Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design

Design of Masonry Abutment for Slab Culvert

SUBJECT INFORMATION
Project: Design and Construction of Debark-Zarima Road Project
Client: Ethiopian Roads Authority
Designer Company: Beijing Urban Construction Group Plc
Case: Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Abutment
Date: Jul-21

1. DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS

1.1 Subject information
Superstructure type:- Simple Span Reinforced Concrete Slab
Fill height = 3.20 m
Depth of slab = 0.35 m
No. of lanes = 2
Carriageway width = 7.00 m
Shoulder = 1.50 m
Clear span = 4.00 m
C/C of support = 4.40 m
Skew angle = 30.00 deg.
Design span = 5.54 m
Substructure type:- Masonry Abutment and Wingwall
Length of abutment in transverse direction = 11.547 m

1.2 Material Properties

i. Concrete :-
Grade of Concrete used C30 (150mm cubic strength 30 MPa)
fc' = 24 MPa (fc' cylinder)
fc = 0.4*fc' = 10 MPa
Ec = 4800sqrt(fc') = 23515 MPa
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
ii. Reinforcement steel :-
Grade 420 steel: For rebars greater than or equal to diam. 20.0 mm
fy = 420 MPa
fs = 165 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Grade 300 steel: For rebars less than diam. 20.0 mm
fy = 300 MPa
fs = 140 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Modular ratio, n = Ec / Es = 8.51 Use n = 9

iii. Cement Mortared Stone Masonry :-

Unit weight of cement-mortared stone masonry = 27 kN/m3

iv. Backfill materials

Assumed angle of friction of the back fill material ø = 33 deg
Unit weight of backfill material = 19 kN/m3

1.3 Design Live Loading:

Vehicular Live loading, HL-93, which consist of a combination of
(1) Design truck or Design Tandem
(2) Design Lane Loading

1.4 Design method

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
1.5 Reference
ERA's Bridge Design Manual 2013
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2004/2005

2. LOADS TRANSFERRED FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE TO SUBSTRUCTURE

2.1 Dead load
Slab = 537.60 kN
Earth surcharge = 3891.20 kN
Total DL of slab and Earth Sur./LM = 383.55 kN/m
Dead load reaction per linear meter width of single abutment, RDL /m = 191.77 kN/m

2.2 Live load

Live Load Distribution for Fill Height b/n 0.6m-2.4m
Where the depth of fill exceeds 600mm, wheel loads may be considered to be uniformly distributed over a rectangular area
with sides equal to the dimension of tire contact area (AASHTO Art. 3.6.1.2.6)
Depth of minimum earth cover = 3.20 m
IM = 33 (1.0 - 4.l*10^(-4 )*DE) > 0% …………….(3.5)
Where: DE = the minimum depth of earth cover above the structure (mm)
IM= -10.296 %
-0.1
(1+IM)= 0.9
Parallal to the traffic= 3.45 m
Perpendicular to the traffic= 3.71 m
A. Design Truck
Live load= 6.26 kN/m
6.26 kN/m
The live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment, RTR /m = 3.97 kN/m

B. Design Tandem
Live load= 6.69 kN/m
6.69 kN/m
The live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment, RTN /m = 14.92 kN/m

C. Design Lane Loading

Live load= 9.30 kN/m (To be applied in 3.0m width)
The live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment, RLA /m = 7.31 kN/m

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
D. Total Design Live Loading
The total live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment will be teaken as the maximum of the reaction due to
design truck or design tandem plus the reaction due to lane loading

R LL = Max (Design Truck, Design Tandem ) + Lane Load = 22.23 kN/m

E. Summary of Dead and Live Loads Transferred to Unit Width of Abutment

RDL = 191.77 kN/m
RLL = 22.23 kN/m

3. ABUTMENT DESIGN
3.1 Abutment Cross Section and Loads

W5 W1

A1
W6
W2
1
W7
1
P21 P1 S1

H
S2
W4 W3

P22

b1 b2 b3

O1
q21 WF
D

q22 q1
O2
a B1 b

B2

Material properties
Assumed angle of friction of the back fill material ø = 35 degree Level 1= 4.950 m
Unit weight of backfill material = 19 kN/m3 Slab seat level = 3.950 m
Unit weight of stone masonry = 27 kN/m3 Foundation level = 0.000 m
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3 Foundation material (Rock or Soil ) = Rock
Allowable bearing capacity of foundation material, Q allow = 770 kN/m2
Ultimate bearing capacity of foundation material , Qult = 2310 kN/m2
Active earth pressure coeff. Ka = (1-sinø)/(1+sinø) = 0.271

Loads transferred from superstructure

Dead Load: RDL= 191.77 kN/m
Live Load: RLL = 22.23 kN/m

Dimensions
A1 = 0.05 m a= 0.30 m
Total Height of Abutment, H = 3.60 m (above top of footing) b= 0.50 m
Height of Masonry = 3.55 m b1= 1.44 m
Footing width, B2 = 3.00 m b2= 0.40 m
Footing depth, D = 0.35 m b3= 0.36 m
Masonry abut bottom width, B1 = 2.20 m S2= 2.50
S1= 10.00

Active earth pressure values

q1 = live load surcharge = γ*h1*ka = 4.32 kN/m2 h1= 0.84 m (Equivalent height of soil for vehicular loading)
q21 = earth pressure = γ*h21*ka = 5.15 kN/m2 h21 = 1.00 m
q22 = earth pressure = γ*h22*ka = 25.48 kN/m2 h22 = 4.95 m

Load factors
Load type Maximum Minimum
Active Horizontal EP 1.50 0.90
Live load surcharge 1.75 1.75
Live load 1.75 1.75
Dead load 1.25 0.90

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
Load combinations used
a) Load combination case-1 (comb1) -using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others
b) Load combination case-2 (comb2) - using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others

Load and moment calculation

Moment arm about toe Factored moment Factored moment
Unfactored loads Factored loads
(m) Comb1 about Comb2 about
(KN/m)
Comb1 Comb2 O1 O2 O1 O2 O1 O2
W1= 0.48 0.432 0.600 0.56 1.06 0.24 0.46 0.34 0.64
W2= 38.34 34.506 47.925 0.56 1.06 19.32 36.58 26.84 50.80
W3= 17.25 15.528 21.566 0.24 0.74 3.73 11.49 5.18 15.96
W4= 69.01 62.111 86.265 1.24 1.74 77.02 108.07 106.97 150.10
W5= 28.73 25.855 35.910 1.48 1.98 38.27 51.19 53.15 71.10
W6= 48.56 43.708 60.705 1.72 2.22 75.18 97.03 104.41 134.77
W7= 26.22 23.598 32.775 2.35 2.85 55.46 67.25 77.02 93.41
228.597 205.737 285.746 269.21 372.08 373.90 516.77

WF = 25.20 22.680 31.500 1.50 34.02 47.25

RDL= 191.77 172.60 239.72 0.56 1.06 96.65 182.95 134.24 254.10
RLL= 22.23 38.89 38.89 0.56 1.06 21.78 41.23 21.781 41.227
214.00 211.49 278.61 118.43 224.18 156.021 295.326

P1=q1*H 15.57 27.24 27.24 1.80 2.15 49.04 58.57 49.04 58.57
P21=q21*H 18.53 27.80 27.80 1.80 2.15 50.04 59.77 50.04 59.77
P22=1/2*(q22-q21)*H 36.60 54.90 54.90 1.20 1.55 65.88 85.10 65.88 85.10
70.70 109.94 109.94 164.95 203.43 164.95 203.43

3.2 Stability Checking (AASHTO Art. 11.6.3)

3.2.1 Stability Criteria - Eccentricity and Bearing Failure

As per LRFD method, the stability criteria against bearing failure (for walls with granular backfills and foundations on soil or rock) is:

i. a) For foundation on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of the base.
b) For foundation on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-fourth of the base
ii. øRIqult > qu max

Check stability criteria (i)

Consider Moment about O1
- Location of resultant force using comb1
x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 0.929 m sum Vi*Xi = 387.64
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.500 m sum Hi*Yi = 164.95
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 75.24 degree sum Vi = 417.23
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.395 m sum Hi = 109.94
X0= X- X1 = 0.534 m
e = B/2 - X0= 0.54 m < B1/4= 0.55 m
< 3*(B1/8)= 0.83 m
e<3*B1/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B1

- Location of resultant force using comb2

x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 0.939 m sum Vi*Xi = 529.92
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.500 m sum Hi*Yi = 164.95
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 78.98 degree sum Vi = 564.36
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.292 m sum Hi = 109.94
X0= X- X1 = 0.647 m
e = B/2 - X0 = 0.45 m < B1/4= 0.55 m
< 3*(B1/8)= 0.83 m
e<3*B1/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B1
Consider Moment about O2
- Location of resultant using comb1
x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.433 m sum Vi*Xi = 630.27
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.850 m sum Hi*Yi = 203.43
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 75.97 degree sum Vi = 439.91
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.462 m sum Hi = 109.94
X0= X- X1 = 0.970 m
e = B/2 - X0= 0.53 m < B2/4= 0.75 m
< 3*(B2/8)= 1.13 m
e<3*B2/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B2

- Location of resultant using comb2

x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.442 m sum Vi*Xi = 859.348
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.850 m sum Hi*Yi = 203.43
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 79.55 degree sum Vi = 595.86
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.341 m sum Hi = 109.94
X0= X- X1 = 1.101 m
e = B/2 - X0 = 0.40 m < B2/4= 0.75 m
< 3*(B2/8)= 1.13 m
e<3*B2/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B2

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design

Check stability criteria (ii)

ФRIqult > qu max
ø = performance or resistance factor Ф (for soil) = 0.55
Hn = Unfactored horizontal force Hn = 70.70 kN
Vn = Unfactored vertical force Vn = 467.79 kN
RI= Reduction factor due to inclined loads = (1-Hn/Vn) 3 RI = (1-Hn/Vn)3 = 0.612
qult = Ultimate bearing capacity = Safety factor x q allowable qult = 2310 kN/m2
qu max = Maximum bearing pressure due to factored loads øRIqult= 777 kN/m2

Computation of maximum bearing pressure due to factored loads

- For foundation on soil - For foundation on rock

Check for maximum bearing pressure using comb1

a-I ) When the foundation material is rock Applicable e>B2/6, Look at Case -2

Case-1 When e<=L/6

Q heel = kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
Q toe = kN/m2 Safe against bearing !

0.00
0.00

Case-2 When L/6<e<=3/8*B

Qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = 302.2 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
L1 =3[L/2-e] = 2.9 m

302.25

L1 = 2.911 m

a-II ) When the foundation material is soil Not Applicable

From ΣMoment and ΣForce
Qmax*Le =V and Qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's Qmax and Le can be calculated. V

Le =V/Qmax = 1.9 m
Qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] = 226.7 kN/m2 Safe against bearing! Qmax = 226.7 kN/m2

Le = 1.941 m

Check for maximum bearing pressure using comb2

b-I ) When the foundation material is rock Applicable e<B2/6, Look at Case -1

Case -1 When e<=L/6

Q heel = 40 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !

Q toe = 357.2 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
40.04
357.20

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design

Case -2 When L/6<e<=3/8*L

Qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = kN/m2 Safe against bearing !

L1 =3[L/2-e] = m

0.00

L1 = m

b-II ) When the foundation material is soil Not Applicable

From ΣMoment and ΣForce
Qmax*Le =V and Qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's Qmax and Le can be calculated.
V
Le =V/Qmax = 2.2 m
Qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] = 270.6 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
Qmax = 270.6 kN/m2

Le = 2.202 m

3.2.2. Checking Sliding and Overturning for Serviceability Limit State

3.2.2. (a) Sliding
Stability against sliding is checked by:
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi

Where:
Fru = Nu * tan db + ca Be
Фs = performance factor for sliding = 0.80
Nu = factored vertical resultant (force/length)
db = friction angle between the base and the soil (degrees) = 31 (AASHTO Table 3.11.5.3-1)
ca = adhesion (force/length 2 ) = 0
Be = effective length of base in compression (length) = 3.00
gi = load factor for component i
Phi = horizontal earth pressure force ì causing sliding (force/length) =

Check sliding stability for comb1

Fru = Nu * tan db + ca Be = 264.32 Фs = 0.80
Фs Fru = 211.46 Nu = 439.91
Σ gi Phi = 109.94 Σgi Phi = 109.94
Therefore, db = 31
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi tan db = 0.601
Ok! Safe against sliding c a Be = -

Check sliding stability for comb2

Fru = Nu * tan db + ca Be = 358.03 Фs = 0.80
Фs Fru = 286.42 Nu= 595.86
Σ gi Phi = 109.94 Σgi Phi = 109.94
Therefore, db = 31
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi tan db = 0.601
Ok! Safe against sliding ca Be = -
3.2.2. (b) Overturning (AASHTO Art. 11.6.3.3)
For foundation on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of the base.
For foundation on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-fourth of the base.
This condition is already checked above.

3.3. Design of R.C. Footing for Abutment

3.3.1. Design for Flexure

a ) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others
Case-1: When the foundation material is rock
Case-2: When the foundation material is soil
The factored pressure at toe underneath footing is calculated as below:
Case-1 Case-2 a
Qtoe = 302.25 226.69 kN/m2
Q a-a = 212.95 226.69 kN/m2
Lh = 0.86 0.86 m
Factored Mom. for design is Ma-a = 100.76 83.83 kN-m/m
Wc
b) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others
Case-1: When the foundation material is rock
Case-2: When the foundation material is soil
The factored pressure at toe underneath footing is calculated as below: a
Case-1 Case-2
Qtoe = 357.20 270.65 kN/m2
Q a-a = 266.28 270.65 kN/m2
Lh = 0.86 0.86 m
Factored Mom. for design is Ma-a = 120.88 100.09 kN-m/m

The maximum design moment, Mu, is therefore: Mu = 120.88 kN-m/m

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
The cracking moment given by Eq.(5.7.3.3.2-1) as follows:
Ig =bh3/12 = 3.57E+09 mm4
yt= 175 mm
fr = 0.63*sqrt(fc') = 3.086 MPa
Mcr =(fr*Ig)/yt = 63.01 kN-m/m
1.2*Mcr = 75.62 kN-m/m

The amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the
lesser of :
- 1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution and the
modulus of rupture, fr, of the concrete.
- 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combinations

Besides the area of reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.

The moment for design, is therefore, Mu = 120.88 kN-m/m

Reinforcement
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 )) where Mu= 120.88 kN-m/m
a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) Ø= 0.9
b= 1000 mm
Assume a = 29 mm fy = 300.00 N/mm2
As = 1,773 mm2 fc'= 24.00 N/mm2
a= 26 mm D= 350 mm
Required As = 1,773 mm2/m diam = 16 mm
Required spacing, S = 113 mm cover = 75 mm
d= 267 mm

Use ø 16 mm bars bars c/c 110 mm

As prov. = 1828 mm2
Distribution reinforcement (AASHTO Art. 9.7.3.2)
Taking 50% of this reinforcement for distribution renf.
As = 0.5*As provided = 914 mm2/m Use ø 12 mm
Required spacing, S = 124 mm
Use ø 12 mm bars bars c/c 120 mm

Temprature and shrinkage reinforcement (AASHTO Art. 5.10.8.2)

For solid structural concrete walls and footings, bar spacing shall not exceed 300mm in each direction on all faces and
the area of reinforcement for shrinkage and temprature reinf. shall not exceed:
As = 0.0015*Ag >= 525 mm2/m Smax = 300 mm Use ø 12 mm

Use ø 12 mm bars bars c/c 270 mm Shrinkage and temprature rein.( top, both directions)

Checking maximum steel area (AASHTO Art. 5.7.3.3.1)

The maximum amount of reinforcement shall be such that
c/de < 0.42 where: c = the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis (mm)
de = the corresponding effective depth from the extreme compression
fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement (mm)

c/d=< 0.42
a=β*c = 26.08 mm β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa
c=a / β = 30.68 mm de= 267 mm

c / de = 0.11 < 0.42 Ok!

3.3.2. Check for Wide Beam Shear (AASHTO Art. 5.13.3.6.2)

a ) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others

Case-1 Case-2 a b
Qtoe = 302.25 226.69 kN/m2
Q b-b = 240.68 226.69 kN/m2 d
V factored b-b= 160.98 134.42 kN/m
V b-b
b) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others Wc

Case-1 Case-2
Qtoe = 357.20 270.65 kN/m2
Q b-b = 294.51 270.65 kN/m2
V factored b-b= 193.23 160.49 kN/m
a b
V factored b-b(max) = 193.23 kN/m

Allowable shear stress carried by concrete is given by Eq.(5.8.3.3-3):

vc = 0.166sqrt(fc') = 0.813 MPa

The maximum allowable factored shear force that can be resisted by the concrete section is:
Vall = ø*vc*b*d = 195.42 kN/m >V, OK !

Page 6
 Design of Masnory Abutment
Project:
Chainage:
Designed by : Tewele B.
Date: 26-Nov-2021
Title : Stone Masnory Abutment Design

1.DESIGN DATA AND SPECFICATIONS

1.1.Subject information
Total Road width 10 m
Roadway width= 7m
Sidewalk width= 1.5 m
Number of lanes 2
Multiple pressence factor= 1
Clear culvert span= 4m
Skew angle= 30 degree
c/c pan length= 5.08 m
Fill height= 3.2 m
Slab depth= 0.55 m
Total culvert span length= 5.54 m
1.2 Material Properties
i.Concrete
Concrete Grade = C-30
fc'= 24 MPa
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Ec=4800sqrt(fc')= 23515.10 MPa
ii.Soil Properties
Assumed angle of friction of the back fill material (φ)= 33 degree
Unit weight of backfill material = 19 kN/m3
Allowable foundation bearing capacity of soil ,qall = 650 kN/m2
friction angle between the wall and the soil= 30 degree
Coefficent of friction= 0.58
Active earth pressure coeff. Ka = 0.295 [AASHTO LRFD equation 3.11.5.3-1&-2]
iii.Reinforcement steel
Grade 420 steel: For rebars diam. 20mm and above
fy = 400 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Grade 300 steel: For rebars less than diam. 20
fy = 300 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Modular ratio,n =Ec / Es 9
iv.Stone Masonry
Unit weight of cement-mortared stone masonry = 27 kN/m3
Class B stone masonry

1.3 Design method

-Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
1.4 Reference: -ERA Bridge Design Manual
-AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
1.5. Design live load
- Design Truck or Tandem
-Design lane loading
1.6 Factors
Mini. Max. [AASHTO LRFD Table .4.1-1&2]
Active horizontal earth pressure= 0.9 1.5
Vertical Earth pressure= 1 1.35
Dead load of components= 0.9 1.25
Live load 1.75
1.6.1 Resistance factor
Soil Concrete Rock
Bending 0.9 [AASHTO LRFD Art 5.5.4.2]
shear 0.9 [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.5.4.2]
Bearing 0.5 0.6 [AASHTO LRFD Table 10.5.5.1]
Sliding 0.8 [AASHTO LRFD Table 10.5.5.2.2.1]
1.7 Load combinations used
Load combination case-1 ( comb1 ) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others
Load combination case-2 ( comb2 ) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others
Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design

Design of Masonry Abutment for Slab Culvert

SUBJECT INFORMATION
Project: Design and Construction of Debark-Zarima Road Project
Client: Ethiopian Roads Authority
Designer Company: Beijing Urban Construction Group Plc
Case: Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Abutment
Date: Jul-21

1. DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS

1.1 Subject information
Superstructure type:- Simple Span Reinforced Concrete Slab
Fill height = 7.20 m
Depth of slab = 0.58 m
No. of lanes = 2
Carriageway width = 7.00 m
Shoulder = 1.50 m
Clear span = 4.00 m
C/C of support = 4.40 m
Skew angle = 12.00 deg.
Design span = 4.91 m
Substructure type:- Masonry Abutment and Wingwall
Length of abutment in transverse direction = 10.223 m Only Roadway width considered

1.2 Material Properties

i. Concrete :-
Grade of Concrete used C30 (150mm cubic strength 30 MPa)
fc' = 24 MPa (fc' cylinder)
fc = 0.4*fc' = 10 MPa
Ec = 4800sqrt(fc') = 23515 MPa
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
ii. Reinforcement steel :-
Grade 420 steel: For rebars greater than or equal to diam. 20.0 mm
fy = 420 MPa
fs = 165 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Grade 300 steel: For rebars less than diam. 20.0 mm
fy = 300 MPa
fs = 140 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Modular ratio, n = Ec / Es = 8.51 Use n = 9

iii. Cement Mortared Stone Masonry :-

Unit weight of cement-mortared stone masonry = 27 kN/m3

iv. Backfill materials

Assumed angle of friction of the back fill material ø = 33 deg
Unit weight of backfill material = 19 kN/m3

1.3 Design Live Loading:

Vehicular Live loading, HL-93, which consist of a combination of
(1) Design truck or Design Tandem
(2) Design Lane Loading

1.4 Design method

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
1.5 Reference
ERA's Bridge Design Manual 2013
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2004/2005

2. LOADS TRANSFERRED FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE TO SUBSTRUCTURE

2.1 Dead load
Slab = 698.35 kN
Earth surcharge = 6863.07 kN
Total DL of slab and Earth Sur./LM = 739.62 kN/m
Dead load reaction per linear meter width of single abutment, RDL /m = 369.81 kN/m

2.2 Live load

Live Load Distribution for Fill Height b/n 0.6m-2.4m
Where the depth of fill exceeds 600mm, wheel loads may be considered to be uniformly distributed over a rectangular area
with sides equal to the dimension of tire contact area (AASHTO Art. 3.6.1.2.6)
Depth of minimum earth cover = 7.20 m
IM = 33 (1.0 - 4.l*10^(-4 )*DE) > 0% …………….(3.5)
Where: DE = the minimum depth of earth cover above the structure (mm)
IM= -64.416 %
-0.64
(1+IM)= 0.36
Parallal to the traffic= 7.45 m
Perpendicular to the traffic= 7.71 m
A. Design Truck
Live load= 0 kN/m
0 kN/m
The live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment, RTR /m = 0.00 kN/m

B. Design Tandem
Live load= 0 kN/m
0 kN/m
The live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment, RTN /m = 0.00 kN/m

C. Design Lane Loading

Live load= 9.30 kN/m (To be applied in 3.0m width)
The live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment, RLA /m = 0.00 kN/m

D. Total Design Live Loading

The total live load reaction per linear meter width of abutment will be teaken as the maximum of the reaction due to
design truck or design tandem plus the reaction due to lane loading

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
R LL = Max (Design Truck, Design Tandem ) + Lane Load = 0.00 kN/m

E. Summary of Dead and Live Loads Transferred to Unit Width of Abutment

RDL = 369.81 kN/m
RLL = 0.00 kN/m

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
3. ABUTMENT DESIGN
3.1 Abutment Cross Section and Loads

W5 W1

A1
W5 W1

A1
W6 W2
W6
W2
1
W7 1
W7 1
P21 P1 1 S1
P21 P1 S1

H
S2

H
S2 W4 W3
W4 W3
P22
P22

b1 b2 b3
b1 b2 b3
O1
q21 WF O1

D
q22 q1 WF
q21

D
q22 q1 O2
a B1 O2 b
a B1 b
B2
B2

Material properties
Assumed angle of friction of the back fill material ø = 35 degree Finished road Level = 11.830 m
Unit weight of backfill material = 19 kN/m3 Slab seat level = 4.000 m
Unit weight of stone masonry = 27 kN/m3 Foundation level = 0.000 m
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3 Foundation material (Rock or Soil ) = Rock
Allowable bearing capacity of foundation material, Q allow = 770 kN/m2
Ultimate bearing capacity of foundation material , Qult = 2310 kN/m2
Active earth pressure coeff. Ka = (1-sinø)/(1+sinø) = 0.271

Loads transferred from superstructure

Dead Load: RDL= 369.81 kN/m
Live Load: RLL = 0.00 kN/m

Dimensions
A1 = 0.05 m a= 0.50 m
Total Height of Abutment, H = 3.40 m (above top of footing) b= 0.80 m
Height of Masonry = 3.35 m b1= 1.36 m
Footing width, B2 = 3.40 m b2= 0.40 m
Footing depth, D = 0.60 m b3= 0.34 m
Masonry abut bottom width, B1 = 2.10 m S2= 2.50
S1= 10.00

Active earth pressure values

q1 = live load surcharge = γ*h1*ka = 4.43 kN/m2 h1= 0.86 m (Equivalent height of soil for vehicular loading)
q21 = earth pressure = γ*h21*ka = 40.31 kN/m2 h21 = 7.83 m
q22 = earth pressure = γ*h22*ka = 60.90 kN/m2 h22 = 11.83 m

Load factors
Load type Maximum Minimum
Active Horizontal EP 1.50 0.90
Live load surcharge 1.75 1.75
Live load 1.75 1.75
Dead load 1.25 0.90

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
Load combinations used
a) Load combination case-1 (comb1) -using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others
b) Load combination case-2 (comb2) - using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others

Load and moment calculation

Moment arm about toe Factored moment Factored moment
Unfactored loads Factored loads
(m) Comb1 about Comb2 about
(KN/m)
Comb1 Comb2 O1 O2 O1 O2 O1 O2
W1= 0.48 0.432 0.600 0.54 1.34 0.23 0.58 0.32 0.80
W2= 36.18 32.562 45.225 0.54 1.34 17.58 43.63 24.42 60.60
W3= 15.38 13.839 19.221 0.23 1.03 3.14 14.21 4.36 19.73
W4= 61.51 55.355 76.883 1.19 1.99 66.06 110.34 91.75 153.25
W5= 203.62 183.257 254.524 1.42 2.22 260.23 406.83 361.42 565.04
W6= 43.28 38.954 54.103 1.65 2.45 64.14 95.31 89.09 132.37
W7= 106.69 96.017 133.356 2.35 3.15 225.64 302.45 313.39 420.07
467.129 420.416 583.911 637.02 973.35 884.75 1351.88

WF = 48.96 44.064 61.200 1.70 74.91 104.04

RDL= 369.81 332.83 462.26 0.54 1.34 179.73 445.99 249.62 619.43
RLL= 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
369.81 332.83 462.26 179.73 445.99 249.621 619.430

P1=q1*H 15.05 26.34 26.34 1.70 2.30 44.78 60.59 44.78 60.59
P21=q21*H 137.05 205.57 205.57 1.70 2.30 349.47 472.81 349.47 472.81
P22=1/2*(q22-q21)*H 35.01 52.51 52.51 1.13 1.73 59.51 91.01 59.51 91.01
187.10 284.42 284.42 453.75 624.40 453.75 624.40

3.2 Stability Checking (AASHTO Art. 11.6.3)

3.2.1 Stability Criteria - Eccentricity and Bearing Failure

As per LRFD method, the stability criteria against bearing failure (for walls with granular backfills and foundations on soil or rock) is:

i. a) For foundation on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of the base.
b) For foundation on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-fourth of the base
ii. øRIqult > qu max

Check stability criteria (i)

Consider Moment about O1
- Location of resultant force using comb1
x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.084 m sum Vi*Xi = 816.75
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.595 m sum Hi*Yi = 453.75
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 69.31 degree sum Vi = 753.24
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.602 m sum Hi = 284.42
X0= X- X1 = 0.482 m
e = B/2 - X0= 0.54 m > B1/4= 0.53 m
< 3*(B1/8)= 0.79 m
e<3*B1/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B1

- Location of resultant force using comb2

x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.084 m sum Vi*Xi = 1134.37
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.595 m sum Hi*Yi = 453.75
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 74.79 degree sum Vi = 1046.17
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.434 m sum Hi = 284.42
X0= X- X1 = 0.651 m
e = B/2 - X0 = 0.40 m < B1/4= 0.53 m
< 3*(B1/8)= 0.79 m
e<3*B1/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B1
Consider Moment about O2
- Location of resultant using comb1
x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.874 m sum Vi*Xi = 1494.25
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 2.195 m sum Hi*Yi = 624.40
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 70.37 degree sum Vi = 797.31
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.783 m sum Hi = 284.42
X0= X- X1 = 1.091 m
e = B/2 - X0= 0.61 m < B2/4= 0.85 m
< 3*(B2/8)= 1.28 m
e<3*B2/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B2

- Location of resultant using comb2

x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.874 m sum Vi*Xi = 2075.348
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 2.195 m sum Hi*Yi = 624.40
angle = tan-1(sum Vi /sum Hi) = 75.60 degree sum Vi = 1107.37
X1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.564 m sum Hi = 284.42
X0= X- X1 = 1.310 m
e = B/2 - X0 = 0.39 m < B2/4= 0.85 m
< 3*(B2/8)= 1.28 m
e<3*B2/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B2

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design

Check stability criteria (ii)

ФRIqult > qu max
ø = performance or resistance factor Ф (for soil) = 0.55
Hn = Unfactored horizontal force Hn = 187.10 kN
Vn = Unfactored vertical force Vn = 885.90 kN
RI= Reduction factor due to inclined loads = (1-Hn/Vn) 3 RI = (1-Hn/Vn)3 = 0.491
qult = Ultimate bearing capacity = Safety factor x q allowable qult = 2310 kN/m2
qu max = Maximum bearing pressure due to factored loads øRIqult= 624 kN/m2

Computation of maximum bearing pressure due to factored loads

- For foundation on soil - For foundation on rock

Check for maximum bearing pressure using comb1

a-I ) When the foundation material is rock Applicable e>B2/6, Look at Case -2

Case-1 When e<=L/6

Q heel = kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
Q toe = kN/m2 Safe against bearing !

0.00
0.00

Case-2 When L/6<e<=3/8*B

Qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = 487.2 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
L1 =3[L/2-e] = 3.3 m

487.21

L1 = 3.273 m

a-II ) When the foundation material is soil Not Applicable

From ΣMoment and ΣForce
Qmax*Le =V and Qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's Qmax and Le can be calculated. V

Le =V/Qmax = 2.2 m
Qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] = 365.4 kN/m2 Safe against bearing! Qmax = 365.4 kN/m2

Le = 2.182 m

Check for maximum bearing pressure using comb2

b-I ) When the foundation material is rock Applicable e<B2/6, Look at Case -1

Case -1 When e<=L/6

Q heel = 101.7 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !

Q toe = 549.7 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
101.69
549.71

Case -2 When L/6<e<=3/8*L

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design

Qmax =2V/[3(L/2-e)] = kN/m2 Safe against bearing !

L1 =3[L/2-e] = m

0.00

L1 = m

b-II ) When the foundation material is soil Not Applicable

From ΣMoment and ΣForce
Qmax*Le =V and Qmax*Le*(L-Le/2) =V(L/2+e)
From the above two eq's Qmax and Le can be calculated.
V
Le =V/Qmax = 2.6 m
Qmax =V(L/2+e)/[Le(L-Le/2)] = 422.6 kN/m2 Safe against bearing !
Qmax = 422.6 kN/m2

Le = 2.621 m

3.2.2. Checking Sliding and Overturning for Serviceability Limit State

3.2.2. (a) Sliding
Stability against sliding is checked by:
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi

Where:
Fru = Nu * tan db + ca Be
Фs = performance factor for sliding = 0.80
Nu = factored vertical resultant (force/length)
db = friction angle between the base and the soil (degrees) = 31 (AASHTO Table 3.11.5.3-1)
ca = adhesion (force/length 2 ) = 0
Be = effective length of base in compression (length) = 3.40
gi = load factor for component i
Phi = horizontal earth pressure force ì causing sliding (force/length) =

Check sliding stability for comb1

Fru = Nu * tan db + ca Be = 479.07 Фs = 0.80
Фs Fru = 383.26 Nu = 797.31
Σ gi Phi = 284.42 Σgi Phi = 284.42
Therefore, db = 31
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi tan db = 0.601
Ok! Safe against sliding c a Be = -

Check sliding stability for comb2

Fru = Nu * tan db + ca Be = 665.38 Фs = 0.80
Фs Fru = 532.30 Nu= 1107.37
Σ gi Phi = 284.42 Σgi Phi = 284.42
Therefore, db = 31
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi tan db = 0.601
Ok! Safe against sliding ca Be = -
3.2.2. (b) Overturning (AASHTO Art. 11.6.3.3)
For foundation on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of the base.
For foundation on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-fourth of the base.
This condition is already checked above.

3.3. Design of R.C. Footing for Abutment

3.3.1. Design for Flexure

a ) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others
Case-1: When the foundation material is rock
Case-2: When the foundation material is soil
The factored pressure at toe underneath footing is calculated as below:
Case-1 Case-2 a
Qtoe = 487.21 365.41 kN/m2
Q a-a = 317.51 365.41 kN/m2
Lh = 1.14 1.14 m
Factored Mom. for design is Ma-a = 279.83 237.44 kN-m/m
Wc
b) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others
Case-1: When the foundation material is rock
Case-2: When the foundation material is soil
The factored pressure at toe underneath footing is calculated as below: a
Case-1 Case-2
Qtoe = 549.71 422.58 kN/m2
Q a-a = 399.49 422.58 kN/m2
Lh = 1.14 1.14 m
Factored Mom. for design is Ma-a = 324.66 274.59 kN-m/m

The maximum design moment, Mu, is therefore: Mu = 324.66 kN-m/m

The cracking moment given by Eq.(5.7.3.3.2-1) as follows:
Ig =bh3/12 = 1.80E+10 mm4
yt= 300 mm
fr = 0.63*sqrt(fc') = 3.086 MPa
Mcr =(fr*Ig)/yt = 185.18 kN-m/m
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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
1.2*Mcr = 222.22 kN-m/m

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Design and Construction of Jinka-Hana Road Project, Lot-2: Mendir-Hana Masonry Abutment and Wingwall Design
The amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the
lesser of :
- 1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution and the
modulus of rupture, fr, of the concrete.
- 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combinations

Besides the area of reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.

The moment for design, is therefore, Mu = 324.66 kN-m/m

Reinforcement
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 )) where Mu= 324.66 kN-m/m
a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) Ø= 0.9
b= 1000 mm
Assume a = 29 mm fy = 420.00 N/mm2
As = 1,716 mm2 fc'= 24.00 N/mm2
a= 35 mm D= 600 mm
Required As = 1,716 mm2/m diam = 20 mm
Required spacing, S = 183 mm cover = 75 mm
d= 515 mm

Use ø 20 mm bars bars c/c 180 mm

As prov. = 1745 mm2
Distribution reinforcement (AASHTO Art. 9.7.3.2)
Taking 50% of this reinforcement for distribution renf.
As = 0.5*As provided = 873 mm2/m Use ø 12 mm
Required spacing, S = 130 mm
Use ø 12 mm bars bars c/c 120 mm

Temprature and shrinkage reinforcement (AASHTO Art. 5.10.8.2)

For solid structural concrete walls and footings, bar spacing shall not exceed 300mm in each direction on all faces and
the area of reinforcement for shrinkage and temprature reinf. shall not exceed:
As = 0.0015*Ag >= 900 mm2/m Smax = 300 mm Use ø 12 mm

Use ø 12 mm bars bars c/c 140 mm Shrinkage and temprature rein.( top, both directions)

Checking maximum steel area (AASHTO Art. 5.7.3.3.1)

The maximum amount of reinforcement shall be such that
c/de < 0.42 where: c = the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis (mm)
de = the corresponding effective depth from the extreme compression
fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement (mm)

c/d=< 0.42
a=β*c = 35.33 mm β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa
c=a / β = 41.57 mm de= 515 mm

c / de = 0.08 < 0.42 Ok!

3.3.2. Check for Wide Beam Shear (AASHTO Art. 5.13.3.6.2)

a ) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others

Case-1 Case-2 a b
Qtoe = 487.21 365.41 kN/m2
Q b-b = 394.17 365.41 kN/m2 d
V factored b-b= 275.43 228.38 kN/m
V b-b
b) using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others Wc

Case-1 Case-2
Qtoe = 549.71 422.58 kN/m2
Q b-b = 467.35 422.58 kN/m2
V factored b-b= 317.83 264.11 kN/m
a b
V factored b-b(max) = 317.83 kN/m

Allowable shear stress carried by concrete is given by Eq.(5.8.3.3-3):

vc = 0.166sqrt(fc') = 0.813 MPa

The maximum allowable factored shear force that can be resisted by the concrete section is:
Vall = ø*vc*b*d = 376.93 kN/m >V, OK !

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