CHAPTER

Use of Statistical Tools

how statistical tools and methods can

Studying this chapter should be used for various types of analysis.
enable you to:
• be familiar with steps in
For example, you may have to collect
designing a project; information about a product from the
• apply various statistical tools in consumer or about a new product or
analysing a problem. service to be launched in the market by
the producer or analyse the spread of
information technology in schools and
1. INTRODUCTION so on. Developing a project by
You have studied about the various conducting a survey and preparing a
statistical tools. These tools are report will help in analysing relevant
important for us in daily life and are information and suggesting
improvements in a product or system.
used in the analysis of data pertaining
to economic activities such as Steps Towards Making a Project
production, consumption, distribution,
banking and insurance, trade, Identifying a problem or an area of
transport, etc. In this chapter, you will study
learn the method of developing a At the outset, you should be clear about
project. This will help in understanding what you want to study. On the basis
122 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

of your objective, you will proceed with method can be done by using a
the collection and processing of the questionnaire or an interview schedule,
data. For example, production or sale which may be obtained by personal
of a product like car, mobile phone, interviews, mailing/postal surveys,
shoe polish, bathing soap or a phone, email, etc. Postal questionnaire
detergent, may be an area of interest to must have a covering letter giving
you. You may like to address certain details about the purpose of inquiry.
water or electricity problems relating to Your objective will be to determine the
households of a particular area. You size and characteristics of your target
may like to study about consumer group. For example, in a survey
awareness among households, i.e., pertaining to the primary and
awareness about rights of consumers. secondary level female literacy or
consumption of a particular brand or
Choice of Target Group soap, you will have to go to each and
The choice or identification of the target every family or household to collect the
group is important for framing information.
appropriate questions for your Secondary data can also be used
questionnaire. If your project relates provided it suits your requirement.
to cars, then your target group will Secondary data are usually used when
mainly be the middle income and the there is paucity of time, money and
higher income groups. For the project manpower resources and the
studies relating to consumer products information is easily available. If
like soap, you will target all rural and sampling is used in your method of
urban consumers. For the availability data collection, then care has to be
of safe drinking water your target taken about the suitability of the
group can be both urban and rural method of sampling.
population. Therefore, the choice of
target groups, to identify those Organisation and Presentation of Data
persons on whom you focus your After collecting the data, you need
attention, is very important while to process the information so
preparing the project report. received, by organising and
presenting them with the help of
Collection of Data tabulation and suitable diagrams,
The objective of the survey will help you e.g. bar diagrams, pie diagrams, etc.
to determine whether the data about which you have studied in
collection should be undertaken by chapter 3 and 4.
using primary method, secondary
method or both the methods. As you Analysis and Interpretation
have read in Chapter 2, a first hand Measures of Central Tendency (e.g.
collection of data by using primary mean), Measures of Dispersion (e.g.
USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS 123

Standard deviation), and Correlation 3. Suppose you are a marketing

will enable you to calculate the average, manager in a company and recently
variability and relationship, if it exists you have put up advertisements
among the variables. You have acquired about your consumer product.
the knowledge related to above- Prepare a report on the effect of
mentioned measures in chapters 5, 6 advertisements on the sale of your
and 7. product.
4. You are a District Education Officer,
Conclusion who wants to assess the literacy
The last step will be to draw meaningful levels and the reasons for dropping
conclusions after analysing and out of school children. Prepare a
interpreting the results. If possible you report.
must try to predict the future 5. Suppose you are a Vigilance Officer
prospects and suggestions relating to of an area and you receive
growth and government policies, etc. on complaints about overcharging of
the basis of the information collected. goods by traders i.e., charging a
higher price than the Maximum
Bibliography Retail Price (MRP). Visit a few shops
and prepare a report on the
In this section, you need to mention the complaint.
details of all the secondary sources, i.e., 6. Consider yourself to be a Mukhiya
magazines, newspapers, research (head of Gram Panchayat) of a
reports used for developing the project. particular village who wants to
improve amenities like safe
2. SUGGESTED LIST OF PROJECTS drinking water to your people.
These are a few suggested projects. You Address your issues in a report
are free to choose any topic that deals form.
with an economic issue. 7. As a representative of a local
1. Consider yourself as an advisor to government, you want to assess the
Transport Minister who aims to participation of women in various
bring about a better and employment schemes in your area.
coordinated system of Prepare a project report.
transportation. Prepare a project 8. You are the Chief Health Officer of a
report. rural block. Identify the issues to
2. You may be working in a village be addressed through a project
cottage industry. It could be a unit study. This may include health and
manufacturing dhoop, agarbatti, sanitation problems in the area.
candles, jute products, etc. You 9. As the Chief Inspector of Food and
want to start a new unit of your Civil Supplies department, you
own. Prepare a project proposal for have received a complaint about
getting a bank loan. food adulteration in the area of
124 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

your duty. Conduct a survey to find

the magnitude of the problem.
10. Prepare a report on Polio
immunisation programme in a
particular area.
11. You are a Bank Officer and want to
survey the saving habits of the
people by taking into consideration
income and expenditure of the
people. Prepare a report.
12. Suppose you are part of a group of
students who wants to study
farming practices and the problems
facing farmers in a village. Prepare
a project report.

3. SAMPLE PROJECT
This is a sample project for your to sell. Hypothetical data is given below
guidance. The question can vary for your reference where you will now
depending upon the subject of the use the statistical tools such as pie
study. diagrams, bar diagrams, mean,
You are a young entrepreneur who
standard deviation, etc.
wants to setup a new retail shop and
want to choose a variety of toothpaste 1. Area Distribution
brands to sell. A sample project based
on primary source of data collection Urban users 67%
could be prepared for toothpaste. Rural users 33%
You have to start by assuring the Observation: Majority of users
concerned person or party, that the belonged to urban area.
information required is for survey and
will not be used for any other purpose. 2. Age distribution
This is done through a covering letter
in which it can be stated that all the Age in years No. of Persons
information provided by the person Below 10 74
shall be kept confidential. 10–20 56
20–30 91
Data Analysis and Interpretation
30–40 146
After collecting the required information 40–50 93
you now have to organise and classify Above 50 40
data for the purpose of choosing
Total 500
brands of toothpaste which you want
USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS 125

Age Distribution Bar Diagram and Histogram

1 6
1
0
4 respectively
6 are indicating the level of
1 4 0
families income.
Family Members

1 2 0
1 0 9 0
1 93 Monthly Family
80 7 4

40 5 6 4 0
40
60 3 5

No. of Household
20 3 0
0 2 5
Below 10-20 20-30 30-40 10
40-50 Above 50
Age 2 0
1 5
Fig. 9.1: Bar diagram 1 0
5
Observation: Majority of the persons
0
surveyed belonged to age group 20–50. 1 0 2, 0 3,0 000 4,0 000 ,0 00 0 0
I n c o m e

3. Family Size Fig. 9.3: Bar diagram

Family size No. of families Family Earnings

45
1–2 20 40
40
3–4 40
35
No. of Households

5–6 30
30
Above 6 10 30
Below 10, 000
25 10, 000 – 20,
Total 100 20 20, 000 – 30, 000
20
Above 30, 000
15
.

Distribution of Family size

45 10
10
40
No. of Household

35 5
30 0
25
Income
20
15
10 Fig. 9.4: Histogram
5
0
1-2 3-4 5-6 Above 6 Observation: Majority of the families
Family size surveyed have monthly income between
Fig. 9.2: Bar diagram 10,000 to 30,000.
Observation: Majority of the families 5. Monthly Family budget on
surveyed have 3–6 members. toiletries
4. Family monthly Income status Items Expense
(in Rs)
Income No. of Households
Toothpaste 60
Below 10,000 20
Soap 45
10, 000–20,000 40
Shampoo 140
20, 000–30,000 30
Shaving cream 25
Above 30,000 10
126 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

7. Preferred use of toothpaste

Family Budget on Toiletries

9%
Brand Units Brand Units
17%
Aquafresh 5 Anchor 5
Cibaca 10 Babool 2
Close-up 15 Promise 10
Colgate 20 Forhans 0
Meswak 5 Tea tree 8
52% 22%
oil & Neem
Shaving Cream Soap Toothpaste Shampoo Pepsodent 25 Oral B 11
Pearl 32 4 True Dent 10
Homeodent 6 Sensodyne 8
Fig. 9.5: Pie diagram Any other 0
Observation: Toothpaste accounted Observation: Pepsodent, Colgate and
for significant expenditure in family Close-up were the most preferred
budget amongst toiletries. brands.
6. Major Occupational status 8. Price of the toothpaste
Family Occupation No. of families Prices of Toothpaste No. of
Service 30 For 100 gram pack (Rs) Households
Professional 5 20–25 20
Manufacturer 10 25–30 40
Trader 40 30–35 30
Any other (please specify) 15 35–40 10
Total 100
Major Occupational StatusCalculate the mean and dispersion
on the basis of the above information.
5% 10%
40% Calculation of Mean,
15%
Price of No. of Mid
Toothpaste Households Points
For 100 gm f m fm
pack (Rs)
30%
20–25 20 22.5 450
Professional Manufacturer Any other Service Trader
25–30 40 27.5 1100
30–35 30 32.5 975
35–40 10 37.5 375
Fig. 9.6: Pie Bar diagram
Total 100 2900
Observation: Majority of the families
surveyed were either service class or Sf m 2 9 0 0
X= 2= =9
traders. Sf 1 0 0
USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS 127

Observation: The average price of 11.Ingredients Preference

toothpaste across all brands is Rs 29.
Plain toothpaste 15
Gel toothpaste 5
9. Basis of selection Antiseptic toothpaste 35
Flavoured toothpaste 25
Features Family members Caries protective toothpaste 40
Gum toothpaste 10
Advertisement 15
Persuaded by the Dentist 5
Price 35 Observation: Majority of the people
Quality 45 preferred caries protective and
Taste 20 antiseptic based toothpastes over the
Ingredients 10
others.
Standardised marking 50
Tried new product 10
Company's brand name 35 12. Media Influence
Observation: Majority of the people Advertisement Families Influenced
selected the toothpaste on the basis of Television 47
standardised markings, quality, price News paper 30
and company’s brand name. Magazine 20
Cinema 25
10.Taste and Preferences Sales representative 15
Exhibits - stall 10
Brand Satisfied Unsatisfied Radio 18
Aquafresh 5 15
Cibaca 10 5 Role of Media
Close up 15 10 50 47
Colgate 20 10
40
Families Influenced

Meswak 5 15
30
Pepsodent 25 5 30
25
Anchor 5 10 20
20 18
Babool 2 0 15
Promise 10 14 10
10
Forhans 0 0
Tea tree oil and Neem 8 10 0
TV News Maga Cinema Sales Exhibits Radio
Oral B 11 15 paper -zine -repre stall
Role of Media -sentative
True Dent 10 5
Sensodyne 8 3 Fig. 9.7: Bar diagram
Pearl 32 4 5
Homeodent 6 2
Observation: Majority of people came
Observation: Amongst the most used to know about the product either
toothpastes the percentage of through television or through
dissatisfaction was relatively less. newspaper.
128 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

13. C O N C L U D I N G NO T E OF THE family budget amongst toiletries.

PROJECT REPORT Pepsodent, Colgate and Close-up were
the most preferred brands in the
Majority of the users belonged to urban households surveyed. By calculating
area. Most of the people who were the mean it was found that the price of
surveyed belonged to age group 25 an average toothpaste would be Rs 29
years to 50 years and had an average approximately for 100 grams. People
3–6 members in a family. The monthly preferred those brands of toothpaste
income of these families ranged between which has either a caries protection or
Rs 10,000 to Rs 30,000 and their antiseptic base. A lot of people get
main occupations were services and influenced with advertisement and the
trading. Expenditure on toothpaste most popular medium to get across
accounted for a major share in their through people is television.

Recap
• The objective of the study should be clearly identified.
• The population and sample has to be chosen carefully.
• The objective of survey will indicate the type of data to be used.
• A questionnaire/interview schedule is prepared.
• Collected data can be analysed by using various statistical tools.
• Results are interpreted to draw meaningful conclusions.
 QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Name
2. Age (in years) No. of persons
(a) Below 10
(b) 10–20
(c) 20–30
(d) 30–40
(e) 40–50
(f) Above 50
3. Gender: Male/Female
4. Number of members in the family:
(a) 1–2
(b) 3–4
(c) 5–6
(d) Above 6

5. How many earning members are there in your family?

6. Monthly family income:

(a) Below 10,000
(b) 10,000–20,000
(c) 20,000–30,000
(d) Above 30,000
7. Resident of: Urban/Rural area
8. Major occupation of the main bread-earner:
(a) Service
(b) Professional
(c) Manufacturer
(d) Trader
(e) Any other (please specify)
9. What do you use to clean your teeth:
(a) Toothpaste
(b) Toothpowder
(c) Anyother
10. Which brand of toothpaste do you use?
(a) Aquafresh (b) Anchor
(c) Cibaca (d) Babool
(e) Close-up (f) Promise
(g) Colgate (h) Forhans
130 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

(i) Meswak (j) Tea Tree Oil & Neem

(k) Pepsodent (l) Oral B
(m) Pearl 32 (n) True Dent
(o) Homeodent (p) Sensodyne
(q) Any other
11. The price paid for each 100 gram pack of the toothpaste:
12. Do you find the product costly? Yes/No
13. Do you examine the date of manufacturing and expiry of the product? Yes/No
14. Do you check the standardisation mark (like – ISI)? Yes/No
15. Do you check the ingredients used? Yes/No
16. Are you satisfied with the quality of the product? Yes/No
17. Do you complain to the shopkeeper in case of dissatisfaction? Yes/No
18. Has your complaint been timely attended? Yes/No
19. Did you ever go to a consumer court in case of dissatisfaction
regarding the product? Yes/No
20. Was your complaint attended to your satisfaction? Yes/No
21. How did you come to know about the product?
Advertisement
Television
Newspaper
Magazine
Cinema
Sales representative
Exhibits - stall
Radio
22. Is the advertisement of the product persuasive? Yes/No
23. Were you attracted by promotional offers like rebates,
free tooth brush, buy one get one free, etc.? Yes/No
24. Do the children influence purchase of a particular brand of Yes/No
toothpaste?
25. If a new toothpaste is launched in the market will you buy it? Yes/No
If yes, then with what considerations? Kindly mention.

-----------------
 APPENDIX A

GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL TERMS

Analysis Understanding and explaining an economic problem in terms of the

various causes behind it.
Assumed Mean An approximate value in order to simplify calculation.
Attribute A characteristic that is qualitative in nature. It cannot be
measured.
Bimodal Distribution A distribution which has two mode values.
Bivariate Distribution Frequency distribution of two variables.
Census Method A method of data collection, which requires that observations
are taken on all the individuals in a population.
Chronological Classification Classification based on time.
Class Frequency Number of observations in a class.
Class Interval Difference between the upper and the lower class limits.
Class Mark Class midpoint
Class Midpoint Middle value of a class. It is the representative value of
different observations in a class. It is equal to (upper class limit + lower class
limit)/2.
Classification Arranging or organising similar things into groups or classes.
Consumer One who buys goods for one’s own personal needs or for the needs
of one’s family or as a gift to someone.
Constant A constant is also a quantity used to describe an attribute, but it
will not change during calculation or investigation.
Continuous Variable A quantitative variable that can take any numerical
value.
Cyclicity Periodicity in data variation with time period of more than one
year.
Data A (often large) set of numbers systematically arranged for conveying
specific information on a subject for better understanding or decision-
making.
Decile A partition value that divides the data into ten equal parts.
Discrete Variable A quantitative variable that takes only certain values. It
changes from one value to another by finite “jumps”. The intermediate values
between two adjacent values are not taken by the variable.
Economics Study of how people and society choose to employ scarce resources
that could have alternative uses in order to produce various commodities
132 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

that satisfy their wants and to distribute them for consumption among various
persons and groups in society.
Enumerator A person who collects the data.
Exclusive Method A method of classifying observations in which an
observation equal to the upper class limit of a class is not put in that
class but is put in the next class.
Frequency The number of times an observation occurs in raw data. In a
frequency distribution it means the number of observations in a class.
Frequency Array A classification of a discrete variable that shows
different values of the variable along with their corresponding
frequencies.
Frequency Curve The graph of a frequency distribution in which
class frequencies on Y-axis are plotted against the values of
class marks on X-axis.
Frequency Distribution A classification of a quantitative variable that
shows how different values of the variable are distributed in different
classes along with their corresponding class frequencies.
Inclusive Method A method of classifying observations in which an
observation equal to the upper class limit of a class is put in that class.
Informant Individual/unit from whom the desired information is
obtained.
Multi Modal Distribution The distribution that has more than two modes.
Non-Sampling Error It arises in data collection due to (i) errors in
measurement, (ii) recording mistakes, (iii) non-response.
Observation A unit of raw data.
Percentiles A value which divides the data into hundred equal parts so
there are 99 percentiles in the data.
Policy The measure to solve an economic problem.
Population Population means all the individuals/units for whom the
information has to be sought.
Qualitative Classification Classification based on quality. For example
classification of people according to gender, marital status etc.
Qualitative Facts Information or data expressed in terms of qualities.
Quantitative Facts Information or data expressed in numbers.
APPENDIX A 133

Questionnaire A list of questions prepared by an investigator on the subject

of enquiry. The respondent is required to answer the questions.
Random Sampling It is a method of sampling in which the representative
set of informants is selected in a way that every individual is given equal
chance of being selected as an informant.
Range Difference between the maximum and the minimum values of a
variable.
Relative Frequency Frequency of a class as proportion or percentage of total
frequency
Sample Survey Method A method, where observations are obtained on a
representative set of individuals (the sample), selected from the population.
Sampling Error It is the numerical difference between the estimate and the
true value of the parameter.
Scarcity It means the lack of availability.
Seasonality Periodicity in data variation with time period less than one year.
Seller One who sells goods for profit.
Service-holder One who gets paid for a job or for working for another person.
Service Provider One who provides a service to others for a payment.
Spatial Classification Classification based on geographical location.
Statistics The method of collecting, organising, presenting and analysing
data to draw meaningful conclusion. Further, it also means data.
Structured Questionnaire Structured Questionnaire consists of “closed-
ended” questions, for which alternative possible answers to choose from are
provided.
Tally Marking The counting of observations in a class using tally (/) marks.
Tallies are grouped in fives.
Time Series Data arranged in chronological order or two variable data where
one of the variables is time.
Univariate Distribution The frequency distribution of one variable.
Variable A variable is a quantity used to measure an “attribute” (such as
height, weight, number etc.) of some thing or some persons, which can take
different values in different situations.
Weighted Average The average is calculated by providing the different data
points with different weights.
134 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

APPENDIX B

TABLE OF TWO-DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

03 47 43 73 86 36 96 47 36 61 46 98 63 71 62 33 26 16 80 45 60 11 14 10 95
97 74 24 67 62 42 81 14 57 20 42 53 32 37 32 27 07 36 07 51 24 51 79 89 73
16 76 62 27 66 56 50 26 71 07 32 90 79 78 53 13 55 38 58 59 88 97 54 14 10
12 56 85 99 26 96 96 68 27 31 05 03 72 93 15 57 12 10 14 21 88 26 49 81 76
55 59 56 35 64 38 54 82 46 22 31 62 43 09 90 06 18 44 32 53 23 83 01 30 30
16 22 77 94 39 49 54 43 54 82 17 37 93 23 78 87 35 20 96 43 84 26 34 91 64
84 42 17 53 31 57 24 55 06 88 77 04 74 47 67 21 76 33 50 25 83 92 12 06 76
63 01 63 78 59 16 95 55 67 19 98 10 50 71 75 12 86 73 58 07 44 39 52 38 79
33 21 12 34 29 78 64 56 07 82 52 42 07 44 38 15 51 00 13 42 99 66 02 79 54
57 60 86 32 44 09 47 27 96 54 49 17 46 09 62 90 52 84 77 27 08 02 73 43 28
18 18 07 92 46 44 17 16 58 09 79 83 86 19 62 06 76 50 03 10 55 23 64 05 05
26 62 38 97 75 84 16 07 44 99 83 11 46 32 24 20 14 85 88 45 10 93 72 88 71
23 42 40 64 74 82 97 77 77 81 07 45 32 14 08 32 98 94 07 72 93 85 79 10 75
52 36 28 19 95 50 92 26 11 97 00 56 76 31 38 80 22 02 53 53 86 60 42 04 53
37 85 94 35 12 83 39 50 08 30 42 34 07 96 88 54 42 06 87 98 35 85 29 48 39
70 29 17 12 13 40 33 20 38 26 13 89 51 03 74 17 76 37 13 04 07 74 21 19 30
56 62 18 37 35 96 83 50 87 75 97 12 25 93 47 70 33 24 03 54 97 77 46 44 80
99 49 57 22 77 88 42 95 45 72 16 64 36 16 00 04 43 18 66 79 94 77 24 21 90
16 08 15 04 72 33 27 14 34 09 45 59 34 68 49 12 72 07 34 45 99 27 72 95 14
31 16 93 32 43 50 27 89 87 19 20 15 37 00 49 52 85 66 60 44 38 68 88 11 80
68 34 30 13 70 55 74 30 77 40 44 22 78 84 26 04 33 46 09 52 68 07 97 06 57
74 57 25 65 76 59 29 97 68 60 71 91 38 67 54 13 58 18 24 76 15 54 55 95 52
27 42 37 86 53 48 55 90 65 72 96 57 69 36 10 96 46 92 42 45 97 60 49 04 91
00 39 68 29 61 66 37 32 20 30 77 84 57 03 29 10 45 65 04 26 11 04 96 67 24
29 94 98 94 24 68 49 69 10 82 53 75 91 93 30 34 25 20 57 27 40 48 73 51 92
16 90 82 66 59 83 62 64 11 12 67 19 00 71 74 60 47 21 29 68 02 02 37 03 31
11 27 94 75 06 06 09 19 74 66 02 94 37 34 02 76 70 90 30 86 38 45 94 30 38
35 24 10 16 20 33 32 51 26 38 79 78 45 04 91 16 92 53 56 16 02 75 50 95 98
38 23 16 86 38 42 38 97 01 50 87 75 66 81 41 40 01 74 91 62 48 51 84 08 32
31 96 25 91 47 96 44 33 49 13 34 86 82 53 91 00 52 43 48 85 27 55 26 89 62
66 67 40 67 14 64 05 71 95 86 11 05 65 09 68 76 83 20 37 90 57 16 00 11 66
14 90 84 45 11 75 73 88 05 90 52 27 41 14 86 22 98 12 22 08 07 52 74 95 80
68 05 51 18 00 33 96 02 75 19 07 60 62 93 55 59 33 82 43 90 49 37 38 44 59
20 46 78 73 90 97 51 40 14 02 04 02 33 31 08 39 54 16 49 36 47 95 93 13 30
64 19 58 97 79 15 06 15 93 20 01 90 10 75 06 40 78 78 89 62 02 67 74 17 33
05 26 93 70 60 22 35 85 15 13 92 03 51 59 77 59 56 78 06 83 52 91 05 70 74
07 97 10 88 23 09 98 42 99 64 61 71 62 99 15 06 51 29 16 93 58 05 77 09 51
68 71 86 85 85 54 87 66 47 54 73 32 08 11 12 44 95 92 63 16 29 56 24 29 48
26 99 61 65 53 58 37 78 80 70 42 10 50 67 42 32 17 55 85 74 94 44 67 16 94
14 65 52 68 75 87 59 36 22 41 26 78 63 06 55 13 08 27 01 50 15 29 39 39 43
 135

APPENDIX B (Cont.)

17 53 77 58 71 71 41 61 50 72 12 41 94 96 26 44 95 27 36 99 02 96 74 30 83
90 26 59 21 19 23 52 23 33 12 96 93 02 18 39 07 02 18 36 07 25 99 32 70 23
41 23 52 55 99 31 04 49 69 96 10 47 48 45 88 13 41 43 89 20 97 17 14 49 17
60 20 50 81 69 31 99 73 68 68 35 81 33 03 76 24 30 12 48 60 18 99 10 72 34
91 25 38 05 90 94 58 28 41 36 45 37 59 03 09 90 35 57 29 12 82 62 54 65 60
34 50 57 74 37 98 80 33 00 91 09 77 93 19 82 74 94 80 04 04 45 07 31 66 49
85 22 04 39 43 73 81 53 94 79 33 62 46 86 28 08 31 54 46 31 53 94 13 38 47
09 79 13 77 48 73 82 97 22 21 05 03 27 24 83 72 89 44 05 60 35 80 39 94 88
88 75 80 18 14 22 95 75 42 49 39 32 82 22 49 02 48 07 70 37 16 04 61 67 87
90 96 23 70 00 39 00 03 06 90 55 85 78 38 36 94 37 30 69 32 90 89 00 76 33
53 74 23 99 67 61 32 28 69 84 94 62 67 86 24 98 33 41 19 95 47 53 53 38 09
63 38 06 86 54 99 00 65 26 94 02 82 90 23 07 79 62 67 80 60 75 91 12 81 19
35 30 58 21 46 06 72 17 10 94 25 21 31 75 96 49 28 24 00 49 55 65 79 78 07
63 43 36 82 69 65 51 18 37 88 61 38 44 12 45 32 92 85 88 65 54 34 81 85 35
98 25 37 55 26 01 91 82 81 46 74 71 12 94 97 24 02 71 37 07 03 92 18 66 75
02 63 21 17 69 71 50 80 89 56 38 15 70 11 48 43 40 45 86 98 00 83 26 91 03
64 55 22 21 82 48 22 28 06 00 61 54 13 43 91 82 78 12 23 29 06 66 24 12 27
85 07 26 13 89 01 10 07 82 04 59 63 69 36 03 69 11 15 83 80 13 29 54 19 28
58 54 16 24 15 51 54 44 82 00 62 61 65 04 69 38 18 65 18 97 85 72 13 49 21
34 85 27 84 87 61 48 64 56 26 90 18 48 13 26 37 70 15 42 57 65 65 80 39 07
03 92 18 27 46 57 99 16 96 56 30 33 72 85 22 84 64 38 56 98 99 01 30 98 64
62 95 30 27 59 37 75 41 66 48 86 97 80 61 45 23 53 04 01 63 45 76 08 64 27
08 45 93 15 22 60 21 75 46 91 98 77 27 85 42 28 88 61 08 84 69 62 03 42 73
07 08 55 18 40 45 44 75 13 90 24 94 96 61 02 57 55 66 83 15 73 42 37 11 61
01 85 89 95 66 51 10 19 34 88 15 84 97 19 75 12 76 39 43 78 64 63 91 08 25
72 84 71 14 35 19 11 58 49 26 50 11 17 17 76 86 31 57 20 18 95 60 78 46 75
88 78 28 16 84 13 52 53 94 53 75 45 69 30 96 73 89 65 70 31 99 17 43 48 76
45 17 75 65 57 28 40 19 72 12 25 12 74 75 67 60 40 60 81 19 24 62 01 61 16
96 76 28 12 54 22 01 11 94 25 71 96 16 16 88 68 64 36 74 45 19 59 50 88 92
43 31 67 72 30 24 02 94 08 63 38 32 36 66 02 69 36 38 25 39 48 03 45 15 22
50 44 66 44 21 66 06 58 05 62 68 15 54 35 02 42 35 48 96 32 14 52 41 52 48
22 66 22 15 86 26 63 75 41 99 58 42 36 72 24 58 37 52 18 51 03 37 18 39 11
96 24 40 14 51 23 22 30 88 57 95 67 47 29 83 94 69 40 06 07 18 16 36 78 86
31 73 91 61 19 60 20 72 93 48 98 57 07 23 69 65 95 39 69 58 56 80 30 19 44
78 60 73 99 84 43 89 94 36 45 56 69 47 07 41 90 22 91 07 12 78 35 34 08 72
84 37 90 61 56 70 10 23 98 05 85 11 34 76 60 76 48 45 34 60 01 64 18 39 96
36 67 10 08 23 98 93 35 08 86 99 29 76 29 81 33 34 91 58 93 63 14 52 32 52
07 28 59 07 48 89 64 58 89 75 83 85 62 27 89 30 14 78 56 27 86 63 59 80 02
10 15 83 87 60 79 24 31 66 56 21 48 24 06 93 91 98 94 05 49 01 47 59 38 00
55 19 68 97 65 03 73 52 16 56 00 53 55 90 27 33 42 29 38 87 22 13 88 83 34
53 81 29 13 39 35 01 20 71 34 62 33 74 82 14 53 73 19 09 03 56 54 29 56 93
51 86 32 68 92 33 98 74 66 99 40 14 71 94 58 45 94 19 38 81 14 44 99 81 07
35 91 70 29 13 80 03 54 07 27 96 94 78 32 66 50 95 52 74 33 13 80 55 62 54
37 71 67 95 13 20 02 44 95 94 64 85 04 05 72 01 32 90 76 14 53 89 74 60 41
93 66 13 83 27 92 79 64 64 72 28 54 96 53 84 48 14 52 98 94 56 07 93 89 30
 WHAT THEY SAY

? Statistics are no substitute for judgement.

Henry Clay

? I abhor averages, I like the individual case. A man may have six
meals one day and none the next, making an average of three meals
per day, but that is not a good way to live.
Louis D. Brandies

? The weather man is never wrong. Suppose he says that there’s an

80% chance of rain. If it rains, the 80% chance came up, if it doesn’t,
the 20% chance come up.
Saul Barron

? The death of one man is a tragedy. The death of millions is a statistic.

Joseph Stalin

? When she told me I was average, she was just being mean.
Mike Beckman

? Why is a physician held in much higher esteem than a statistician?

A physician makes an analysis of a complex illness whereas a
statistician makes you ill with a complex analysis!
Gary C. Ramseyer