.’ You have to / don't have to meet her at the 5 Students mustn't run in school buildings. A They can run if they want to. B Students don't like running, C Running isn't allowed 6 All passengers must fasten their seatbelts. A They have to fasten their seatbelts now. B They don't have to fasten their seatbelts. C They can fasten their seatbelts. 7 Mr Reed had to go to the police station to answer some questions. AMr Reed was able to go to the police static B Mr Reed forgot to go to the police station. C Mr Reed was obliged to go to the police station. 8 It's kind of you to offer to help, but you really don't need to. Al don’t want you to help me. B Your help isn’t necessary. € You won't be able to help me. ‘You can contact us by either phone or e-mail.” You mustn’t / don’t have to phone them. ‘in my country, you can carry your passport with you if you want, but it’s not necessary.’ In her country, you don’t need to / mustn't carry your passport with you 7 ‘My grandfather was made to start work when he was just fourteen years old.” train station. 3 ‘We were forced to wait for over two hours in 82 the rain!" They had to / didn’t need to wait for over, two hours in the rain, 4 ‘The instructions tell you to write in pencil.” You must / needn’t write in pencil, He had to / must start work when he was just fourteen years old. ‘It's not necessary to book a hotel; you can stay in our spare room.’ You mustn't / don’t have to stay in a hotel. Complete using the correct form of have to. You may have to use some negative forms. 1 Jade can’t come out tonight. She 2 | didn't have enough money, so | 3 Its raining really hard, but luckily we 4 To start the laptop you 5 Robbie worked last weekend, but | 6 you look after her little brother. sonmee DOrrOW SOMe from Yuri. g0 out this evening. press the power button. G0 to piano lessons when you were younger?‘Modals 2: obligation, probability, possibility Unit 20 [BJ Motch the sentences with the explanations. You have to use some of the explanations more than once. ‘Someone is at the door. It must be Mrs Johnson from next door. ‘Lena might not know where the cinema is.” ‘Dad should know what the capital of New Zealand is.’ ‘Greg can't be in the final! He's a terrible player! ‘The dog is wet. It must be raining outside.’ “We may go to the Canary Islands for Easter.’ ‘Ken must ke that film, He's seen it six times” ‘Barry ought to be able to cook Chinese food. He lived there for two years.’ oud Awre > 1'm almost certain. Its probable. C Maybe / Perhaps. o Rewrite the sentences using the words given 1 You're expecting David to ring. The phone rings. must 2. Anna is a better runner than Rula. You think Anna will probably win the race tomorrow. should 3 Aletter arrives. it's possible that it’s from your cousin, Janice. could 4. There's a knock at the door. Your mum says it might be Colin, but you know Colin is ‘on holiday. can’t 5 You see someone wearing a costume. You think there's a strong probability that she's going to a fancy-dress party. must 6 Your sister is looking for her hairbrush. You think it's possible that it’s in the living room. might 7 You're waiting for Harriet to arrive. You think she'll probably be there in half an hour. should 8 You're talking about why James scems to be sad. You think it's possible he’s in trouble at school. could 83