WORK, POWER, ENERGY & CONSERVATION LAWS

1. WORK
 Whenever a force acting on a body displaces it, work is said to be done by the force.
 Work done by a force is equal to scalar product of force applied and displacement of the body.
Constant
Force
Variable force
1.1 Work done by a constant force :
If the direction and magnitude of a force applying on a body is constant, the force is said to be constant. Work
done by a constant force,
W = Force × component of displacement along force = displacement × component of force along displacement.

If a  
F force is acting on a body at an angle to the horizontal and the displacement r is along the horizontal,
the work done will, be W = (F cos ) r F
Fcos
= F (r cos ) 

In vector from, W =  
F. r
 
If F  î Fx  ĵ Fy  k̂Fz and r  î x  ĵ y  k̂z , the work done will be, W = Fx . x + Fy + Fz

Note : The force of gravity is the example of constant force, hence work done by it is the example of work done
by a constant force.
1.2 Work done by a variable force
If the force applying on a body is changing in its direction or magnitude or both, the force is said to be variable
suppose a constant force causes displacement in a body from position P1 to position P2. To calculate the work
done by the force the path from P1 to P2 can be divided into infinitesimal element, each element is so small that

during displacement of body through it, the force is supposed to be constant. It d r be small displacement of

 
body and  be the force applying on the body, the work done by force is dW = F .d r ......
F F P
(i) The total work done in displacing body from P1 to P2 is given

os
Fc

P2  
by,  dW  P 1
F .d r
dr

P2  
or W= P 1
F .d r P1

 
If r and r be the position vectors of the points P1 and P2 respectively, the total work done will be -
1 2

r2  
W= r
1
F .d r

Note : When we consider a block attached to a spring, the force on the block is k times the elongation of the
spring, where k is spring constant. As the elongation changes with the motion of the block, therefore the force is
variable. This is an example of work done by variable force.
1.3 Calculation of work done from force displacement graph :

Suppose a body, whose initial position is r1, is acted upon by a variable force F and consequently the body
acquires its final position r2. From position r to r + dr or for small displacement dr, the work done will be Fdr
whose value will the area of the shaded strip of width dr.
The work done on the body in displacing it from position r1 to r2 will be equal to the sum of areas of all the such
strips
P
F
r2 P1
Thus, total work done, W =  dW
r1 M N
O r1 dr r2
r2

=  F.dr
r1
= Area of P1P2NM
The area between the graph between force and displacement axis is equal to the work done.
Note : To calculate the work done by graphical method, for the sake of simplicity, here we have assumed the
direction of force and displacement as same, but if they are not in same direction, the graph must be plotted
between F cos and r.
(i) Work is a scalar quantity
(ii) The dimensions of work : ML2T–2
(iii) Unit of work : there are two types of unit of work
(a) Absolute unit : Joule (in M.K.S), Erg (in C.G.S.) (Note : 107 erg = 1 joule)
(b) Gravitational unit : Kilogram - metre (in M.K.S), Gram-cm (in C.G.S)
(Note : 1 kilogram metre = 9.8 joule = 105 gram cm)
1.4 Nature of work done
Although work done is a scalar quantity, yet its value may be positive, negative or even zero

 
(a) Positive work : As W = F . r  F r cos 

When is acute (<90º) cos is positive. Hence work done is positive.
Example
(i) When a body falls freely under the action of gravity = 0º, cos  = + 1, therefore work done by gravity on
a body, falling freely is positive.
(b) Negative work : When is obtuse (>90º), cos is negative. Hence work done is negative
Example

(i) When a body is through up, its motion is opposed by gravity. The angle  between the gravitational force F

and displacement r is 180º. As cos = – 1, therefore, work done by gravity is negative.
(ii) When a body is moved over a rough horizontal surface, the motion is opposed by the force of friction.
Hence work done by frictional force in negative. Note that work done by the applied force is not negative
(iii) When a positive charge is moved closer to another positive charge, work done by electrostatic force
of repulsion between the charges is negative.
 
(c) Zero work : When force F or the displacement r or both are zero, work done W, will be zero. Again when
 
angle between F and r is 90º, the work done will be zero.
 Example

(i) When we fail to move a heavy stone, however hard we may try, work done by us is zero, r  0
(ii) When a collie carrying some load on his head moves on horizontal platform, = 90º. Therefore, workdone
by the collie is zero. This is because = 90º
(iii) Tension in the string of simple pendulum is always perpendicular to displacement of the bob. Therefore,
work done by tension is always zero.
Note : Another way of expressing negative or positive work is that when energy is transferred to the object
work done is positive and when energy is transferred from object the work done is negative and hence the
work which is a transfer of energy has same dimensions as energy.
Example based on Work

Ex.1 A position dependent force F  7  2x  3 x 2 acts on a small body of mass 2kg and displaces it from x = 0 to x =
5 m. The work done in joule will be

X2 5 5
(7  2x  3 x 2 )dx  7x  2x  3x   135J
2 3

Sol. W  Fdx   
 2

3 0
X1 0

Ex.2 For the force displacement diagram shown in adjoining diagram the work done by the force in displacing the body
from x = 1 cm to x = 5 cm is -

20
10
F 0
(In dyne) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x-(cm)
-10
-20

Sol. Work = Area under the curve and displacement axis = 10 + 20 – 20 + 10 = 20 erg.
Ex.3 A uniform chain of mass M and length L is lying on a frictionless table in such a way that its 1/3 part is hanging
vertically down. The work done in pulling the chain up the table is

L 
Sol. If length x of the chain is pulled up on the table, then the length of hanging part of the chain would be   x  and
3 

ML 
its weight would be   x  g. If it is pulled up further by a distance dx, the work done in pulling up.
L 3 

ML 
   x  g dx
L 3 
L/3
ML  MgL
 w 
0
  x  g dx 
L 3  18

Ex.4 The work done in pulling a body of mass 5 kg along an inclined plane (angle 60º) with coefficient of friction 0.2
through 2m, will be
Sol. The minimum force with a body is to be pulled up along the inclined plane is mg (sin + cos )
 
Work done, W  F. d

= Fd cos º
= mg (sin +  cos ) × d
= 5 × 9.8 (sin 60º + 0.2 cos 60º) × 2
= 98.08 J
 
Ex.5 A force F  (7  2x  3 x 2 )N is applied on a 2 kg mass which displaces it from x = 0 to x = 5 m. Work doen in joule
is

5 5

Sol. 
0

W  F dx  (7  2 x  3 x 2 ) dx
0

5 5
 2x 2   3x 3 
[7 x]50        135 joule
 2  0  3  0

2. POWER
(a) The time rate of doing work is called power


dw  d x
(b) Power =  F.
dt dt

In translatory motion : P   
F.v

 
In rotational motion : P   . 

(c) It is scalar quantity

(d) Unit :
In MKS - J/sec, watt
In CGS - erg/sec, (Note : 1KW = 103 watt, 1 HP = 746 watt)
(e) Dimension : [M1L2T–3]
Note : Power is the rate at which applied force transfers energy

w
(a) Power P  where w work is done in t time
t

dw
(b) Instantaneous power P = , it’s value may change with time.
dt
Example based on Power

Ex.6 A pump can lift 9000 kg coal per hour from a mine of depth 120 m. Assuming its efficiency to be 75% its power will
be (in watts) -

work
Sol. Power =
time

ouput power 3 output power

Effeiciency of pump = input power ; =
4 P

3P
Output power =
4

3 mgh
 P =
4 t

4 mgh 4 9000  9.8  120

P = =  = 3920 W
3 t 3 3600
Ex.7 A person of mass 60 kg is capable of taking a 15 kg massive objets to a height of 10 m in 3 miutes. The efficiency
of person is -
work output mgh
Sol. % Efficiency   work input  100 = (m  M)gh  100

 m   15 
=    100 =    100 = 20%
m M  15  60 

Ex.8 An automobile of mass m accelerates from rest. If the engine supplies constant power p, the velocity at time t is
given by
Sol. Given that power = Fv = p = constant

dv mdv
or m vp [as F = ma =
dt dt

p
or  v dv   m dt
v2 p
 t  C1
2 m
Now as initially, the body is at rest i.e. v = 0 at t = 0 so, C1 = 0

2pt
 v
m
Ex.9 In the above problem, the position (s) at time (t) is given by

1/ 2
ds ds  2pt 
Sol. By definition v  or   [From (1)]
dt dt  m 

1/ 2 1/ 2
 2pt   2p  2 3/2
  
ds  
 m 
 dt  s  
m 3
t  C2

1/ 2
 8p 
Now as t = 0, s = 0, so C2 = 0  s    t3 / 2
 9m 

Ex.10 A particle moving in a straight line is acted by a force, which works at a constant rate and changes its velocity from
u to v in passing over a distance x. The time taken will be

mdv
Sol. The froce acting on the particle =
dt

 mdv  v2
Power of the force =   v  k (constant)  m  kt  c ....(1)
 dt  2

mu 2 v2 mu 2 1
at t = 0, v = u  c Now from (1), m  kt   m(v2 – u2) = kt ....(2)
2 2 2 2

mdv dv
Again vk  m.v v=k  mv2 dv = kdx
dt dx

1 3  v 2  u 2 
Intergrating, = m(v3 – u3) = kx ....(3) From (2) and (3), t = 2 3 3 
x
3  v u 
3. ENERGY
 The energy of a body is defined as the capacity of doing work.
 There are various form of energy
(i) mechanical energy (ii) chemical energy (iii) electrical energy (iv) magnetic energy
(v) nuclear energy (vi) sound energy (vii) light energy etc
 Energy of system always remain constant it can neither be created nor it can be destroyed however it may be
converted from one form to another
Example

Electric energy Motor Mechanical energy

 


Mechanical energy Generator Electrical energy



Light energy Photocell Electrical energy

 


Electrical energy 

Heater
 Heat energy

Electrical energy 

Radio
 Sound energy

Nuclear energy Nuclear Re actor Electrical energy



Chemical energy Cell Electrical energy



Electrical energy Secondary Cell Chemical energy



Heat energy Incendence nt lamp Light


 Energy is a scalar quantity
 Unit : Its unit is same as that of work or torque.
In MKS : Joule, watt sec
In CGS : Erg
Note : 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 joule
1 KWh = 36 × 105 joule
107 erg = 1 joule
 Dimension [M1L2T–2]
 According to Einstein’s mass energy equivalence principle mass and energy are inter convertible i.e. they can be
changed into each other
Energy equivalent of mass m is, E = mc2
Where, m : mass of the particle
c : velocity of light
E : equivalent energy corresponding to mass m.
 In mechanis we are concerned with mechanical energy only which is of two type
(a) kinetic energy (ii) potential energy
3.1 Kinetic energy
 The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy
 If a body of mass m is moving with velocity v, its kinetic energy

1
KE = mv2, for translatory motion
2

1
KE = I2, for rotational motion
2
 Kinetic energy is always positive

p2 1
 If linear momentum of body is p, KE =  mv 2 - for translatory motion
2m 2

J2 1 2
 If angular momentum of body is J, KE =  I - for rotational motion
2I 2

 p or J  E p : momentum E : kinetic energy

E
E E

P 1/P P

 The kinetic energy of a moving body is measured by the amount of work which has been done in bringing the
body from the rest position to its present moving position or
 The kinetic energy of a moving body is measured by the amount of work which the body can do against the
external forces before it comes to rest.

1 1
 If a body performs translatory and roational motion simultaneously, its total kinetic energy = mv 2  I2
2 2
3.1.1 Work energy Theorem :
 For translatory motion : Work done by all the external forces acting on a body is equal to change in its kinetic
energy of translation.

1 1
Work done by all the external forces = change in K.E of translation = m1v12  m 2 v 22
2 2
 For rotational motion : Work done by all the external torque acting on a rigid body is equal to change in its
1 2 1 2
rotational kinetic energy. Work done by all the external torque = I1  I2
2 2
Note : In simple words K = Kf – Ki = W in the work energy theorem if only energy changed is kinetic energy.
3.2 Potential energy
 The energy which a body has by virtue of its position or configuration in a conservation force field
 Potential energy is a relative quantity.
 Potential energy is defined only for conservative force field.
 Potential energy of a body at any position in a conservation force field is defined as the workdone by an external
agent against the action of conservation force in order to shift it from reference point.
(PE = 0) to the present position or.
 Potential energy of a body in a conservation force field is equal to the work done by the body in moving from its
present position to reference position.
 At reference position, the potential energy of the body is zero or the body has lost the capacity of doing work.
 U U U
 Relationship between conservative force field and potential energy (U) F U  grad (U) = – î  ĵ  k̂
x y z

Ex. (i) U = 3x2  F  6 x î (ii) U = 2x2y + 3y2x + xz2


 F  ( 4 xy  3 y 2  z 2 )  (2x 2  6 xy )  (2xz)
 x2

 If force varies only with one dimension thenF = –

dU
dx
or
U  Fdx
x1

 Potential energy may be positive or negative

i) Potential energy is positive, if force field is repulsive in nature
ii) Potential energy is negative, if force field is attractive in nature

Repulsion forces
U+ve
U-ve r
Attraction forces

 If r  (separation between body and force centre), U , force field is attractive or vice-versa.
 If r , U , force field is repulsive in nature.
3.2.1 Different types of forces and corresponding P.E
(a) Gravitational potential energy :
For small distances above or below the earth surface :
Reference point = Earth surface i.e. P.Esurface = 0
P.E above the earth surface is positive and below the earth surface is negative and in magnitude it is equal to mgh
For greater distance :
Reference point = i.e. P.E = 0

GMm
P.E. = – , for r > R
r
Where R = radius of earth, r = distance of body from the centre of earth, m = mass of body,
M = mass of earth
Electrostatic potential energy :
Reference point = i.e. P.E = 0

KQ1Q 2
P.E. = – , [value of Q1 and Q2 are substituted with sign.]
r
Intermolecular potential energy :
Reference point = i.e. P.E = 0
a b dU 6b  2a / b 
U (r) = 12  6 , F=–    1
dr 7 6
r r r  r 
Elastic potential energy :
1
Which is associated with the state of compression of extension of an elastic object U (x) = kx2 where k =
2
spring constant, x = change in dimensions
3.2.2 Potential energy curve
A graph plotted between the PE of a particle and its displacement
from the centre of force field is called PE curve
Using graph, we can predict the rate of motion of a particle at
various positions.

dU
Force on the particle is F(x) = –
dx
Case : I On increasing x, if U increase, force is in (–)ve x-direction i.e. attraction force.
Case : II On increasing x, if U decreases, force is in (+)ve x-direction i.e. repulsion force.
Different positions of a particle
Position of equilibrium
If net force acting on a body is zero, it is said to be in equilibrium for equilibrium

dU
= 0 Points P, Q, R and S are the states of equilibrium positions.
dx
3.2.3 Types of equilibrium :
Stable equilibrium - When a particle is displaced slightly from a position and a force acting on it brings it back
to the initial position, it is said to be in state equilibriums position.

dU d2U
Necessary conditions - = 0,   ve
dx dx 2
 Unstable equilibrium : When a particle is displaced slightly from a position a position and force acting on it
tries to displace the practice further away from the equilibrium position, it is said to be in unstable equilibrium.

dU d2U
Condition : = 0 potential energy is max i.e. =   ve
dx dx 2
 Neutral equilibrium : In the neutral equilibrium potential energy is constant when a particle is displaced from its
position it does not experiences any force to acting on it and continues to be in equilibrium in the displaced
position, it is said to be in neutral equilibrium.
Example based on Energy
Ex.11 A meter scale of mass m initially vertical is dispalced at 45º keeping the upper and fixed, the charge in PE will be-
Sol. Work = change in PE = Force × displacement

/2 45º G'

 
dU = mg (1  cos )
2 G

1 mg  1 
= mg × (1  cos 45 º ) (  = 1m) = 1  
2 2  2

Ex.12 If the speed of a car increases 4 times, the stopping distance for this will increase by -
Sol. Work = Change in KE

1 1 2
FS = mv2 – 0 = mv
2 2

S' v' 2 S'

   16  S’ = 16 S
S v2 S
b c
Ex.13 If the potential energy function for a particle is U = a –  the force constant for oscillation will be.
x x2

b c
Sol. U = a –  .........(1)
x x2

dU b 2c
  2  3 .........(2)
dx x x
 d2U 1  6c 
and   2b   .........(3)
dx 2 x 3  x 

` for equilibrium

dU 2c
0 x =
dx b

3
d2U  b   6c  b 4
Substituting this value in (3)     2b  
dx 2  2c   2c / b  8c 3

d2U
as K K = b4/8c3
dx 2
Ex.14 On passing through a woodn sheet a bullet looses 1/20 of initial velocity. The minimum number of sheets required
to completely stop the bullet will be-
Sol. Use v2 = u2 + 2as
for a sheet of thickness s v = (19/20)u

 19 
 20 u   u  2as
2

 

 39  u 2
2as = (361/400)u2 – u2 a=–  
 400  2s

u2 u2
suppose for n sheet v = 0 02 = u2 + 2a (ns) n = – =  11
2as  39  u 2
2  s
 400  2s

Ex.15 The work done in taking out 2 lit of water using a bucket of mass 0.5 kg from a well of dpeth 6m will be-
Sol. W = mgh
= (mbucket + mwater)gh [2 Lit water = 2 kg water]
= (0.5 + 2.00) × 9.8 × 6
= 15 × 9.8 = 147 J
Ex.16 A body has velocity 200 m/s and its kinetic energy is 200 J. The mass of the body would be

1
Sol. mv 2  E
2

 2E  2  200 4  102 1
or m 2    m = 0.01 kg
 v  ( 200 ) 2 4  10 4
100

Ex.17 A body of mass 8 kg moves under the influence of a force. The position of the body and time are related as x = 1/
2t2 where x is in meter and t in sec. The work done by the force in first two seconds.
Sol. Work done = change in kinetic energy

2 2
1 1  dx  1  2t 
or mv 2  m   m 
2 2  dt  2 2

2
1 2 2
 8    16Joules
2  2 
Ex.18 A body falls on the surface of the earth from a height of 20 cm. If after colliding with the earth, its mechanical
energy is lost by 75%, then body would reach upto a height of

1
Sol. mgh  mgh'
4

h 1
 h'    20  5cm
4 4

Ex.19 Potential energy function describing the interaction between two atoms of a diatomic molecule is U( x )  a  b
x 12 x 6
In stable equilibrium, the distance between them would be
Sol. In stable equilibrium potential energy is minimum. For minimum value of U(x)

d
[U( x )]  0
dx

d  a b  12a 6b
or   0 or  0
dx  x12 x 6  x 13
x7

6
or ( 2a  bx 6 )  0 or bx6 – 2a = 0
x 13

1/ 6
 2a 
 x 
 b 

Ex.20 Two electrons are at a distance of 1 × 10–12m from each other. Potential energy (in eV) of this system would be
Sol. Potential energy of the system

Kq1q2
U
r

9  10 9  1.6  10 19  1.6  10 19

 = 23.04 × 10—17 Joule
1 10 12

23.04  10 17
 19
eV  1.44  10 3 eV
1.6  10

K
Ex.21 Potential energy function U(r) corresponding to the central force F  would be
r2
Sol. Central force is conservative. Therefore

 dU  
F(r )   VU   r̂ or dU  F(r ). dr  F(r ) dr
dr

K 1
  
U  dU   F(r ) dr    2 dr  K r 2
dr  Kr 1  C

If at r = ¥, U = 0, then C = 0

K
U = Kr–1 =
r
Ex.22 The stopping distance for a vehicle of mass M moving with speed v along level road, will be ( is the coefficient of
friction between tyres and the road)
Sol. When the vehical of mass m is moving with velocity v, the kinetic energy of the where K = 1/2 mv 2 and if S is the
stopping distance, work done by the firction
W = FS cos  = m MgS cos 180º = – m MgS
So by Work-Energy theorem, W = DK = Kf – ki
 – MgS = 0 – 1/2 Mv2

v2
 S=
2g
Ex.23 A particle of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle of radius r, under a centripetal force equal to (–k/r 2), where k
is constant. The total energy of the particle is
Sol. As the particle is moving in a circle, so

mv 2 k 1 k
 2 Now K.E = mv2 =
r r 2 2r
r
Now as F   dU
dr 
P.E, U   F dr


r
k 


   2  dr
r 

k
r
So total energy = U + K.E.
k k k
  
r 2r 2r
Negative energy means that particle is in bound state.
Ex.24 The work done by a person in carrying a box of mass 10 kg. through a vertical height of 10 m is 4900J. The
mass of the person is
Sol. Let the mass of the person is m .
Work done, W = P.E at height h above the earth surface.
= (M + m) gh
or 4900 = (M + 10) 9.8 x 10
or M = 40 kg
Ex.25 A uniform rod of length 4m and mass 20kg is lying horizontal on the ground. The work done in keeping it vertical
with one of its ends touching the ground, will be - .
Sol. As the rod is kept in vertical position the shift in the centre of gravity is equal to the half the length = l/2

Work done w = mgh = mg
2

4
= 20 x 9.8 x = 392 J
2
Ex.26 A man throws the bricks to the height of 12 m where they reach with a speed of 12 m/sec. If he throws the bricks
such that they just reach this height, what percentage of energy will he save
1
Sol. In first case, W1 = m(v1)2 + mgh
2

1
 m(12)2 + m × 10 × 12
2
= 72 m + 120 m
and in second case, W 2 = mgh
= 120 m
192m  120m
The percentage of energy saved   100  38%
192m
4. LINEAR MOMENTUM

 The product of mass and velocity of the body is called the momentum  
P mv
 Momentum is a vector quantity and its direction is always along the direction of velocity.
 Unit : In MKS : kg-m/sec or N-sec
In C.G.S gm-cm/sec or Dyne-sec
 Dimensions : [M1L1T–1]
 The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the magnitude of applied external force

 dP
= Fext  for v << c
dt

where c = speed of light but when speed v is very near to c then momentum is given by
mv
2
P= v
1  
c

 The momentum measure the motion of body

Example based on Linear Momentum
Ex.27 On increasing the momentum of a body by 100% the increase in its KE will be-
Sol. E = p2/2m
2
E2 p22
 2 = 
200 
 =4
E1 p1  100 
E 2  E1 4  1 E 2  E1
 3   100 = 300%
E1 1 E1
Ex.28 A jet of water whose cross-section is a, strickes a wall making an angle  with normal and elastically rebounds.
The velocity of water of density d is v. Force exerted on the wall is




Sol. If m kg water strikes the wall in one sec. and rebounds elastically, then the change of its momentum
= 2mv cos  (perpendicular to wall) per sec.
But m = vad
 Force = rate of change of momentum
= 2av2d cos 
Ex.29 Sand is falling on a conveyor belt at the rate of m kg per second. The force needed to maintain its velocity v m/s
is (in newton)
Sol. The change in momentum of the sand of mass m kg to gain a velocity v.
= mv per sec.
 required force = mv
Ex.30 If the increase in kinetic energy of a body is 300% then the increase in its momentum would be
Sol. Initial kinetic energy E1 = 1/2 mv12
Final kinetic energy
 1 1  1  1
E2  mv 12  3 mv 12   4  mv 12   mv 22
2 2  2  2

1 1 2
mv 22 4 mv 1 
E2 2
  2    4
E1 1 2 1 2
mv 1 mv 1
2 2

v 22 v2
or 4 or 2
v12 v1

mv 2
or 2 or mv2 = 2mv1
mv 1

 Increase in momentum = 2mv1 – mv1

= mv1

mv 1
 % increase in momentum =  100 = 100 %
mv 1

Ex.31 The momentum of a 10,000 kg truck whose velocity is 20m/s will be

Sol. The momentum of truck, p = mv
= 10, 000 x 20
= 2 x 105 kg m/s
Ex.32 In the above question, the velocity which a 5000kg truck attain in order to have the same momentum, will be
Sol. If m’ is the mass of second truck and v’ its velocity, then

p 2  10 5
v'    40 m / s
m' 5000

Ex.33 In the above example,. what must be the velocity to have same kinetic energy (in m/s)
Sol. The kinetic energy of first truck = 1/2 mv2 and the kinetic energy of second Jruck = 1/2 m’v’2

1 1
Now mv 2  m' v' 2
2 2

mv 2 10,000( 20 ) 2
 v'2  
m' 5000

 v’ = 20 2 m/s

Ex.34 The rate of burning of fuel in a rocket is 50gm/sec. and comes out with velocity 4 x 10 3m/s. The force exerted
by gas on rocket will be
Sol. The rate of change of momentum is equal to force

dp dm
F v (Here v is constt.)
dt dt

dm
Here v = 4 × 103 m/s & = 50 × 10–3 kg/s
dt

 F = 4 × 103 × 50 × 10–3 = 200 N

 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

EXERCISE 812
1. The same retarding force is applied to stop a train. If the speed is doubled then the distance will be :
(A) eight times (B) doubled (C) half (D) four times
2. Work done in time t on a body of mass m which is accelerated from rest to a speed v in time t 1 as a
function of time t is given by :
2
1 v 2 v 2 1  mv  2 1 v2 2
(A) 2 m t t (B) m t t (C)  t t (D) m 2 t
1 1 2  t 1  2 t1
3. A particle moves under the effect of a force F = kx 2 from x = 0 to x = 4 the work done by force is :
8k 32k 64k 128k
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
4. There are two identical massless springs A and B of spring constants K A and KB respectively and
KA > KB. Then :
(A) If they are compressed to same distance, then work done on A > work done on B
(B) If they are compressed by same force work done on A < work done on B
(C) If they are compressed by same force work done on A > work done on B
(D) Both A and B are correct.
5. Force acting on a particle moving in a straight line varies with the velocity of the particle as F = KV.
Where K is constant. The work done by this force in time t is :
(A) KVt (B) K2V2t2 (C) K2Vt (D) KV2t

6. A man pulls a bucket of water from a well of depth H. If the mass of the rope and that of the bucket full
of water are m and M respectively, then the work done by the man is :

m  mM  M
(A) (m + M)gh (B)   M  gh (C)   gh (D)  m   gh
2   2   2
7. A small block of mass m is kept on a rough inclined surface of inclination fixed in a elevator. The
elevator goes up with a uniform velocity v and the block does not slide on the wedge. The work done
by the force of friction on the block in time t will be :
(A) zero (B) mgvt cos2 (C) mgvt sin2 (D) mgvt sin 2

8. A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity at angle  to the horizontal. The kinetic energy KE of the ball
varies with horizontal displacement x as:

(A) (B) (C) (D)

9. A body m1 is projected upwards with velocity v1 another body m1 of same mass is projected at
an angle of 450. Both reach the same height. What is the ratio of their kinetic energies at the point
of projection ?
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/4
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
10. Potential energy function describing the interaction between two atoms of a diatomic molecule is
a b
U(r )  12
 6
r r
Force acting between them will be zero when the distance between them would be :
1/ 6 1/ 6 1/ 6 1/ 6
 2a   b  a b
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 b   2a  b a
11. A block of mass m moving with speed v compresses a spring through distance x before its speed is
halved. What is the value of spring constant ?
3mv 2 mv 2 mv 2 2mv 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4x 2 4x 2 2x 2 x2
1
12. A force F acting on a body depends on its speed V as F  . The power delivered byF will
V2
depends on displacement as :
(A) S 0 (B) S 1/ 4 (C) S  1 / 4 (D) S  2 / 3
13. The work done by the frictional force in drawing a circle of radius r by a pencil of negligible mass
with a normal pressing force N (coefficient of friction µk ) is :
2 2 2
(A) 4r µkN (B) –2r µkN (C) –3r µkN (D) –2rµkN
14. A body of mass 2 kg is kept on a rough horizontal surface as shown in the figure. Find the
work done by frictional force in the time interval t = 0 to t = 5 sec.

(A) zero (B) +15 J (C) –20 J (D) data insufficient

15. Displacement time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. Select
correct alternative :

(A) Work done by all forces in region OA is positive

(B) Work done by all forces in region AB is negative
(C) Work done by all forces in region BC is positive
(D) Work done by all forces in region AB is positive
 
16. Two constant forces F1 and F2 acts on a body of mass 8 kg. These forces displaces the body from

point P(1, -2, 3) to Q(2, 3, 7) in 2s starting from rest. Force F1 is of magnitude 9 N and is acting

along vector ( 2î  2ˆj  k̂ ) . Work done by the force F2 is :
(A) 80J (B) -80 J (C) -180 J (D) 180 J
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
17. A pump motor is used to deliver water at a certain rate from a given pipe at the same level.
To obtain 'n' times water from the same pipe in the same time the amount by which the power
of the motor should be increased :
(A) n2 (B) n3 (C) n4 (D) n1/2
18. A body of mass 2 kg is being dragged with a uniform velocity of 2 ms–1 on a horizontal plane. The
coefficient of friction between the body and the surface is 0.2. Work done in 5 sec is :
(A) 39.2 J (B) 9.32 J (C) 23.9 J (D) 93.2 J
19. A particle is released from a height H. At certain height its kinetic energy is two times its potential
energy. Height and speed of particle at that instant are :

H 2gH H gH 2H 2gH H
(A) , (B) ,2 (C) , (D) , 2gH
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

20. Force acting on a particle moving in a straight line varies with the velocity of the particle as
F=k/v, where k is constant. The work done by this force in time t is :

k 2kt
(A) t (B) 2kt (C) kt (D)
v2 v2

21. A bob hangs from a rigid support by an inextensible string of length l. If it is displaced through a
distance l (from the lowest position) keeping the string straight & released, the speed of the bob
at the lowest position is:

(A) g (B) 3 g (C) 2g (D) 5 g

22. Velocity-time graph of a particle of mass 2 kg moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. Work
done by all the forces on the particle is :

20

t (s)
2

(A) 400 J (B) –400 J (C) –200 J (D) 200 J

2
23. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg varies with time as P  3t watt. Here t is in second.
2
If velocity of particle at t = 0 is v = 0. The velocity of particle at time t = 2 s will be :

(A) 1 m/s (B) 4 m/s (C) 2 m/s (D) 2 2 m/s

3
24. A particle moves on a rough horizontal ground with some initial velocity say v0. If of its kinetic
4
energy is lost in friction in time t0. Then coefficient of friction between the particle and the ground is :
v0 v0 3v 0 v0
(A) 2gt 0 (B) 4gt 0 (C) 4gt 0 (D) gt 0
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
25. A body is dropped from a certain height. When it loses U amount of its energy it acquires a
velocity 'v'. The mass of the body is :
2 2 2
(A) 2U/v (B) 2v/U (C) 2v/U (D) U /2v
26. A block of mass m is suspended by a light thread from an elevator. The elevator is accelerating
upward with uniform acceleration a. The work done during t secs by the tension in the thread is :

T
a
m

m m m
(A) (g  a ) at 2 (B) (g  a ) at 2 (C) gat 2 (D) 0
2 2 2
27. A 5.0 kg block moves in a straight line on a horizontal frictionless surface under the influence of
a force that varies with position as shown in figure. How much work done by the force as the
block moves from the origin to x=8m ?
F(N)

0 2 4 5

(A) 30 J (B) 16 J (C) 46 J (D) 14 J

28. Work done by the conservative forces on a system is equal to :
(A) the change in kinetic energy of the system.
(B) the change in potential energy of the system.
(C) the change in total mechanical energy of the system.
(D) none of these
29. Force acting on a particle is (2 î  3 ĵ ) N. Work done by this force is zero, when a particle is
moved on the line 3y + kx = 5. Here value of k is :
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
30. Which of the following forces is non conservative one?
(A) 3î  4ˆj (B) 4 x î  3yˆj (C) 3x 2 î  4 y 2 ˆj (D) y 2 î  x 2 ˆj
31. A particle is acted upon by a force (in newtons) which varies with position X in meters as shown in the
figure :

(A) Work done by force F between X = 0 to X = 2 m is +20 J

(B) Work done by force F between X = 4 m to X = 6 m is –15 J
(C) Work done by force F between X = 4 m to X = 6 m is +10 J
(D) Change in KE between X = 0 to X = 6 m is 15 J.
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

32. A particle is moved from (0,0) to (a,a) under a force F  3î  4ˆj from two paths. Path 1 is OP and
path 2 is OQP. Let W1 and W2 be the work done by the force in these two paths. Then :

P(a,a)

O Q

(A) W1 = W2 (B) W1 = 2W2 (C) W2 = 2W1 (D) W2 = 4W1

33. Three identical particles are joined together by a thread as shown in the figure. All the three particles
are moving on a smooth horizontal plane about point O. If the speed of the outermost particle is v0,
then the ratio of tension in the three sections of the string is (Assume that the string remains straight) :

O A B C
(A) 3 : 5 : 7 (B) 3 : 4 : 5 (C) 7 : 11 : 6 (D) 3 : 5 : 6
34. A stone of mass 4 kg is attached to a string of 10 m length and is whirled in a horizontal circle. The
string can withstand a maximum tension of 160 N. Calculate the maximum velocity of revolution that
can be given to the stone without breaking the string.
(A) 10 m/s (B) 20 m/s (C) 30 m/s (D) 5 m/s
35. A rod of length 1 m and mass 0.5 kg hinged at one end, is initially hanging vertically. The other end is
now slowly raised until it makes an angle 60º with the vertical. The required work is
(g = 9.8 m/s2) :
(A) 1.522 J (B) 1.225 J (C) 2.125 J (D) 3.125 J
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

EXERCISE
EXERCISE 8283
1. A particle of mass m is moved on a rough horizontal surface on a closed path as shown in the figure.
If coefficient of friction between the particle and the surface is , then find the work done by frictional
force on the particle over closed path ABCDA.
B
l
l1
C

A
l
l
D

2. A ball of mass m is thrown in air with speed v1 from a height h1 and it is caught at a height h2 (>h1)
when its speed becomes v2. Find the work done on the ball by the air resistance.
3. An advertisement claims that a certain 1200kg car can accelerate from rest to a speed of 25m/s in a
time of 8s. What average power must the motor produce to cause this acceleration ? (ignore friction
losses)
4. A man weighing 55 kg supports a body of 20kg on his head. Calculate work done by him if he
move a distance of 20m.
(a) on a horizontal road,
(b) upon a smooth incline of 1 in 5.
(Take g = 10 m/s2)
5. A 16kg block moving on a frictionless horizontal surface with a velocity of 4m/sec compresses an
ideal spring and comes to rest. If the force constant of the spring by 100N/m, then how much is the
spring compressed ?
6. The figure shows a smooth circular path of radius R in the vertical plane which subtends an angle
(/2) at O. A block of mass m is taken from position A to B under the action of a constant horizontal
force F.
O
B

F
A
(a) Find the work done by this force.
(b) In part (a) if the block is being pulled by a force F which is always tangential to the surface, find the
work done the force F between A and B.
7. A block of mass m is attached to two unstretched springs of spring constants k1 and k2 as shown in the
figure. The block is displaced towards right through a distance ‘x’ and is released. Find the speed of
the block as it passes through a distance x/4 from its mean position.
k1 k2
m
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
8. An observer and a vehicle, both start moving together from rest with accelerations 5m/s2 and 2m/s2,
respectively. There is a 2 kg block on the floor of the vehicle, and = 0.3 between their surfaces. Find
the work done by frictional force on the 2kg block as observed by the running observer, during first 2
seconds of the motion.
2m/s2
5m/s

2kg

 1
9. A small body is projected up a rough     inclined plane  = 60º) with a speed of v = 10m/s as
 2
shown. How far along the plane it moves up before coming to rest? (Take g = 10m/s2)

/s
10m
v=
60º

10. A pump motor is used to deliver water at a certain rate from a given pipe. The obtain ‘n’ times water
from the same pipe in the same time by what amount (a) the force and (b) power of the motor should
be increased?
11. A chain is held on a frictionless table with (1/n)th of its length hanging over the edge. If the chain has a
length ‘L’ and a mass ‘M’, how much works is required to pull the hanging part back on the table?
12. The human heart discharges 75cc of blood through the arteries at each beat against an average pressure
of 10cm of mercury. Assuming that the pulse frequency is 72 per minute, calculate the rate of working
of heart in watt. (density of mercury = 13.6 g/cc and g = 9.8 m/s2)
13. A particle of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle of radius r, under a centripetal force equal to
–(K/r)2, where K is constant. What is the total energy of the particle ?
14. A block is pulled a distance x along a rough horizontal table by a horizontal string. If the tension in the
string is T, the weight of the block is W, the normal reaction is N and frictional force is F. Write down
expressions for the work done by each of these forces.
1
15. A 1.8kg block is moved at constant speed over a surface for which coefficient of friction   . It is
4
pulled by a force F acting at 45º with horizontal as shown in figure. The block is displaced by 2m. Find
the work done on the block by (a) the force F (b) friction (c) gravity.
F
45º

16. Velocity-time graph of a particle of mass 2kg moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. Find the
work done by all forces acting on the particle.
v(m/s)
20

2 t(s)
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
17. A block of mass m is pulled by a constant power P placed on a rough horizontal plane. The friction
co-efficient between the block and surface is . Find the maximum velocity of the block.

18. Kinetic energy of a particle is increased by 1%. By how much percentage momentum of the particle
will increase?

19. A particle of mass m moves on a straight line with its velocity varying with the distance travelled
according to the equation v = a x , where a is a constant. Find the total work done by all the forces
during a displacement from x = 0 to x = d.

 x3 
20. Potential energy of a particle moving along x-axis is given by : U    4x  6 
 3 
Here, U is in joule and x in meter. Find position of stable and unstable equilibrium.
21. Force acting on a particle moving along x-axis is as shown in figure. Find points of stable and unstable
equilibrium.

F
B
C E x
A

D
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

EXERCISE
EXERCISE 8384
1. An object of mass m is tied to a string of length l and a variable horizontal
force is applied on it which is initially zero and gradually increases until
the string makes an angle  with the vertical. Workdone by the force  L
F is : F

(A) mgl(1 – sin) (B) mgl (C) mgl(1 – cos) (D) mgl(1 + cos )
2. A particle of mass M is moving in a horizontal circle of radius ‘R’ under the centripetal force equal to
K/R2, where K is constant. The potential energy of the particle is :
(A) K/2R (B) –K/2R (C) K/R (D) –K/R

3. A particle falls from rest under gravity. Its potential energy with respect to the ground (PE) and its
kinetic energy (KE) are plotted against time (t). Choose the correct graph .

(A) (B) (C) (D)

4. The potential energy of a particle varies with position x according to the relation U(x) = 2x4 – 27 x the
point x = 3/2 is point of :
(A) Unstable equilibrium (B) Stable equilibrium
(C) neutral equilibrium (D) none of these

5. A block of mass m is pushed towards a movable wedge of m and height h, with a velocity u. All surfaces
are smooth. The minimum value of u for which the block will reach the top of the wedge is :

(A) 2gh (B)  2gh (C) 2gh (1  1 / ) (D) 2gh (1  1 / )

6. A simple pendulum has a string of length l and bob of mass m. When the bob is at its lowest position,
it is given the minimum horizontal speed necessary for it to move in a circular path about the point of
suspension. The tension in the string at the lowest position of the bob is :
(A) 3mg (B)4mg (C) 5 mg (D) 6 mg
7. A particle of mass m is projected with velocity u at an angle  with horizontal. During the period
when the particle descends from highest point to the position where its velocity vector makes an
angle /2 with horizontal. Work done by the gravity force is :

1  1 1  1
(A) mu2 tan2 (B) mu2 tan2  (C) mu2 cos2  tan2 (D) mu2 cos2/2 sin2
2 2 2 2 2 2
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
8. A uniform rod of mass m and length  rotates in a horizontal plane with an angular velocity  about
a vertical axis passing through one end. The tension in the rod at a distance x from the axis is
1 2  x 1 m2 2
 
2
1 1 2 x
(A) m 2 x (B) m (C) m 1   (D)   x2
2 2  2   2 
9. The potential energy of a particle of mass 1 kg is U = 10 + (x – 2)2. Here U is in joules and x in
meters on the positive x-axis particle travels upto x = +6 m. The maximum kinetic energy of the
particle is :
(A) 16 J (B) 10 J (C) 6 J (D) 20 J
 The potential energy of a particle of mass 2 kg, moving along the x-axis is given by
U( x )  16( x 2  2 x )J , where x is in metres. Its speed at x = 1 m is 2 m/s. Choose incorrect
statement.
(A) The motion of the particle is uniformly accelerated.
(B) The motion of the particle is oscillatory from x = 0.5 m to x = 1.5 m.
(C) The motion of the particle is simple harmonic
(D) The period of oscillation of the particle is/2 s.
11. A small object with mass m = 0.01 kg is attached to the free end of an ideal spring with k
= 10 N/m. The other end of the spring is connected to a fixed frictionless pivot located at the
origin O as shown in the figure. The relaxed length of the spring is 0.1 m. An unspecified force
F carries the object at rest in vertical plane from point A to point B. At point B, the object
has the speed 5 m/s. The work done by the force F is (g = 10 m/s2) :

(A) – 0.895 J (B) – 1.255 J (C) 1.255 J (D) 0.895 J

12. Two chains A and B of mass m each and length l and l / 2 respectively are lying on the ground. They
are to be placed on a wall of height l hanging symmetrically on the both sides. If WA and WB be the
WA
work done in doing so, W is :
B
6 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
7 2 3
3t 2
13. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2kg varies with time as P  W here ‘t’ is in second. If
2
velocity of particle at t  0 is v  0 . The velocity of particle at time t  2s will be :
(A) 1 m/s (B) 4 m/s (C) 2 m/s (D) 2 2 m/s

Given F =  xy 2  iˆ   x 2 y  ˆj newton. Find the work done by F when a particle is taken along the

14.
semicircular path OAB where the co-ordinates of B are (4, 0).

65 75 73
(a) J (b) J (c) J (d) zero
3 2 4
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
15. A n engine of mass m is moving up a slope of inclination  at a speed v. The coefficient of
friction between engine and the rail is µ. If the engine has an efficiency  then the energy spent
by engine in time 't' is :
mg (µ cos ) vt
(A) mg (sin   µ cos ) vt (B) 
mg (sin   µ cos ) vt mg  sin  
(C) (D)   vt
 2   
16. A 0.5 kg block slides from A on horizontal track with an initial speed 3 ms –1 towards a weightless
horizontal spring of length 1 m and force constant 2 Nm–1. The part AB of the track is frictionless and
the part BC has the coefficient of static and kinetic friction as 0.22 and 0.20 respectively. If the
distance AB and BD are 2 m and 2.14 m respectively, the total distance through which the block
moves before it comes to rest completely is :

A B D C

(A) 2.5 m (B) 4.42 m (C) 4.24 m (D) 2.44 m

17. A small block of mass m is released from rest from and point D and slides down DGF and reaches
the point F with speed vF. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block and both the surfaces DG
and GF is µ, the velocity vF is :
m
D
S1
( G
y
S2
x1 (
x F
E
x

(A) 2g( y  x ) (B) 2g ( y  µx ) (C) 2gy (D) 2g ( y 2  x 2 )

18. A small block slides with velocity 0.5 gr on the horizontal frictionless surface as shown in the
figure . The block leaves the surface at point C. The angle  in the figure is :
v0
B
A
C
r vC
 r mg

O D
4 3 1 4
(A) cos 1 (B) cos 1 (C) cos 1 (D) cos 1
9 4 2 2r
19. A body of mass 2 kg is being dragged with a uniform velocity of 2 ms–1 on a horizontal plane. The
coefficient of friction between the body and the surface is 0.2. Work done in 5 sec is :
(A) 39.2 J (B) 9.32 J (C) 23.9 J (D) 93.2 J
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
20. A block of mass m is attached with a massless spring of force constant k. The block is placed
3
over a rough inclined surface for which the coefficient of friction is µ  . The minimum value of
4
M required to move the block up the plane is(Neglect mass of string and pulley and friction in
pulley):

m M

37°

3 4 3
(A) m (B) m (C) 2m (D) m
5 5 2
21. A car of mass m starts moving so that its velocity varies according to the law v  a s , where a
is a constant, and s is the distance covered. The total work performed by all the forces which are
acting on the car during the first t seconds after the beginning of motion is :
42 24 42 24
(A) ma t /8 (B) ma t /8 (C) ma t /4 (D) ma t /4
22. A particle is displaced from x = –6 m to x = +6 m. A force F acting on the particle during its
motion is shown in figure. Graph between work done by this force (W) and displacement (x)
should be :

+10

–6

W(J) W(J) W(J) W(J)

+30
–6 +3 +6 –6 +3 –6 –6
(A) x(m)
(B) +6 x(m) (C) +6 x(m)
(D) +3 +6 x(m)
–60 –60 –60
–60
–75 –75

23. In the figure a block slides along a track from one level to a higher level, by moving through an
intermediate valley. The track is frictionless untill the block reaches the higher level. There a
frictional force stops the block in a distance d. The block's initial speed v0 is 6 m/s, the height
difference h is 1.1 m and the coefficient of kinetic friction µ is 0.6. The value of d is :

µ=0

(A) 1.17 m (B) 1.71 m (C) 7.11 m (D) 11.7 m

 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
24. A wedge of mass M fitted with a spring of stiffness 'k' is kept on a smooth horizontal surface. A
rod of mass m is kept on the wedge as shown in the figure. System is in equilibrium. Assuming that
all surfaces are smooth, the potential energy stored in the spring is:

m
k
M
(

mg 2 tan 2  m 2 g tan 2  m 2 g 2 tan 2  m 2 g 2 tan 2 

(A) (B) (C) (D)
2k 2k 2k k

25. A particle with mass 'm' is tied to one end of light inextensible string of length 'l' is displaced from
its vertical position of equilibrium with a velocity '', then :
(A) The particle will oscillate if 2 is greater than 5lg.
(B) The particle will leave the circular path 5lg > 2 > lg.
(C) The particle will make revolutions if 2 = 2lg.

(D)
T


 2  g  3gh 
m 
(given T = Tension at the height 'h' as order above the lowest point)
26. In the figure shown, the system is released from rest. Find the velocity of block A when block B has fallen
a distance 'l'. Assume all pulleys to be massless and frictionless.

A m

g
(A) (B) g (C) 5 g (D) None of these
5

27. A small ball is suspended through an inelastic string of length l from the roof of a vehicle which is
moving with velocity v. Now suddenly the vehicle stops and the ball starts moving along a circular
path. If tension in the string at the highest point is twice the weight of the ball, then :

(A) v  5lg

(B) velocity of the ball at the highest point is 7gl .

(C) velocity of the ball at highest point is less than 7l g .

(D) velocity of the ball at highest point is more than 3gl .

 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
28. If a particle is tied to a light inextensible string of length L fixed at P and particle is projected at a with
velocity v a  4gL as shown. The ratio of tension at c and b is :
b
v

P a

(A) 5 : 1 (B) 7 : 1 (C) 6 : 1 (D) 1 : 4


29. A force F   K ( yî  xˆj) , where K is a positive constant, acts on a particle moving in the xy plane.
Starting from the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to the point (a, 0) and then

parallel to the y-axis to the point (a, a). The total work done by the force F on the particle is :
(A) –2Ka2 (B) 2Ka2 (C) –Ka2 (D) Ka2
30. Two identical cylindrical vessels with their bases at the same level, each containing a liquid of density ρ
are joined base to base as shown. The height of the liquid in one vessel is h1 and in other is h2. The area
of either base is A. The work done by gravity to equalise water level in both is :

1 2 1 1
(A) zero (B)
2
 h 2  h12  ρ gA (C) (h2 – h1)2 ρ gA
2
(D) (h – h )2 ρ gA
4 2 1
31. A 10 kg block is pulled along a frictionless surface in the form of an arc of a circle of radius 10 m. The
applied force F is 200 N as shown in figure. If the block started from rest at P :

(A) the velocity at Q would be 20 m/s (B) the velocity at Q would be 17 m/s
(C) the velocity at Q would be 15.5 m/s (D) the velocity at Q would be 18 m/s
dv
32. A car moves on a horizontal track of radius r, the speed increasing constantly at rate  a , the
dt
coefficient of friction between road and type is µ. Find the speed at which car will skid.

u g   u g  
1 1
(A) 2 2
 a2 r2 4 (B) µgr (C) 2 2
 a2 r2 4 (D) ar
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

EXERCISE
EXERCISE 8485
1. A body constrained to move along the z-axis of a coordinate system is subject to a constant force F
given by

F  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ N
where î , ĵ, k̂ are unit vectors along the x, y and z-axes of the system respectively. What is the work
done by this force in moving the body a distance of 4 m along the z-axis?

2. A ring of mass m slides on a smooth vertical rod ; attached to the ring is a light
string passing over a smooth peg distant a from the rod, and at the other end of
the string is a mass M ( > m). The ring is held on a level with the peg and
released:
2mMa
Show that it first comes to rest after falling a distance : 2 .
M  m2

3. A small bodyA starts sliding from the height h down an inclined groove
passing into a half - circle of radius h/2 (see figure). Assuming the
friction to be negligible, find the velocity of the body at the highest
point of its trajectory (after breaking off the groove).

4. One end of a spring of natural length h and spring constant k is fixed

at the ground and the other is fitted with a smooth ring of mass m
which is allowed to slide on a horizontal rod fixed at a height h (see
figure). Initially, the spring makes an angle of 37° with the vertical
when the system is released from rest. Find the speed of the ring
when the spring becomes vertical.

5. Show that a particle projected with velocity (2ag) from the lowest point of a vertical circle of radius
a and moving inside it will just reach the end of the horizontal diameter; while if projected with velocity
(5ag) , it will just reach the highest point. Prove that the reaction at any point in the first case is
proportional to the depth below the horizontal diameter and in the second case to the depth below the
highest point.

6. A heavy particle is suspended by a string of length . The particle is given a horizontal velocity v0. The
string becomes slack at some angle and the particle proceeds” on a parabola. Find the value of v0 if
the particle passes through the point of suspension.

7. A particle of mass m moves along a circle of radius R with a normal acceleration varying with time as
a n  bt 2 , where b is a constant. Find the time dependence of the power developed by all the forces
acting on the particle, and the mean value of this power averaged over the first t seconds after the
beginning of motion.

8. A heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by a light inextensible string of length L is projected
horizontally with speed gL . Find the speed of the particle and the inclination of the string to the
vertical at the instant of the motion when the tension in the string equals the weight of the particle.
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
9. Two particles P and Q each of mass m are connected by a light inextensible string of length a. The
string lies over a smooth fixed cylinder of radius a whose axis is horizontal so that the string is just taut
and each particle is in level with the axis of cylinder. The system is slightly displaced so that P begins to
fall vertically. When the radius to Q has turned through an angle  from its initial position and Q is still
in contact with cylinder the common speed of particles is v.
(a) Show that v2 = ag ( – sin)
(b) Find the reaction of cylinder on Q
(c) Find the acceleration of P and tension in string in terms of m, g and .
10. The flexible bicycle-type chain of length r/2 and mass per unit length 
is released from rest with  = 0 in the smooth circular channel and falls
through the hole in the supporting surface. Determine the velocity v of the
chain as the last link leaves the slot.

11. A small body is placed on the top of a smooth hemisphere of radius R. When the sphere is given a
uniform horizontal acceleration a0 the body starts sliding down. (a) Find the velocity of body relative to
sphere at the instant of losing contact. (b) Find the angle  between radius vector drawn to the body
from centre of sphere at the time of losing contact if a0 = g.
12. An object has several forces acting on it. One of these forces is F  3xyî . Calculate the work done on
the object by this force for following displacements
(A) (0,4) to (2,4) parallel to x-axis (B) (2,0) to (2,4) parallel to y-axis
(C) From (0,0) to (2,4) along y = 2x.
13. A particle of mass m is free to rotate at the end of a light inextensible string fixed at its other end. If the
length of the string is  and the particle is projected horizontally from its lowest position with speed
6 g , find the greatest and least tensions in the string during the motion. Find also the resultant
acceleration of the particle when it is :
(a) at its lowest position. (b) at its highest position, (c) at level with the fixed end of the string.
14. A small block of mass m moving on the inside of a smooth fixed hemisphere of radius r, describes a
horizontal circle at a distance r/2 below the centre of the sphere. Find the time period and the force
with which the block pushes against the hemisphere.
15. A stone is thrown horizontally with the velocity 15 m/s. Determine the tangential and normal accelerations
of the stone in 1 second after it begins to move.
16. A particle of mass m is projected horizontally from the highest point of a smooth solid sphere. If the
particle loses contact with the surface after descending a vertical distance of one quarter of the
radius a of the sphere, find the speed of projection.
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

EXERCISE 856
MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWER TYPE
1. If the kinetic energy of a body is directly proportional to time t, the magnitude of the force acting on the
body is
(A) directly proportional to t (B) inversely proportional to t
(C) directly proportional to the speed of the body
(D) inversely proportional to the speed of the body
2. Work done by a force on an object is zero, if :
(A) the force is always perpendicular to its acceleration
(B) the object is stationary but the point of application of the force moves on the object
(C) the force is always perpendicular to its velocity
(D) the object moves in such a way that the point of application of the force remains fixed
3. A block of mass 2kg is hanging over a smooth and light pulley through a light string. The other end of
the string is pulled by a constant force F = 40N. The kinetic energy of the particle increases 40J in a
given interval of time. Then : (g = 10m/s2)
(A) tension in the string is 40N
(B) displacement of the block in the given interval of time is 2m
(C) work done by gravity is –20J (D) work done by tension is 80J
4. A particle moves in a straight line with constant acceleration under a constant force F. Select the
correct alternative (s)
(A) Power developed by this force varies linearly with time
(B) Power developed by this force varies parabolically with time
(C) Power developed by this force varies linearly with displacement
(D) Power developed by this force varies parabolically with displacement
5. The potential energy U in joule of a particle of mass 1kg moving in x-y plane obeys the law U = 3x +
4y, where (x, y) are the co-ordinates of the particle in meter. If the particle is at rest at (6, 4) at time
t = 0 then :
(A) the particle has constant acceleration
(B) the particle has zero acceleration
(C) the speed of particle when it crosses the y-axis is 10 m/s
(D) co-ordinates of particle at t = 1s are (4.5, 2)
6. A small spherical ball is suspended through a string of length l. The whole arrangement is placed in a
vehicle which is moving with velocity v. Now suddenly the vehicle stops and ball starts moving along
a circular path. If tension in the string at the highest point is twice the weight of the ball then :
(A) v  5gl

(B) v  7gl

(C) velocity of the ball at highest point is gl

(D) velocity of the ball at the highest point is 3gl

 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

7. A particle is acted upon by a conservative force F  (7iˆ  6ˆj) N (no other force is acting on the
particle). Under the influence of this force particle moves from (0, 0) to (–3m, 4m) then :
(A) work done by the force is 3J (B) work done by the force is –45 J
(C) at (0, 0) speed of the particle must be zero (D) at (0, 0) speed of the particle must not be zero.
8. A small block of mass m is released from rest from position A inside a smooth hemispherical bowl of
radius R as shown in figure. Choose the wrong option:
(A) acceleration of block is constant throughout A R
(B) acceleration of block is g at A
(C) acceleration of block is 3g at B
(D) acceleration of block is 2g at B B

9. A force F = –kx3 is acting on a block moving along x-axis. Here, k is positive constant. Work done by
this force is
(A) positive in displacing the block from x = 3 to x = 1
(B) positive in displacing the block from x = –1 to x = –3
(C) negative in displacing the block from x = 3 to x = 1
(D) negative in displacing the block from x = –1 to x = –3
10. Power of a force acting on a block varies with time t as shown in figure. Then angle between force
acting on the block and its velocity is P(watt)
(A) acute at t = 1s
(B) 90º at t = 3s 10
(C) obtuse at t = 7s
6 8 10
(D) change in kinetic energy from t = 0, to t = 10s is 20J. 2 4 t(s)
-10
11. In the pulley-block system shown in figure string are light. Pulleys are massless and smooth. System is
released from rest. In 0.3 second.
(A) work done on 2kg block by gravity is 6J
(B) work done on 2kg block by string is –2J
(C) work done on 1kg block by gravity is –1.5J
(D) work done on 1kg block by string is 2J 2kg

1kg

12. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude which is always perpendicular to the velocity
of the particle. The motion of the particle takes place in a plane. It follows that :
(A) its velocity is constant (B) it acceleration is constant
(C) its kinetic energy is constant (D) it moves in a circular path
13. A particle of mass m is attached to a light string of length , the other end of which is fixed. Initially the
string is kept horizontal and the particle is given an upward velocity v. The particle is just able to
complete a circle :
(A) the string becomes slack when the particle reaches its highest point
(B) the velocity of the particle becomes zero at the highest point
1
(C) the kinetic energy of the ball in initial position was mv 2  mg
2
(D) the particle again passes through the initial position
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
14. The spring is compressed by a distance 'a' and released. The block again comes to rest when
the spring is elongated by a distance 'b'. During this process :

(A) work done by the spring on the block = 12 k (a2 + b2).

(B) work done by the spring on the block = 12 k (a2 – b2).

k (a  b )
(C) co-efficient of friction = .
2mg

k (a  b )
(D) co-efficient of friction = .
2mg
15. In case of uniform circular motion :
(A) torque is zero (B) force is central
(C) work done is zero (D) acceleration is zero
16. A block is suspended by an ideal spring of force constant k. If the block is pulled down by
applying a constant force F and if maximum displacement of block from its initial position of rest
is x0 then
3F
(A) increase in energy stored in spring is kx 02 (B) x 0 
2k
2F
(C) x 0  (D) work done by applied force F is Fx 0
k
17. The two blocks shown here rest on a frictionless surface. If they are pulled apart by a small
distance and released at t = 0, the time when 1 kg block comes to rest can be :

2
(A) sec (B)  sec (C)  2 sec (D)  9 sec
3
18. The kinetic energy of a particle continuously increases with time :
(A) the resultant force on the particle must be parallel to the velocity at all instants
(B) the resultant force on the particle must be at an angle less than 90° all the time
(C) its height above the ground level must continuously decrease
(D) the magnitude of its linear momentum is increasing continuously
19. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h in a given direction. The speed with which it hits the
ground :
(A) must depend on the speed of projection
(B) must be larger then the speed of projection
(C) must be independent of the speed of projection
(D) may be smaller than the speed of projection
20. If force is always perpendicular to motion :
(A) kinetic energy remains constant (B) work done is zero
(C) velocity is constant (D) speed of constant
21. Internal force can change :
(A) kinetic energy (B) mechanical energy (C) energy (D) momentum
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Write Up-1
Two identical beads are attached to free ends of two identical springs of
( 2  3 ) mg
spring constant k  . Initially both springs make an angle of
3R
60° at the fixed point normal length of each spring is 2R. Where R is the
radius of smooth ring over which bead is sliding Ring is placed on vertical
plane and beads are at symmetry with respect to vertical line as diameter.

22. Normal reaction on one of the bead at initial moment due to ring is :
(A) mg/2 (B) 3mg / 2 (C) mg (D) Insufficient data
23. Relative acceleration between two beads at the initial moment :
(A) g/2 vertically away from each other (B) g/2 horizontally towards each other
(C) 2g/ 3 vertically away from each other (D) 2g/ 3 horizontally towards each other
24. The speed of bead when spring is at normal length

( 2  3 )gR ( 2  3 )gR 2gR

(A) (B) (C) (D) 3gR
3 3 3
25. Choose the correct statement
(A) Maximum angle made by spring after collision is same as that of initial moment
(B) If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the total energy is conserved
(C) If the collision is perfectly elastic, each bead undergoes SHM
(D) Both Linear momentum and angular momentum with respect to centre of smooth ring are con-
served only at the instant of collision.
Write Up-2
The bob of simple pendulum of length l is released from a point in the
same horizontal line as the point of suspension and at a distance l from
it.

26. Calculate the velocity of the bob at athe lowest point of the string.
(A) v  2g (B) v  g (C) v  3g (D) v  2 g
27. If the string is catched by a nail located vertically below the point of suspension and the bob just swings
around a complete circle around the nail, then the distance of the nail from point of suspension.
(A) 2 / 5  (B) 2 / 3  (C) 3 / 5 (D) 1 / 3 
28. If the string of the pendulum is made of rubber then how much will it be stretched when the bob
reaches the lowest point ?
(A) 2mg / k (B) 3mg / k (C) 5 mg/k (D) mg/k

Write Up-3
A particle is moved along the different paths OAC, OBC and ODC as shown in the figure. Path ODC
is a parabola, y = 4x2. The work done by a force F  xyî  x 2 yˆj on the particle along
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
y
B C (1,4)

x
O A

29. The path OAC is :

(A) 8 J (B) 2 J (C) 19/3 J (D) zero
30. The path OBC is :
(A) 8 J (B) 2 J (C) 19/3 J (D) zero
31. The path ODC is :
(A) 8 J (B) 2 J (C) 19/3 J (D) zero
32. The force is :
(A) Conservative (B) non conservative (C) pseudo (D) none of the above

Write Up-4
A particle of mass m is suspended vertically from a point O by an inextensible massless string of length
3 3
L. A vertical line AB is at a distance L from O as shown in figure. The object is given a horizontal
8
 7gL 
velocity u =  2  . At some point, its motion ceases to be circular and eventually the object
 
passes through the line AB. At the instant of crossing AB, its velocity is horizontal.

33. The magnitude of the change in its velocity as it reaches a position, where the string is horizontal,
3gL 5gL
(A) (B) (C) 3gL (D) 5gL
2 2
34. When the particle’s motion ceases to be circular, the angle made by the string with horizontal is :
1  2 
(A) 30° (B) 60° (C) 37° (D) cos  
3
35. When the particle leaves the circular path its velocity vector is :
gL gL gL gL
(A) (î  3 ĵ) (B) (î  3 ĵ) (C) ( 3î  ĵ) (D) ( 3î  ĵ)
8 2 2 8
Write Up-5
There are three type of equilibriums
(1) unstable equilibrium when potential energy is maximum
(2) stable equilibrium when potential energy is minimum
(3) Neutral equilibrium when potential energy is constant
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
When ever the particle is displaced from its position of stable equilibrium it performs an oscillatory
motion.
A single conservative force F(x) acts on a 1.0 kg particle that moves along the x-axis. The potential
energy U(x) is given by : U(x) = 20 +  x  2
2

where x is in meters. At x = 5 m the particle has a kinetic energy of 20 J.

36. The maximum kinetic energy of a particle is :
(A) 49 J (B) 20 J (C) 29 J (D) 19 J
37 The position of equilibrium is at x =
(A) 2 m (B) 1 m (C) 0.5 m (D) zero
38. The angular frequency of the particle is :
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 2 2

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

39 A particle of mass m moves along a horizontal circle of radius R such that normal acceleration of
particle varies with time as an = 9t2.
Column 1 Column 2
(A) tangential force on particle at time t = 1 sec (p) 3m R
(B) total force on particle at time t = 1 sec (q) 3m R  9
9
(C) power developed by total force at time t = 1 (r) mR
2
(D) average power developed by total force over (s) 9 mR
first one second
40. ACB is a smooth quarter circular path of radius R. Four forces are acting at a particle placed at
A. F1 is always horizontal, F2 is always vertical, F3 is always tangential to path, F4 is always
directed from particle’s position to point B. Magnitude of all forces are equal to F.

F4
F2
3

Column 1 Column 2
(A) work done by F1 is (p) F.R
(B) work done by F2 is (q) F.R 2
FR
(C) work done by F3 is (r)
2
F.R
(D) work done by F4 is (s)
2

41. Two blocks A and B are placed as shown in the figure on a frictionless plateform. Mass of A & B
are 10 kg. The displacement is 2m. The force applied on B is 100 N.
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

A µ = 0.5

B 100N

Frictionless 2m
Column-I Column-II
(A) The work done by the applied force (in J) (p) 50

(B) The frictional force in between A & B (in N) (q) –100

(C) The work done by frictional force on B by A (in J) (r) 0

(D) The net work done by frictional forces between A & B (s) 200
(in J)
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY

ANSWER SHEET
EXERCISE-1
1. (D) (C) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (C)
5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (D) 8. (A)
9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (D) 12. (C)
13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (D)
17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (C)
21. (A) 22. (B) 23. (C) 24. (A)
25. (A) 26. (A) 27. (D) 28. (B)
29. (A) 30. (D) 31. (D) 32. (A)
33. (D) 34. (B) 35. (B)
EXERCISE-2
1
1. – mg [l1 + l2 + l3 + l4] 2. mg (h2 – h1) + m(v 22  v12 )
2
3. 46.9 kW 4. (a) zero (b) 3000 J 5. 1.6 m

 x 15(k1  k 2 )
6. (a) FR (b) FR 7. 8. +24 J
2 4 m

20
9. m 10. (a) n2 (b) n3 11. MgL/2n2 12. 1.19 W
2 3 1
13. –K/2r 14. Tx, 0, 0, – Fx 15. (a) 7.2 J (b) –7.2 J (c) zero
P
16. –400 J 17. v max  18. 0.5 %
mg

1
19. W  ma 2d 20. x = 2m stable , x = –2m unstable. 21. A & E are unstable , C is stable.
2

EXERCISE-3
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (A)
5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (D)
9. (A) (A) 11. (A) 12. (A)
13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (C) 16. (C)
17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20. (A)
21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (A) 24. (C)
25. (D) 26. (A) 27. (B) 28. (B)
29. (C) 30. (D) 31. (B) 32. (C)
EXERCISE-4
2 gh h k
1. 12 J 3. v  4.
3 3 4 m
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
1/ 2

6. 
v0  g(2  3 ) 
1/ 2
7. P =
mb 2 t 5
3
 P 
mRat
2
 Lg 
8. v    , cos   2 / 3
 3 
(1  cos )g mg
9. (b) mg ( 2 sin   ) , (c) acc.  ; (1  cos )
2 2

 4 2gR 2  14
10. v  gr   11. (a) v  , (b) cos   ,  = 17°
 2  3 6

12. (A) 24 J (B) zero (C) 16 J 13. Tmax = 7mg, Tmin = mg (a) 6g (b) 2g (c) g 17
2g 3g
14. T = 2 r / 2g = 2mg 15. a t  ,an 
15 13
16. 1/2 ga
EXERCISE-5
1. (B) (D) 2. (B) (C) (D) 3. (A) (B) (D) 4. (A) (D)
5. (A) (C) (D) 6. (B) (D) 7. (B) (D) 8. (A) (C)
9. (A) (D) 10. (A) (C) (D) 11. (A) (B) (C) (D) 12. (C) (D)
13. (A) (D) 14. (B) (C) 15. (A) (B) (C)
16. (C) (D) 17. (A) (B) (C) 18. (B) (D)
19. (A) (B) 20. (A) (B) (D) 21. (A) (B) C) (D)
22. (C) 23.(D) 24. (C)
25. (D) 26. (A) 27. (C) 28. (B)
29. (A) 30. (B) 31. (C) 32. (B)
33. (D) 34. (A) 35. (A) 36. (C)
37. (A) 38 39. A-p, B-q, C-s, D-r
40. A -p , B-p , C-r , D - q 41. A-s , B-p, C-q,D-r