Quantum Mechanics Notes - II

Amit Kumar Jha ( IITian )

I>
Infinite¥quareweHpotentia
,
→k
Asymmetric sqµ are well potential 1 -
D
a

aah

{
0 .

van
CIS
oo ,
otherwise .

I '

classically allowed .

+ = Asin text Bcoskx

I
+ ( o)
now
using boundary conditions :
= O
B
4cL) = o ke
MII also ,
k=Jh
tncxl-TS.in/n-IX)# → normalised wave
function

m2 ITZ -42 where n = 1,213 - . . .

→ ↳ width
Energy eigenvalue En
-

; =

2M L2

-8 Time dependent Schrodinger Equation :

i
En-4£
N -

+ exit)= T
-
lunch e

EE.sn#giinIEI::.:auh:e.-:....o
n = I

=
time 't
'
ar .

Nodesg
antinode s

i.ie#E?ii i i i
.

÷÷÷i÷ .

wavefunction equal to
'

of in
'
* Number loops curve is n .
 *

#
-

B
-8
Square well Potential 2b :

§
O
ocn.gs a
i

#
o ,a)
Cala)
( Vix) =

N
,
otherwise

> x

( 0,0) Caio) A = width .

of well

41×7=4
nxtny =

( JI)2sih(h×a sin
( Mbta) ,
many
-_
Iris .
. -

Cmx't my ) IZ tf
'

Energy Eigenvalue :
En= -
→
must have de
gene .

2in as racy
E
Tm2ah E
Ez ,=5at? 8tZh
=
, , , ,z= Ezz =
Ez -_ E

I
.
.
, ,z
-
una
,
I
U
f
11 4 11
y "

degenerate
"
non -

degenerate non -

degenerate

G fold degeneracy)
C 2 - .

→
steta€ y

4n×4ny4nz→ wavefunction
tix) = .

( Fa) 's sinful)sinfn)

in b n

T
C -

z
normalisation
factor
E=(n¥+nY-t ?
2

Energy eigenvalues :

n×=ny=nz= 1,43 . .
.

2M 2
a

Again degenerate Energy level .

state
degenerate)
→
Ground Eu , I 311-2 t2 (
energy :

-
non -
.

um as
→ Eliz Eiz , Ezi 6th
fold degenerate)
= = =
, ( 3 -
.

Zohar
TH E Eziz E izz 911-2 HZ
(
degenerate )
221 I = =
-

2
3 -

fold
un a

'
11 IT 42
→ E E El 33 (3
33 ,
=
313 = =
-
-

fold degenerate)
2M 92

→ E =
E3 iz = E E 231 = E = E 147242
321 213 =
123 132 = -

un a -

B Mostimportanttricks.TL
- CG -

fold degenerate)
a.

you can
find normalisation factor directly just by looking at

' '

to
' '
let b
well
extending from
a
width of well :
say is ,
then

width=b-aJ

::::÷÷÷E÷÷ !÷÷
,

÷: :
"

Representation of wavefunction text

-_J÷fsin(n)
→ :

EX : '
is in state
particle of confined
'
A mass m the
ground
- 1 to The
D box
extending from
2L
fin
-

-12L
of
a -

x= -
. wave
,

4 CH to cos ① The normalisation

factor Yo of fin
=
. this wave .

U L

② ③
Energy eigenvalue representation of wave
function .

II.
:
Normalisation constant for l -
D Potential well :

Yo =

JI width

width = (( 2L - L 24-

] =
4L , to = = TIL it
 '
i2h2 h- ZIT
→
Energy eigenvalue ,
E = - = - t
( 4L)
Z '
2in 32mL

2) Enid Ignace well :

VC -
x) = v ( )
x

€-→Y
→
symmetric case :

CI ) E
wavefunction in
region
:
•
-
- . .

q classical
KX
t
+ T allowed
I = the
forbidden
.

•
classically
in CI )
wavefunction region allowed
'
-

Yu = C sink , a t D cos k, X
- -
odd Even

k×
in
function f
-

III 4 Cx)
region
•
wave : = e

For
} Transcendental
→ K
Ketan Kia
even
Parity : = .
.

k
For odd
Parity h coth , a
Equation
-

: ,
=

Note combined Solution not

: -
is possible
for symmetric case .

0 Even solution :

/
- -

depth parameter I
→ Ketan k ,
a = ka or Eitan Ee =

q son
Vo ( tve width)
'

¥¥%#
" r!
-

ti

no.ofevmbgnnde.FI?ir.neI
a

up asymmetric case : Here combined solution is Possible

* crane
::*:* :
I:b
' '

.
. -

+
IX. {
" ' n'
In Vlx) o <
%
the
given potential =
if there
'
.
are

t.nl
0 ,
29g
3 bound States exists ,
then
find the
range
of Potential . }

SIL .
+ ve width of Potential =
+
%
"
2mV ( tve width) 2mW at my @
2
o
yz ,
-
= -
= -

-
tf 4 tf Eti

(n -
D
tf e r e MII
2

9¥
'
T2 mv
'
( D The IT
3
Tg e r e
3% =) C r c <
-

242 fi

zit
'
hi 94-24-2 Ahs
Vo
.

- l L -
=

Maz 2M a 2
i

3) The potential step :

I E
-0 Cage : Evo

JE
T

n. -

/
-

E t
- - -
- - - -
- - - - - - - .

classically classically nz=F¥

allowed
forbidden
Pez
,
=
J
I
E)

I
function in
region
•
wave :

ek£×
k
4
,,
= c e- + D ( azo)

finite
since
wavefunction must be
everywhere
Kix -
kex
e
diverges when x → o
D=oI , TI =
C e

-
Kix -
iwt
text)
' '

→
wave
function at a time t : = Ce e
 Transmittance J
→ :

transmitted Reflectance :

J
= o , R =
-
reflected
d-
incident J
incident
= I .

→ E >
case I : Vo
Aeikixseikx
-

- - -
- - E •

wavefunction in
region
I
:{ =

÷
joy
-

9¥ •
wavefunction in
region I :
t±= ceikitigeikzx
( allowed )

→
Reflectance : R = BI
'
by =
JEF ,
kz=
) t

IAT → Transmittance :

=) R= (ki -

Kz) 2
( CR ke 4 Kike
- ya - =
-

'
( Kit Kz) 2
IAIZ K, ( Kit Kd

4) Rectangular Potential barrier :

-0
Case I : EL Vo
✓ I HI II
wavefunction
d
region
°
. in

"" "
" "
ii. = Ae + Be
KZX

Iforabidden
-

allowe- ad C ekzx + De
4€
=

ik , X

? JFE.kz
4 = Fe -

+2
I

T=[ %u¥Y!!?f)
-

→ Transmittance : it

" and R -17=1

ref if
.

→
reactance : "
→ case I : E > Vo • wave
function in different regions
:

.
E
'

e" K'
' '
' - ' x

M
" t
'

=
A + Be
,

ikzx
eikz
X
- a a- Hq = c + D. e-

Fei
JTF.kz -177¥
K' ×
4 = ki -
-

!÷!! )
d
Vf
[
-

-8 Transmittance : T =
=
sin (IK , a)
, +
-

T
he CE -

ro)

,
eh . /
LITE
-
.FR HATHI OSCILLATOR
uwmmTietr f
quadratic
Potential
Ian
.

→ Hamiltonian H = K Et -
p E
. = +
{ mwz×z

e-mI
→ wavefunction :
tn
Cx) -_

(IIe) 'T tenia

Thermite polynomials .

TB
Energy Eigenvalue En ( Iz) hw 0,2k
-

: = Mt ,
n= , 2,3 - - - -

to '
Cx
'
)
If Potential is not symmetric : v Cx) =
tzmw ax
-
.

f (E) ÷)
'

{
-
mw x -
z see

{ mw
'

Kx EY ] mw
8
-
-

**
MAZ wz
→
Energy Eigenvalue :
Em = ( n -1 hw -
-

8
 'T
"

m%)
wavefunction YnCx7=
(Iff)
-

→ :

e
th

oscillator
asymmetric Harmonic
Imai
'

{
: x n > °
,

✓ u ,×, =

-0
Energy eigenvalue : o
,
neo

En (
2h
-13g) hw
,
n = O , 42,3 - - - - -

2-Dimensionaltlarmonicoscillatori.my Of -

Lzmw
'
vcx , y) (x
- '
) ( 1) hw
En×ny=
→ we
y nxtnyt
= +
,

• **
-1
to
Eo ,o= hw →
Eo ,
,
= z.tw
DtIy
-
mail 1×2 +
y
'
)
-

4n×ny= Hnxlx Hhyciy )

th
To
wavefunction :
N e

-0
Degeneracy in 3D harmonic oscillator :
Cn→Cn-
2 .

→
Energy eigenvalue :
En --(m×*nytnze3z) hw

=
(mt Zz) hw
.fm/tny-nzzn#
No in of
anisotropic 3D harmonic Osc
→
degeneracy case .

any
wx-fwy.tw#
 - "

es
din
Note : C- Hn
-

S
Hermite
th Cx ) =
polynomial = e
-

f
→
for n= 0
,
Holda) = I
,
tncx) → Even
function
-
22×2
-2
for n - I
,
H
,
( 2x) =
n
, 4N Cx ) depends on e
w
X
-
odd
even
SO
,
tn ( x) → odd

→
harmonic Oscillator
The
energy eigenfunction for linear is

'

if odd
'

is
'

odd
if
' ' '

even n even and n is

→
Expectation (Xm > ( pm >
' '

value : = = 0 when m is odd

• 2×2 > = I
MW
( htt) and C p2 > = (
n -1
'z)mtw
" +2 ( Gn't Gn -13 )
• (x > =
-

4 m2
2
w

→
uncertainty product : sx sp =
(htt)h- ,
n T ,
uncertainty'T
l
MI Ol ,
2
- -
- .
 Hydrogen Atom
To Potential interaction between e① and Proton is Coulombe

interaction .

→ Nodes on radial axis : J = (n - e -

)
i

Max

→
Energy of H -
atom :
En = -me4_ =
-13-62 ex
.

85 EotZn2 mr

→ Ground state of H - atom :

4mm =
Rne Cr ) Y
? (O , ol) .

/
"
Jma×=
o

L
'

=
Rio Y : .
R
,o= YI .

Yao
-

Yoo e
%
-
-

.
,

tho
-

I Ucr)

\
Ucr) =
re

Taj d !
Yao
-

Lumia
Iq
-

Probability v e
-

:
s

, '

→ first Excited state : n -

-
z and l -
- O
, a

.
90/2
1) 4200 : n 2 9=0 J
MIO
radial axis
=
, , , = I on
'
ma '

"" C ' -
e- Ka .

L¥
Radial part

.ru .
 →
Expectation values :

• Lr ) =

÷ [3h '
- ell -117 )

• ( r2 > =

a{z [ 5N '
- i -
zeceti) )
23

=ao÷ece+D (÷3)
-
•

(f) =
÷n ,
•
( pn3ece.tt)
( Eti)

atom ① m2 ( without spin)

→
Degeneracy of Hydrogen
:

'
② 2h ( with spin) .
 P BLEMS

'
B. HU 18 : The
ground state
wavefunction for I d
system
- -

described
by the
potential :

I
{
° c
-

East
✓ Cx) =
2

( * .
Elsewhere

ca) A- cos
( tx ) Cb) A sin
(TI) .
Asin
( ) ( Acostx
d)

{
ol -
width =
⇐ Iz) + =L

hence .

ground state wavefunction t Cx) : A sin

(TI) ②

Buu
'
, 8 : A simple harmonic oscillator in one dimension has an

'

vanishes times
'

which interval
eigenfunction 3 in the ocxcoo

The
and is odd parity .

energy eigenvalue for

this state is?

fat 2- Tw Cb) Cd hw (d)

LIAN
Izhar

to O vanishes 42 Vanishes
Sgt
→ -
. 2

! 43 Vanishes
tf ) hw
vanishes
Eg
4 → I → 3 r =
,

⑨ = Itu .

'
'
particle in
'
DU 17 : A of mass m is confined the
ground
state dimensional
of an one box
extending from -2L to -12L

state
The
wavefunction of the particle in this is :

4Cx7= to cos
( thx) .
The
energy eigenvalue
to
corresponding this is :

+2*2 t2 T2
Cd )
'
tilt b) TRITZ Cc)
(
-
-

ca)
✓ Lt
-

Lem L2
-

' 2M
32mL if m 22
 he ITZ £2
SEI .

Energy Eigenvalue :
Ena -
-
and width = 4L

2in ( wid Hh)

so ,
En = n2TZh = MITZI TZh ( I m= a ) .

"
'
2in ( 42 ) 32mV 32mL

JNU
'
'
Is : what is the of the second excited state of
energy
-

moving freely rectangular parallel oliped

'
inside
'

mass m a

of sides L
,
22 and 32 ?
942 6142
✓
'

Gq ht Cd )
11h
( b) Cc) -

(a)
-

-
- '
'
208mL
'
36mL
'
32mL
zdf m2

1942
(e) -

72 m 22

ne IZ ht
- '

nx'T 't IZ f
-

SI . E =
-
+
my
-
t -

cm L
-
um 422 um @ LY
m×2 T2 £2 nz2 TIZ -42
⇐ n5TZ
i-gm.nx-1.my
= +
# pm 22
-_ 2

Z
"
E=
[ nxi-nI-naIJ-gh-m.fi ite] -

⑨
⇐
i. f*÷I= =
'÷mu
particle which
'
'
ice consider of mass
'
is
JNU : a m
occupying
dimensional box
the
'
'
lowest
energy eigenstate of one of
length
L
.
The
force exerted by the
particle on a
boundary walls .

(a) x
Ig ( b) a
# ④ independent on L Cd ) 222

Ce ) a L
L
DLP>
'
'
"

Sgt force on
boundary = 0 Independent of L
.

.
a =
-

at
①
 '
of
'
12 The in
particle moving 3D
'
JNU : -
mass m is a

potential :

't 422 )
'

( XZ
VC X.
y ,z) =
12mW t
2g .
The
energy of
a

particle in
ground state ?

Ca)
# hw Cb)
Zaw Cc)
Zhu #3tIz)hw
Sgt .
This is anisotropic harmonic oscillator :
Wx 't Wy # wz

En =
(nxt E) hwtfnytlz) Btw t (nztlz)2tw

ground state :
n×=o ,
my
=
0,7=0 , En =
twf.tt t
)
En -

tuff Iz) + = (3-{)tw ⑨

its
'
BHU 13 : The electron of the
hydrogen atom in ground
state value Cr >
. the
expectation is :

Ca)
Zzao Zao (3)
43-9 ,
Cd )
3290
Soi .
( r> =
AI ( 3h
'
- ell +
)
D
for ground state in a

Cr> =
a÷ [ zit - o
) =
3za° ④

JEST The identical

'
state of
12 :
ground energy 5
spin t
-
-

to dimensional
particles subject which
harmonic simple
are one

potential frequency Oscillator of

'
'
w is :

(a) hw ( b)
lZ- Tw (C) tho (d )
5tw_qn=z
#n I
-

hw
Zznhwtzbhw
-

{
E 2x + 2x
Sol =

Treo
=

E=T