CCNP

Class Note (OSPF)

American University
in Cairo
Cisco Academy
Elnaim Ahmed
4.2011
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Date: 07th June 2009

OSPF Terms and terminology

1. Link: Network communication channel consist of a circuit or transmission path.
2. Link State: The statistics of link between routers, in other words a interface of
a router and its relationship to its neighbor router.
3. Topology of LSDB (Link state database): A list of information about all
networks. All routers with same area must have same LSDB.
4. Area: A collection of network and router having same logical boundary. Area
provides OSPF a 2 layer hierarchical concept.
a. Area 0: Known as backbone of area. It is the area which acts like a transit
to all other area.
b. Off Backbone area: Areas which must be connected with area 0. It is a
logically or physical ranges between area 1 to area Infinite (∞). Off
backbone cannot communicate each other without traversing area 0.
5. OSPF cost: OSPF cost is the value assign to a link as routing metric. OSPF cost
is calculate as 108/bandwidth of link in bps (cumulative).
6. Router ID: Router ID is a identification tag used by OSPF and EIGRP. Normally, it
is the highest loopback interface IP, if loopback is not configured then the
highest physical interface IP will be the Router ID.

OSPF Network Types

Point to Point Broadcast Multi-Access Non

Broadcast Multi-access
(BMA) (NBMA)

FR
SWITCH Cloud

Hello: 10 Second 10 Second 30 Second

Dead: 40 Second 40 second 120 Second

Showing OSPF Interfaces:

Router#show ip ospf interface

Election Criteria DR/BDR

1. Highest router interface priority will be the DR. Priority can be assign from 0 to
255. Where 0 is not eligible for DR/BDR election, 1 is default priority, 255 is the
highest priority.
2. In case of tie then highest router ID will be DR.

It will display all the interfaces where the OSPF protocol is

running
Created by: Naim Ahmed 2
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

For setting Priority:

Route(config-if)r#ip ospf priority
OSPF Packet Type
1. HELLO Packet - Discover neighbor and built adjacency between them. Maintain neighbor
relationship.
2. DBD (Database Description) – Check for database synchronization between routers.
3. LSR (Link State Request) – Request specific link state records from another router.
4. LSU (Link State Update) – Sends specific requested link state records from another
router.
5. LSACK (Link State Acknowledgement) – The other packet types.
OSPF packet header format
Link IP Header Protocol OSPF Link
Header ID no = 89 Packet trailer
For OSPF type

Versi Type Packe Router Area Checks Authentica Authentica Data

on s t ID ID um tion tion
No (1 – Lengt Type
5) h
The data field contains different information depending in the OSPF packet type.
1. Hello packet contains a list of known neighbor.
2. DBD packet contains a summary of the LSDB among the number of the field.
3. LSR packet contains the type of LSU needed and the router ID of the Router
that has the need of the LSU.
4. LSU packet contains the full LSA entries.
5. LSACK packet contains Null in this field.
OSPF neighbor adjacency parameters
Same following parameters must match to became OSPF neighbor
1. Hello and dead interval timer.
2. Area IDs.
3. Authentication type and password (if configured).
4. Area stub flag – which indicates the type area stub.
OSPF area characteristic
1. Minimizing routing table.
2. Localized impact of a topology change
3. Detail LSA flooding stops at the area boundary.
4. Required hierarchical network design.
OSPF route types
1. Internal Router – Router that have all their interface in the same area and has
same LSDB.
2. Backbone Router – Router that are situated on the backbone and have at least
one interface connected to area 0.
3. ABR (Area Border Router) – Router that have interfaces attached to multiple
areas, maintain separate LSDB for each area to which they comes. ABRs are the
exits point of area.
4. ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router) – Router that have at least one
interface attached to an entire router domain (A network running different
routing protocol other then OSPF known as different AS). ASBR can impact as
non OSPF network into the OSPF network.

Backbone
Internal ABR Internal

Internal
AREA 5

Created by: Naim Ahmed 3

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

AREA 52 ABR
Backbone
Internal ASBR

Exter
nal
RA RB AS

No Hello sent or
Received

Constructing
I am Router RB, My router ID is 10.0.0.1 224.0.0.5
Down State
INT State

Hello is sent to neighbor

no Hello / Acknowledge received Router RB Neighbor 10.0.0.01 on
f1
Unicast to RA I am Router RB, My router ID is 10.0.0.2
Hello is received from
Neighbor
and adjacency is built.
Router RA Neighbor 10.0.0.02 on
f2

EXSTART
STATE
I will start exchange process because my router ID is 10.0.0.1
DBD

I will start exchange process because my router ID is

(Exchange State)
Sharing Routing Information
DBD
10.0.0.2
EXCHANGE
STATE

Here is summary of my LSDB

DBD

Here is summary of my LSDB

DBD

Thanks for the information

LSAC LSAC
K K
LOADING
I need STATE
the complete network entry for 20.0.0.0/8
LSR

Here is the entry for network 20.0.0.0/8

LSR

Thanks for the information

LSAC LSAC
K K
FULL STATE

LAB 05: OSPF with Multi Area

LB:10.1.2.1/24

S0/0/0 DCE S0/1/0 DCE

10.1.12.0/24 .2 10.1.33.0/24

S0/2/0 .3 S0/0/0

Created by: Naim Ahmed 4

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

2811_R1 1841_R3

LB1:10.1.1.1/24 .1 LB1: 10.1.3.1/24

Area 0 Area 23

Besic configuration of R1, R2 and R3

R1(config)#router OSPF 1
R1(config-router)#net 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0 [all interface in this router are in OSPF
area 0]

R2(config)#router OSPF 1 Area Border Router

R2(config-router)#net 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#net 10.1.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#net 10.1.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 23

R3(config)#router OSPF 1
R3(config-router)#net 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 23 [all interface in this router are in OSPF
area 23]

R1-2811#sh ip route
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks ASBR (No “O IA”

Route)
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.2.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.2, 00:09:05, Serial1/0
O IA 10.1.3.1/32 [110/129] via 10.1.12.2, 00:08:04,
R2-2811#sh Serial1/0
ip route
C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O IA 10.1.23.0/24 [110/128] via 10.1.12.2, 00:09:05, is
10.0.0.0/8 Serial1/0
variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R3-1841#sh ip route O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:09:48, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:10:49, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
O IA 10.1.12.0/24 [110/128] via 10.1.23.2, 00:10:00, Serial1/0
C 10.1.3.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O IA 10.1.2.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.2, 00:10:00, Serial1/0
O IA 10.1.1.1/32 [110/129] via 10.1.23.2, 00:10:00, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

OSPF Authentication – Clear Text Authentication (Type 1)

Router(config-if)#ip OSPF authentication /Rrouter(config-router)#area 0 authentication
Router(config-if)#ip OSPF authentication-key <cisco>

OSPF Authentication – Message Test Authentication (Type 1)

Router(config-if)#ip OSPF authentication-message-digest
OR
Rrouter(config-router)#area 0 authentication authentication-message-digest
Router(config-if)#ip OSPF authentication-key 1 md5 <cisco>

Link State Advertisement

LSA Type Description
Type 1 Router LSA
Type 2 Network LSA
Type 3 and 4 Summary LSA
Type 5 AS External LSA
Type 6 Multicast OSPF LSA
Type 7 Defined as NSSA

Created by: Naim Ahmed 5

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

(Not So Stubby
Area)
Type 8 External Attribute
LSA for BGP
Type 9, 10, Opaque LSA
and 11

Created by: Naim Ahmed 6

Type 1 LSA:
Internal Type 1 LSA
Describe the
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note
collective states
of directly
connected Area 1 Internal
interface of the
router. Only
confined within
the area where
it’s generated.
That means it’s
don’t cross the
area where it is
originated.

Type 2 LSA:
Type 2
The DR of the Internal Type 2
network enforces DR
the network LSA Internal
Type 2
(Type 2) and then Type 2
Type 2 LSA is
flooded within the Internal
internal routers. Internal Area 1
Type LSAs don’t
cross the ABRs.
Area 3 Area 0
Type 3 LSA: Type 3
The ABR sent
Type 3 summary ABR ABR Area 1
LSA, is advertise
into the backbone Type 1 & 2 Type 1 & 2
by the ABRs only.
Backbone

Type 4 LSA:
The type 4
summary LSA is
generated by an Area 0
ABR only when an
ASBR exists ABR
within an area Type 4ABR Type 1 & 2
and then LSA are
subsequently
flooded
Area 3 Type 1 & 2
throughout the
OSPF domain. In Area 1
short type 4 LSA
are generated by ASBR Backbone
the ABRs of the
area which
Extern
contains ASBR.
al AS

Extern
Extern
al AS
al AS
Created by: Naim Ahmed 7
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

Type of Areas
1. Backbone Area: Known as area 0. It is the area which acts like a transit to all
other area.
2. Off Backbone area: Areas which must be connected with area 0. Logically or
physical ranges between area 1 to 4294967295. Off backbone cannot
communicate each other without traversing area 0.
Area types depend upon the characteristic of the internal router
administrative privilege and accommodation of redistributed route. Based on
the information area can be of three types.
a. Stub Area – Does not accept information about external routes to the
OSPF domain, such as route from non OSPF sources (other routing
protocol). These mean that no type 5 LSA will be known inside this area
and consequently type 4 LSA is unnecessary. ABRs at the age of the Stub
area are used Type 3 LSA to advertise a single default route into the all
internal routers within the stub area, So that if the router need to route
to the network outside of the OSPF area will use default route.
b. Not So Stubby Area (NSSA) – An NSSA is another area to the OSPF area
terminology which offers the benefit that are similar to the Stub or
Totally Stubby area, but also all external route to be advertise into the
OSPF domain. These forms of NSSA allow ASBR (Redistribution Point).
The ASBR originated type 7 LSA to advertise the external
distribution. Type 7 LSAs are flooded throughout the NSSA but are
blocked by the ABR. the ABR convert the type 7 LSA into a type 5 LSA
which is propagated through the OSPF domain.
c. Totally Stubby Area – These type of area is even restricted than stubby
area. The internal router can communicate, within their networks, within
their area via OSPF routing. But, any communication beyond the area
must be communicated via default route. Totally stubby cannot contain
the ASBR. Except that the ASBR may also be ASBR.

OSPF Extenal Route Type/ Type of Routes in OSPF

Symbol Route Designator Description

O OSPF inter area Network within the same area

Routes Advertise known from Router LSA and
Network LSA
OIA OSPF Inter area Network from different area
router Advertise known from summary LSA
OE 1 Type 1 External Network from outside OSPF domain
Route Advertise known from external LSA
OE 2 Type 2 External Network from outside OSPF domain
Route Advertise known from external LSA

External Type 1 Router (OE1) – Type OE1 extended route calculate the cost by adding
the external to the internal cost of each link that the packet process. We will use this
type route when there are multiple ASBR advertise an external route to the same
OSPF domain.

Created by: Naim Ahmed 8

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

External Type 1 Router (OE2) – The external cost of OE2 packet is a value only and
that same value propagating throughout the OSPF domain. This is the default
external route type.

Created by: Naim Ahmed 9

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

LAB 06: OSPF with Multi Area Configuration and Stub Configuration
Lb0: 10.1.2.1/24
2811 – R2
10.1.23.0/24
10.1.12.0/24 S0/0/0 S0/1/0
.2 .2
.1 DCE Lb0: 10.1.3.1/24
S0/2/0 S0/0/0 Lb200: 10.1.200.1/24
2811 – R1 .3

Lb0: 10.1.1.1/24 1841 – R3

AREA 0 AREA 23

Include all interfaces into OSPF.

Router(config)#router ospf 1
Router(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 <area ID> area 0

Based on the above scenario following will be the configuration for the OSPF.
R1-2811(config-router)#net 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0

R2-2811(config-router)#net 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

R2-2811 (config-router)#net 10.1.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2-2811 (config-router)#net 10.1.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 23

R3-1841(config-router)#net 10.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 23

R1-2811#sh ip route
O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
R3-1841#sh ip route
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.1.2.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.2,
O IA00:00:12, Serial1/0
10.1.12.0/24 [110/128] via 10.1.23.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/0
O IA 10.1.3.1/32 [110/129] via 10.1.12.2,
C 00:00:03, Serial1/0
10.1.3.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O IA 10.1.2.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/0
O IA 10.1.23.0/24 [110/128] via 10.1.12.2,
O IA 00:00:12, Serial1/0
10.1.1.1/32 [110/129] via 10.1.23.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/0
O IA 10.1.200.1/32 [110/129] via 10.1.12.2,
C 00:00:03, Serial1/0
10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
C 10.1.200.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback200
R2-2811#sh ip ospf database
R3-1841#sh ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (10.1.2.1) (Process ID 1)
OSPF Router with ID (10.1.200.1) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Router Link States (Area 23)
Link ID
R1-2811#sh ADV database
ip ospf Router Age Seq# Checksum Link
Link ID ADV Router Age countSeq# Checksum Link count
10.1.2.1 10.1.2.1 398 0x80000002
10.1.1.1 0x000467
10.1.1.1
OSPF 2
Router with ID 298 0x80000004
(10.1.1.1) (Process ID 0x0060CB
1) 3
10.1.200.1 10.1.200.1 403 0x80000003 0x00FCA0
10.1.2.1 10.1.2.1 4 278 0x80000003 0x00FD2B 3
Router Link States (Area 0)
Summary Net Link States (Area 23) Summary Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link
Link ID ADV Router Age Link Seq#
countID Checksum
ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
10.1.1.1 10.1.2.1 404 0x80000001 0x00FBE4
10.1.3.1
10.1.1.1 10.1.2.1
10.1.1.1 263
331 0x80000001
0x80000004 0x00E5F8
0x0060CB 3
10.1.2.1 10.1.2.1 404 0x80000001 0x006EB1
10.1.23.0
10.1.2.1 10.1.2.1
10.1.2.1 273
313 0x80000001
0x80000003 0x0009C3
0x00FD2B 3
10.1.12.0 10.1.2.1 404 0x80000001 0x008255
10.1.200.1 10.1.2.1 263 0x80000001 0x0066B2
Summary Net Link States (Area 0)
Router Link States (Area 23)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
Link ID
10.1.3.1 ADV Router
10.1.2.1 Age
298 Seq#
0x80000001 Checksum
0x00E5F8 Link
count
10.1.23.0 10.1.2.1 308 0x80000001 0x0009C3
10.1.2.1
10.1.200.1 10.1.2.1
10.1.2.1 272
298 0x80000002
0x80000001 0x000467
0x0066B2 2
10.1.200.1 10.1.200.1 278 0x80000003 0x00FCA0 4

Summary Net Link States (Area 23)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum

10.1.1.1 10.1.2.1 278 0x80000001 0x00FBE4
10.1.2.1 10.1.2.1 285 0x80000001 0x006EB1
Created by: Naim Ahmed 10
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

R2-2811#sh ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 10.1.2.1
!! Output omitted !!
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 2 (1 loopback)
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 00:07:44.720 ago
SPF algorithm executed 4 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 5. Checksum Sum 0x02B463
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Area 23
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 00:07:34.728 ago
SPF algorithm executed 3 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 5. Checksum Sum 0x02EDF1
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0

OSPF Stub and Not-So-Stubby (NSSA)

OSPF Stub
Stub area configuration and totally stub area configuration
In this above scenario we will configure are 23 as stub area for that within the OSPF
routing process we will provide “area <area ID> stub”.
This must be configuring in the ABR and the internal Router. That means:
R2-28111(config)#router ospf 1
R2-2811(configure-router)#area 23 stub no-summary

R3-1841(config)#router ospf 1
R3-1841(config-router)#area 23 stub no-summary
R2-2811#sh ip route

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks

C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:37, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:01:15, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1

R3-1841#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.23.2 to network 0.0.0.0

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 10.1.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 10.1.23.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 10.1.23.2, 00:00:39, Serial1/0

Created by: Naim Ahmed 11

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

OSPF Not-So-Stubby (NSSA)

The OSPF not-so-stubby area (NSSA) feature is described by RFC 1587 and is first
introduced in Cisco IOS Software release 11.2. It is a non-proprietary extension of the
existing stub area feature that allows the injection of external routes in a limited
fashion into the stub area.
Redistribution into an NSSA area creates a special type of link-state advertisement
(LSA) known as type 7, which can only exist in an NSSA area. An NSSA autonomous
system boundary router (ASBR) generates this LSA and an NSSA area border router
(ABR) translates it into a type 5 LSA, which gets propagated into the OSPF domain.
The network diagram demonstrates this principle.
Lb0: 10.1.2.1/24
2811 – R2
10.1.23.0/24
10.1.12.0/24 S0/0/0 S0/1/0
.2 .2
.1 DCE Lb0: 10.1.3.1/24
S0/2/0 S0/0/0 Lb200:
10.1.200.1/24
2811 – R1 .3

Lb0: 10.1.1.1/24 1841 – R3

AREA 0 AREA 23

As NSSA is not compatible with stub area we will remove the stub configuration first
and then area 23 as NSSA with common at “config-router” router mode.
Assume as LB200 is a static external (non OSPF route).
R3-1841(config)#int loopback 172
R3-1841(config-if)#ip address 172.16.200.1 255.255.255.0

Router(config-router)#area 23 NSSA

R2-2811(config)#router ospf 1
R2-2811(config-router)#area 23 nssa

R3-1841(config)#router ospf 1
R3-1841(config-router)#area 23 nssa
• For redistribute connected route in OSPF
R3-1841(config-router)#redistribute connected subnet
R2-2811#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O N2 172.16.200.0 [110/20] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:09, Serial1/1 By default the value is N2
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:09, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:19:20, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1

Created by: Naim Ahmed 12

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

R1-2811#sh ip route
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2 172.16.200.0 [110/20] via 10.1.12.2, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.2.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.2, 00:27:19, Serial1/0
O IA 10.1.3.1/32 [110/129] via 10.1.12.2, 00:27:09, Serial1/0
C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O IA 10.1.23.0/24 [110/128] via 10.1.12.2, 00:27:19, Serial1/0

• Subnet will use for classless boundaries.

• We can change external route type (i.e N1 or N2 for ABR & E1 or E2 for other
OSPF router) with provided at redistribution point.
Router(config-router)#redistribute connected subnet metric-type 1 or 2
R3-2811(config-router)#redistribute connected subnet metric-type 1
[default is 2]
R2-2811#sh ip route

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O N1 172.16.200.0 [110/85] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:01, Serial1/1
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:10:47, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:29:58, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1

R1-2811#sh ip route
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E1 172.16.200.0 [110/149] via 10.1.12.2, 00:00:50, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.2.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.2, 00:30:46, Serial1/0
O IA 10.1.3.1/32 [110/129] via 10.1.12.2, 00:30:37, Serial1/0
C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O IA 10.1.23.0/24 [110/128] via 10.1.12.2, 00:30:46, Serial1/0

• We can also make NSSA to totally NSSA.

Router(config-router)#area 23 NSSA no-summary
R2-2811(config-router)#area 23 NSSA no-summary
Configure this command on NSSA ABRs only. After you define the NSSA totally stub
area, Area 23 has these characteristics in addition to the NSSA characteristics:
• No type 3 or 4 summary LSAs are allowed in Area 23. This means no inter-area
routes are allowed in Area 23.
• A default route is injected into the NSSA totally stub area as a type 3 summary
LSA.
R3-1841#sh ip route

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.16.200.0 is directly connected, Loopback172
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets No OSPF Route
C 10.1.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 10.1.23.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 10.1.23.2, 00:03:44, Serial1/0

Created by: Naim Ahmed 13

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

OSPF Virtual Link

Virtual link is a link that allows distinguish area 0 to be connected a disconnecting
area to be to be connecting with area 0 via a transit area.
[Note: virtual link should not be use as primary design; rather it should be use only
for specific cases, such as temporary communication or backup for failure.]

The hello protocol works over the virtual link as it does over standard link in 10
second interval, however LSA updates works differently on virtual link and LSA
usually refresh every 30 munities but, LSAs learn through virtual link have “Do Not
Age (DNA)” option set. So, the LSA does age out. DNA is required to prevent
excessive flooding over the virtual link.

Configuration issue of Virtual Link

Router(config-router)#area <transit area ID> virtual link <router ID> to which these
router is connected.

Router ID 10.1.2.1/24 a logical Virtual Link

Created to Area 0
ABR Area 23

Area 0 Area 24

R4

Router ID 10.1.4.1/24

Link to Area 0 Down

From the above scenario the virtual link command should be like:
ABR(config)#router ospf 1
ABR(config-router)#area 23 virtual link 10.1.4.1

R4(config)#router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#area 23 virtual link 10.1.2.1

OSPF Route Summarization

In OSPF intra area route summarization is not possible but inter area (within the same
area) route summarization is possible and external route summarization is possible.
Inter area route summarization is always occur on an ABR. We have to use “area
range” command to instruct the ABR to summarized route for a specific area before
injection them.
External route summarization always occur in the ABR with the help of “summary-
address” command which instruct the ASBR to summarization to summarized external
route before inject them into OSPF domain as type 5 external LSA
Default Route Inclusion
A default route while include in OSPF domain is injected as an LSA type 5, default
route distribution is not on by default in OSPF we have to issue the “default-
information originated” command under the OSPF routing process.

Created by: Naim Ahmed 14

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

LAB 07: OSPF with Multi Area, Virtual Link, Route summarization

Lb0:10.1.2.1/24 ABR
To External Global Route R2-2811
10.1.23.0/24
S0/0/0 S0/1/0 Area 23
Lb10:172.16.10.1/24 10.1.12.0/24 .2 S0/0/0
.1 .3 R3-1841
S0/2/0 Area 0 Lb0: 10.1.3.1/24
R1-2811
Lb0: 10.1.1.1/24 Lb100: 192.168.100.1/24
Lb101: 192.168.101.1/24
ASBR Lb200:192.168.200.1/24 Lb102: 192.168.102.1/24
Redistributed networks LB201: 192.168.201.1/24
Lb103: 192.168.103.1/24 Router ID
LB202: 192.168.202.1/24 Area 100
LB203: 192.168.203.1/24

Additional configuration
R3-1841(config)#router ospf 1
R3-1841(config-router)#network 192.168.100.0 0.0.3.255 area 100
R3-1841(config-router)#exit
For virtual link
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#area 23 virtual link 192.168.103.1………[ <Router ID>
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#area 23 virtual link 10.1.2.1 ……….[<Router ID>
R2-2811#sh ip route
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
192.168.102.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.102.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
192.168.103.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.103.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
192.168.100.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.100.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
192.168.101.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.101.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:06, Serial1/1

Virtual Link Show command

Router#show ip OSPF virtual-link
R2-2811#sh ip ospf virtual-links
Virtual Link OSPF_VL2 to router 10.1.3.1 is up
Run as demand circuit
DoNotAge LSA allowed.
Transit area 23, via interface Serial1/1, Cost of using 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:01
Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)
Index 2/3, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 0
First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)

Created by: Naim Ahmed 15

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

Last retransmission scan length is 0, maximum is 0

Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

Router#show ip OSPF neighbor

R2-2811#sh ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.1.3.1 0 FULL/ - - 10.1.23.3 OSPF_VL2
10.1.1.1 0 FULL/ - 00:00:34 10.1.12.1 Serial1/0
10.1.3.1 0 FULL/ - 00:00:36 10.1.23.3 Serial1/1

R3-1841#sh ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time

Address Interface
10.1.2.1 0 FULL/ - - 10.1.23.2 OSPF_VL2
10.1.2.1 0 FULL/ - 00:00:31
10.1.23.2 Serial1/0
Router#show ip OSPF database router <routerR3-1841#sh ID> ip ospf database router 10.1.2.1
OSPF Router with ID (10.1.3.1) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
R2-2811#sh ip ospf database router 10.1.3.1
Routing Bit Set on this LSA
OSPF Router with ID (10.1.2.1) (Process ID 1) LS age: 1 (DoNotAge)
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
Router Link States (Area 0) LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 10.1.2.1
Routing Bit Set on this LSA Advertising Router: 10.1.2.1
LS age: 1 (DoNotAge)
LS Seq Number: 80000006
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links Checksum: 0xFAA6
Link State ID: 10.1.3.1 Length: 72
Advertising Router: 10.1.3.1 Area Border Router
LS Seq Number: 80000002 Number of Links: 4
Checksum: 0x811D Link connected to: a Virtual Link
Length: 36 (Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 10.1.3.1
Area Border Router
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.1.23.2
Number of Links: 1
Number of TOS metrics: 0
Link connected to: a Virtual Link TOS 0 Metrics: 64
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 10.1.2.1 Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point)
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.1.23.3 (Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 10.1.1.1
Number of TOS metrics: 0 (Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.1.12.2
TOS 0 Metrics: 64 Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
Router Link States (Area 23) (Link ID) Network/subnet number: 10.1.12.0
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.0
Routing Bit Set on this LSA Number of TOS metrics: 0
LS age: 532 TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
Link connected to: a Stub Network
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 10.1.3.1 (Link ID) Network/subnet number: 10.1.2.1
Advertising Router: 10.1.3.1 (Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
LS Seq Number: 80000007 Number of TOS metrics: 0
Checksum: 0xCF9 TOS 0 Metrics: 1
Length: 60 Router Link States (Area 23)
Area Border Router Routing Bit Set on this LSA
Virtual Link Endpoint
LS age: 652
Number of Links: 3
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
Link connected to: a Stub Network LS Type: Router Links
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 10.1.3.1 Link State ID: 10.1.2.1
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255 Advertising Router: 10.1.2.1
Number of TOS metrics: 0 LS Seq Number: 80000006
TOS 0 Metrics: 1 Checksum: 0x1415
Length: 48
Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point)
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 10.1.2.1 Area Border Router
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.1.23.3 Virtual Link Endpoint
Number of TOS metrics: 0 Number of Links: 2
TOS 0 Metrics: 64 Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point)
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 10.1.3.1
Link connected to: a Stub Network (Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.1.23.2
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 10.1.23.0
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.0 Number of TOS metrics: 0
Number of TOS metrics: 0 TOS 0 Metrics: 64
TOS 0 Metrics: 64 Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 10.1.23.0
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.0
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64

Created by: Naim Ahmed 16

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

OSPF Route Summarization

Route Summarization other area in ABR (only OSPF route would be summarized)–
Reference: Above scenario
Routre(config)#router OSPF 1
Router(config-router)#area <area ID> range <route address>

R3(config)#router OSPF 1
R3(config-router)#area 100 range 192.168.100.0 255.255.252.0
R2-2811#sh ip route
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks

C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:20:25, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:20:25, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
O IA 192.168.100.0/22 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:18, Serial1/1

R2-2811#sh ip route
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
192.168.102.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.102.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
192.168.103.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.103.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
192.168.100.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.100.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1
192.168.101.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 192.168.101.1 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:06, Serial1/1
Injecting Defaults into OSPF
An autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) can be forced to generate a default
route into the OSPF domain. However, an ASBR does not, by default, generate a
default route into the OSPF routing domain.
To have OSPF generate a default route use the following:

Router(config-router)#default-information originate

Default Route information originate in R1 router

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.2
R1(config)#router OSPF 1
R3(config-router)#default-information originate
R2-2811#sh ip route
!!Output omitted!!
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.1.12.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
O IA 192.168.100.0/22 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:00:05, Serial1/1

R1-2811#sh ip route
!!Output omitted!!
C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O IA 10.1.23.0/24 [110/128] via 10.1.12.2, 00:06:34, Serial1/0
C 192.168.203.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback203
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.16.10.2
R3-1841#sh ip route O IA 192.168.100.0/22 [110/129] via 10.1.12.2, 00:06:35, Serial1/0
!!Output omitted!!
192.168.103.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback103
C 192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback100
C 192.168.101.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback101
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.1.23.2, 00:01:08, Serial1/0
O 192.168.100.0/22 is a summary, 00:14:10, Null0

Created by: Naim Ahmed 17

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

For redistribute external connected network in OSPF

R1(config)#router OSPF 1
R1(config-router)#redistributed connected subnet

For summarization of redistributed external networks

R1(config-router)#summary-address 192.168.200.0 255.255.252.0
R2-2811#sh ip route

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O E2 172.16.10.0 [110/20] via 10.1.12.1, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.1.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 10.1.3.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:45:03, Serial1/1
C 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.1.1.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.12.1, 00:12:05, Serial1/0
C 10.1.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.1.12.1, 00:11:55, Serial1/0
O E2 192.168.200.0/22 [110/20] via 10.1.12.1, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
O IA 192.168.100.0/22 [110/65] via 10.1.23.3, 00:12:05, Serial1/1
OSPF in Frame Relay
OSPF supports five (5) type s of command option while detecting network types and
these options are
1. Broadcast

2. Non Broadcast

3. Point to Multipoint

4. Point to Multipoint (Non Broadcast)

5. Point to Point

Command
Description
Option

It is a CISCO creation, make the WAN interface appear to a LAN,

Broadcast single IP subnet, usages multicast hello packet, DR BDR election
occur. The topology must be a partial mess or full.

It is RFC complain, neighbor must be manually configure, single ip

subnet, DR BDR election occurs, DR BDR must need full connectivity
Non Broadcast
with all other router. Preferred topology are fully mesh or partially
mess

Point to It is a RFC complain, single IP subnet, use OSPF multicast hello. But
Multipoint DR BDR not required. Typically used in star topology.

If multicast and broadcast are enable on virtual circuit, the RFC

complain, point to multipoint cannot be use, because the router
Point to cannot dynamically discover its neighboring router using hello
Multipoint (Non multicast packet. So CISCO complains point to multipoint non
Broadcast) broadcast works. Neighbors must be manually configured but
DR/BDR election is not required. So, we have to maintained the Hub
router force fully as the DR.

CISCO extension, different IP subnet on each sub-interface, no

Point to Point DR/BDR election required. Use when only two routers needs to form
adjacency on single link.

Created by: Naim Ahmed 18

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

LAB 08: OSPF in Frame Relay

10.1.123.0/24

DCE
1751_Spoke1
.1 S0/0/1 .2 S0/0
S0/0/0 DLCI – 201
DCE S0/1/0 Lb0: 10.1.2.1/24

2811_Hub
S0/2/0 .3
DLCI – 102 1841_Spoke2
DLCI – 103 S0/0/0
Lb0: DLCI – 301
10.1.1.1/24 Lb0: 10.1.3.1/24

OSPF Configuration for the above scenario

2811_Hub(config)#router OSPF 1
2811_Hub (config-router)#net 10.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Or
2811_Hub(config)#router OSPF 1
2811_Hub (config-router)#neighbor 10.1.123.2
2811_Hub (config-router)#neighbor 10.1.123.3

1751_Spoke1(config)#router OSPF 1
1751_Spoke1 (config-router)#net 10.1.123.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
1751_Spoke1 (config-router)#ip route 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
1841_Spoke2 (config)#router OSPF 1
1841_Spoke2 (config-router)#net 10.1.123.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
1841_Spoke2 (config-router)#net 10.1.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

Router#show ip ospf int s0/0

HUB#sh ip ospf interface s1/0

Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 10.1.123.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 10.1.1.1, Interface address 10.1.123.1
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:04
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

HUB#sh ip route

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0 Spoke-2#sh ip route
C 10.1.123.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
Spoke-1#sh ip route C 10.1.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 10.1.123.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 10.1.123.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
After the above configuration there is no OSPF adjacency table will not be created,
because OSPF default network type is non broadcast.

Created by: Naim Ahmed 19

CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) Class Note

2811_Hub(config)#int s0/2/0
2811_Hub(config)#ip ospf network point-to-multipoint

1751_Spoke1(config)#int s0/0
1751_Spoke1 (config)#ip ospf priority 0
1751_Spoke1(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-multipoint

1841_Spoke2(config)#int s0/0/0
1841_Spoke2 (config)#ip ospf priority 0
1841_Spoke2(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
HUB#sh ip ospf interface s1/0
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 10.1.123.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:25
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

Changing Hello and Dead interval timer

Router(config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval <Value> <10 or 30>
Router(config-if)#ip ospf dead-interval <Value> [4 times of Hello packet]

Do not forward Hello packet for a particular interface

Router(config-if)#no ip ospf hello-interval

Changing OSPF cost parameters

Router(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000 [Mbits]

Created by: Naim Ahmed 20