Medici di Makati College

1601 Noli Santos International Building, Metropolitan Avenue, Makati

City S.Y. 2020 - 2021

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement in NCM 111 (Nursing Research 1)

Dra. Raquel Pasigpasigan

Perceived Parenting Style and Academic Performance of Students in Private and Public
Colleges of Nursing

BSN III - GROUP 7

Bisnar, Charlhyn Grace A.

Dionisio, May Cheryl N.

Ong, Marielle Shania V.

Pablo, Christian

Saban, Nerravie

Trinidad, Joselito
CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Different parenting styles can result in different children's academic outcomes. Although

each family situation can vary, there are different types of parenting styles: authoritarian,

authoritative, and permissive (Baumrind, 1971). The way the children were raised is the parenting

style. According to Baumrind, a psychologist who researched parenting styles, children raised in

households with very demanding parents who show little to no affection are considered

authoritarian. Another parenting style would be the authoritative parenting style. This is classified

as when parents expect highly of their children, but also are attentive and respond to the

adolescent’s needs (Baumrind, 1971). These families would have multiple sets of rules to follow,

but they will listen to their children. Some families do not expect anything from their children but

do respond to their needs, which is the permissive parenting style defined by Baumrind

(Baumrind, 1971). Parental involvement such as constant monitoring paired with giving praises

and encouragement allows children to improve their cognitive processing by letting their parents

acknowledge their actions and achievement, and this also enhances participation and cooperation

in class which satisfies them in their school environment (Nihat Şad & Gürbüztürk, 2013). In

general, parenting styles correlate with academic performance.

Research on parenting styles and their relation to academic achievement in adolescents

has identified various factors including parents' education and environment are associated with

positive outcomes for adolescents in the classroom (Attaway & Bry, 2004). Parenting style plays a

vital role in influencing the college students on their learning outcomes; as evidenced by the

previously conducted research by Zahedani, Rezaee, Yazdani, Bagheri, & Nabeiei, 2016, the
result reveals that there was a positive correlation between authoritarian parenting style and

educational success, as mentioned by Zahedani et al., 2016, it also showcase results from their

study that academic achievement is determined by parental involvement, warmth, and autonomy.

Zahedani et al., 2016, mentions that firm parenting style and academic achievement have a

significant positive relationship, in contrast to permissive parenting style, which has no

significant relationship with academic success. The authors concluded that indeed parents

positively impacted the child's behavior when guided. Furthermore, mutual agreement and

forming a bond relationship between parents and children are suggested by the author.

As eloquently stated by Ch, 2003, Filipino competence was related to their educational

attainment. Academic achievement reflects the quality of education since it is the outcome of a

positive attitude toward learning, a positive self-concept, and positive interactions between

learners and adults in society. The quality of education is determined by students' study habits and

attitudes, which can be cultivated through positive parenting and proper school supervision.

These were factors that affected students' academic achievement both inside and outside of

school. It was once believed that a student's environment and personal characteristics played a

significant effect on their academic achievement.

The present study is continuing research to fill in the gap and to determine which is true

between public and private schools. It is hoped that this study will provide insights and contribute

to the body of knowledge in the nursing community about perceived parenting styles and their

relation to academic performance among nursing students.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Present study aims to compare the perceived parenting style of nursing students
studying at Public and Private schools. The study will further compare the academic performance

of the Students:

1. What are the Parenting styles as observed and perceived by nursing students in Public and

private schools?

2. What are the academic grades of nursing students in Public and Private Schools?

3. Is there a Significant difference in the Academic grades of Nursing students from Public

and Private Schools when grouped according to perceived parenting styles?

HYPOTHESIS

Based on the problem of the study, the null hypothesis will be tested at the 0.05 level of

significance.

There is no significant difference in the academic grades of Nursing Students from Public

and Private Schools when grouped according to perceived parenting styles

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

student's academic performance. The findings of the study will be extremely beneficial to the

following:

TO THE NURSING STUDENTS. This study will encourage the students to learn more in order

to improve their academic performance regardless of their parents' parenting styles.

TO THE PARENTS. This study will mostly benefit parents in better understanding and

supporting their children by discovering the best effective technique they can implement to help

their children accomplish their academic goals.

TO THE PROFESSORS AND CLINICAL INSTRUCTORS. This research will help

professors and clinical instructors in better understanding the attitudes of their students as it can

be related to the parents’ parenting style.

TO THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS. This study will serve as a foundation for future

researchers. Future researchers will need greater insights from open-ended interviews in data

collection. It will also help as a future reference for new innovative ideas and development.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study aims to compare the perceived parenting style of the nursing students studying

in Private and Public Schools. This study will further determine if there is any significant

difference in the academic performance of nursing students when grouped according to perceived

parenting style. The study will include participants of 30 Private schools and 30 participants in
Public schools of 3rd-year students who are currently enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in

Nursing program from Medici di Makati College and the University of Makati. The participants

will make a response through an online questionnaire adapted from a pre-existing tool from the

original author (1991) throughout the academic year 2021-2022 and their answers will be

confidential and participation will be optional.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following words are being defined operationally and conceptually to fully understand the

terms used in the study:

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

A measure of how well students have performed in the professional nursing subjects, it also

means the knowledge and skills mastered in the professional nursing subjects as reflected in the

grade point average received during 1st semester.

AUTHORITARIAN

A type of parent who is extremely strict and has high expectations when it comes to the Academic

performance of their child. This type of parenting style follows the colloquial phrase of “do as I

say because I said so.” The parents who follow this style do not use open communication with

their children (Grant & Ray, 2010).

AUTHORITATIVE
A type of parenting with firm limits and high expectations set in collaboration with warmth, love,

and nurturing. There is also an open communication with the children and the parents. The

parents want to make sure the child understands the concepts of different things throughout life as

they grow, in addition to following the rules (Grant & Ray, 2010).

PERMISSIVE

A type of parenting that mostly lets their children do what they want, with limited guidance or

direction. They are more like friends than parents. They often encourage their children to talk

with them about their problems, but they usually don't put much effort into discouraging poor

choices or bad behavior (Tracy Trautner, 2017).

PARENT

The person who cares for the child. This is the person who handles the child’s physical, mental,

emotional needs. For the purpose of this study, this is the person who is caring for the child

regardless of biological connections but who has at least legal connections.

PARENTING STYLE

The technique or method used to apply the act of Parenting. The person can use various practices,

procedures or methods to gain appropriate or desired behavior from the child. (Grant & Ray,

2010).

CHAPTER 2
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURES

PARENTING STYLES IN THE PHILIPPINES

According to Espina (1996), as cited by Alampay, L. P. (2013) the mother-child

relationship is marked by themes of warmth, nurturing, and protectiveness, while on the other,

strictness and control, thus making the mother wield more control and punishment or

responsibility to the growth of the child because she supervises the child’s behavior. On the other

hand, the Filipino father-child relationship is characterized by themes of authority, restriction,

obedience, and control. This then makes the child more submissive and shows more deference to

fathers than mothers. The distance of emotions that the father gives to show authority makes it

difficult for them to establish a bond that a mother and her child has (McCann-Erickson

Philippines 2006; NFO-Trends 2001; Cooper et al. 1993; Fuligni 1998). Findings of various

research, including those with national and representative samples, state that Filipino children

report feeling closer to and more open in communicating with their moms than with their fathers.

The relationships of the child are different for both parents, the parenting styles of each parent

vary whether they are a father or mother.

According to Alampay L.P., Garcia A.S. (2019) Education and Parenting in the

Philippines: Filipino families highly value children’s educational achievement. The parents’

primary goal is to provide for the education of their children, which then conversely relates to the

obligation of the child to succeed and meet the parents’ expectations, this is shown in Alampay’s
study wherein she stated that the foregoing cultural values of kapwa (helping others), hiya

(shyness), and utang na loob (paying back) are among the examples that show the dynamics of

Filipino parenting and parent-child relationships, which is apparent in the behavior of the child to

be obedient in meeting the familial obligations. Also mentioned by Alampay L.P., Garcia A.S.

(2019), Interdependence in Filipino families is such that education-related decisions and

behaviors reflect on family rather than individual welfare. Which shows the interdependence of

the academic achievement of the students towards their parents’ involvement.

Parenting is viewed as important in Philippine society, as a family is perceived as the

center of one’s social world. The success of a child’s academic education is conversely related to

the parent’s involvement, according to Bartolome et al. (2017) assert that for a child to be

successful, the parents need to increase the influence on the child's early development. and thus,

the contact between home and school should be maintained, especially during the primary school

years.

PARENTING STYLES AND PARENTING PRACTICES

Parenting styles and parenting practices are what influence the student’s school-based

outcomes. According to Spera, C. (2005), that authors Darling and Steinberg, (1993) mentions

that parenting practice is defined as the specific behavior that parents use to socialize with their

children, while parenting style is the approaches guiding and controlling in which parents raise

their children. The involvement practices are represented by parents to become directly involved

with school decisions and activities, as seen when parents are serving in the school board or

parent organizations.
PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN EDUCATION OUTCOMES

The parent/s’ involvement affects the education of the child in different ways. According

to the Centre for Child Well-Being (2010) cited by Sapunganan, G. et al. (2014), parental

involvement in their children’s learning not only improves a child’s morale, attitude, and

academic achievement across all subject areas, but it also promotes better behavior and social

adjustment. This means that the parents are involved in educating their children, and this is

equivalent to the school being proactive in implementing changes or development among the

students. The involvement of the parents in the education of the students creates a positive effect

on the academic achievement that they have.

GRADING SYSTEM IN PHILIPPINES COLLEGES

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is a government institution that was

established on May 18, 1994. A Republic Act No.7222 is the Higher Education Act of 1994. It’s a

part of a broad agenda of reforms on the country’s education system. Part of the reform was into

three governing bodies. One of the parts is for Tertiary Education.

In this study, the grading system by CHED will be used to determine the academic

performance of the students. Following the Republic Act No. 10173 Data Privacy Act of 2012,

the researcher will respect the privacy and confidentiality of the participants involved in ensuring

the free flow of communication secured and protected. The Commission on Higher Education

states that the grading system follows a 5-Point Scale with 1.00 being the Highest and 5.00

meaning failing mark. The grade point scale has an equivalence of the following: 1.00 - 98%-
100%; 1.25 - 95%-97%; 1.50 - 92%-94%; 1.75 - 89%-91%; 2.00 - 86%-88%; 2.25 - 83%-

85%; 2.50 - 80%-82%; 2.75 - 77%-79%; 3.00 - 75%-76%; and 5.00 -Failed Mark.

Additional remarks are given when a student was not able to meet all the requirements to

receive a grade. An incomplete (INC) is given for students with passing grades but incomplete

requirements are given an excusable ground. A special or completion examination is given to

remove the INC and receive a numerical grade. INC grades shall be removed within one (1) year.

A student who has submitted a Leave of Absence (LOA) within a period shall receive an

Officially Withdrawal (W) grade. Those who filed LOA after some time shall receive a passing

grade at the time of Withdrawal (WP) or a failing grade at the time of Withdrawal (WF). A grade

of N is given to students who have dropped a course before the course's withdrawal deadline. A

Failure for Non-attendance (FN) is given for students who failed to attend classes within the final

withdrawal date for the course and an Unofficially Withdrawn (UW) for students who failed to

attend classes during the final withdrawal date for the course and did not file the LOA (CHED,

2008).

According to Medici di Makati College Handbook (revised 2019), mandated by

Commission on Higher Education (CHED), the grading is as follows:

Grade Point Scale Equivalence

1.00 98%-100%

1.25 95%-97%

1.50 92%-94%
1.75 89%-91%

2.00 86%-88%

2.25 83%-85%

2.50 80%-82%

2.75 77%-79%

3.00 75%-76%

5.00 Failed

INC - Incomplete

W - Officially Withdrawn

WP - Had a passing grade at the time of Withdrawal

WF - Had a failing grade at the time of Withdrawal

N - Indicates that a student has elected to withdraw from a course prior to the course’s

withdrawal deadline

FN - Failure for Non-attendance (will be given by the faculty members anytime following

the final withdrawal date for the course

UW - Unofficially Withdrawn
According to the University of Makati, mandated by the Commission on Higher Education

(CHED), the grading is as follows,

GRADE PERCENTAGE ADJECTIVAL

EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT

1.00 97-100% Excellent

1.25 94-96% Superior

1.50 91-93% Superior

1.75 88-90% Very Good

2.00 85-87% Very Good

2.25 82-84% Good

2.50 79-81% Good

2.75 76-78% Fair

3.00 75% Fair

4.00 74-70% Conditional Failure

5.00 69 Below Failure

INC Incomplete

OD Officially Dropped
 UD Unofficially Dropped

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

According to M.H. Bornstein, in their study on “Parenting styles and their effects”

Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development (2011), states that “Authoritative

parenting expects children to be submissive to their strict, directive, and emotionally detached

parents while permissive parenting style implies the children regulate their activities”. However,

According to D. Baumrind (1997), The difference between the two similar parenting styles lies

with moderate discipline with warmth, reason, and flexibility ensured by authoritative parenting.

Bacus, M. (2014) in his study revealed that the Student’s academic performance was linked to

their educational attainment. Academic achievement represents the quality of education because it

shows a positive perception toward learning, a positive self-concept, and a strong influence

between learners and adults in society.

PARENTING STYLES IN THE PHILIPPINES

D. Ochoa & B. Torre ( 2014) in their study revealed that the majority of parents
were also found to use authoritative parenting styles, and the majority of students were found to

demonstrate energetic-friendly behavior. D. Ochoa & B. Torre (2014) in their study revealed that

the majority of this research implies that authoritative parenting, characterized by autonomy,

emotional support, and strong demands, leads to favorable child outcomes.

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:

WHY ARE THE DIFFERENCE AND WHY DO THEY PERSIST?

As stated by M. Lockheed & E. Jimenez ( 1994), both public and private school principals

guaranteed that teaching materials were available in the school, private school principals also

ensured that professors will have accessibility to teaching materials by providing storage cabinets

in their classrooms.

As eloquently stated by M. Lockheed & E. Jimenez ( 1994), Student studies at Private

schools spend more hours in school than Student studies in public schools because public schools

have more students or schedules than private schools. Also, the results showed that students

studying in private schools are more advanced than students in Public schools.
 According to K.S. Conway, A. Houtenville, in their study on "Parental Effort, School

Resources, and Student Achievement,” Conway and Houtenville (2008), reveal that “parental

effort is consistently associated with higher levels of achievement, and the magnitude of the effect

of parental effort is substantial. This then means that when the parents are strongly involved with

their child’s education, this then motivates them to achieve high levels of accomplishments. The

result of the study shows that parental effort does indeed improve student achievement.

According to the study, parental effort is important to consider both because it is a relatively

productive input and because it has the potential to offset any increased financial support.

Parental effort increases the productivity of the student, the motivation of the student mainly

comes from parental support, and that financial support is a smaller factor to the student’s

achievement, with the right amount of parental effort, it can even outweigh the increase of

financial support.

SYNTHESIS

In the conducted study done by Oducado, R. M and Penuela, A. C (2014) which entitled

“Predictors of Academic Performance in Professional Nursing Courses in a Private Nursing

School in Kalibo, Aklan, Philippines” the researcher stated that the foundation for nursing

students is provided by the nursing program which enables them to prepare in becoming

Registered Nurses; students are equipped with a strong foundation of theoretical concepts, skills

based knowledge and experiences in order to deliver safe quality care in different types of age

groups. In addition, Oducado, R. M et al., (2014) mentions that Constant guidance and

encouragement from the clinical instructor, school administrators together with parents are
needed in order to monitor the performance of students; with the right guidelines from the

authority the success of the academic outcome of the students will be achieved.

The research article and the present study have similarities as both studies were conducted

in the Philippines. It also mentions that the researcher uses nursing students as participants in the

data collection, which is similar to the present study. Both studies use academic performance as

the topic of interest and as the dependent variable for the current researcher and the author.

Obtaining secondary data from the official record of students will also be the source of the

research instruments, In addition, quantitative descriptive-comparative research will be

emphasized.

However, while the research article determines the relationship of academic and non-

academic variables and academic performance, this present study will utilize the parenting styles

as independent variables that were not included in the conducted study done by Oducado, R. M et

al., (2014)

Oducado, R. M et al., (2014) mentions about non-academic variables used in their study

were sex, monthly income, type of high school attended, residence, and high school GPA,

whereas ours will focus on the impact of parenting style on the academic performance of the

nursing students. The study was conducted in one school, however, the schools in which we will

conduct our study will be from the chosen college and university which are private and public

schools in Makati City, Philippines.

The present study will focus on the parenting style perceived by the nursing students

whereas the previous study looked at how parents monitor their children's performance. Despite

the fact that studies from other researchers have reported about the parenting styles they use, there
is a lot more to say about which style is statistically more appropriate to a better education.

Furthermore, this research can be utilized as a foundation for determining how a student's

academic achievement was influenced by parenting style.

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

Figure 1 presents the conceptual paradigm of this current study. It consists of two parts,

Perceived Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Authoritarian, & Permissive as an independent

variable and Academic Performance as the dependent variable. The independent variables directly

correlate with academic performance. Academic performance is used to define the mental

capabilities of the students in their overall class or subject. Each parenting style has its unique

characteristics resulting in various academic performances.

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This present study will utilize Quantitative descriptive-comparative, because the

researcher will collect data and will describe the existence of perceived parenting relationships to

academic performance and on which independent variable is true between public and private

schools. Non-experimental because research will not introduce intervention or interfere with the

outcome.

Hence researcher will aim to compare using the online self-report measure which nursing

students needs to fill out a questionnaire on how they perceived their parents and the impact to

their academic performance of currently enrolled Junior nursing students located in the chosen

public and private university and colleges in Makati City, Philippines.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The setting in which the researchers will conduct the study on the private nursing college

will be located in the Makati City area, Medici Di Makati college, which is located at Noli Santos

International Tower in 1061 Metropolitan Avenue; Formerly known as Makati Medical Center

College; A tertiary institution which offers undergraduate courses of Bachelor of Science in

Nursing (BSN) and allied health studies such as Bachelor of Science in Psychology (BS Psych)

and Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Technology together in a 4-year degree program.

2021. Thus, the researcher will be focusing on the students who major in nursing,

The setting for the public nursing college will be located at the University of Makati. It is

also located in the Makati City area, J.P. Rizal Ext, Makati, 1215 Metro Manila. Formerly known

as Pamantasan ng Makati, according to the University of Makati webpage, the university has 13

colleges and 1 academic center offering non-degree, undergraduate degree, master’s degree, and

doctorate programs. The university expanded from its original industrial and business technology

courses to different areas of specializations like arts and sciences, education, computer science,

business administration, technology management, governance, and public policy, nursing and

other allied health courses, performing and digital arts, and physical wellness. The University of

Makati offers a nursing course in their college of allied health studies. Their Nursing course

started in 2003 as the university’s College of Allied Health Studies (COAHS) first program.

Recently in the July 2021 Nurse Licensure Examination, the University of Makati achieved a

94.74% passing rate in the Nursing board exams. The researchers will focus on the Nursing

course, as they also produce fully competent nurses.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING

The researchers will use simple random sampling in order to select the participants. It is a

randomly selected subset of a population. This sampling selects a smaller group (the sample)

from a larger group of the total number of participants (the population). The technique relies on

using a selection method that provides each participant with an equal chance of being selected,

giving each participant the same probability of being selected (Lauren Tomas, 2020).
 Using this simple random sampling, this method will be able to select the respondent that

suits our studies. Researchers chose only the 3rd S.Y. 2021-2022. Researchers chose smaller

groups over larger populations for a variety of reasons, including the fact that certain students are

regular and others are irregular, and we selected those regular students and those who have the

same major subjects particularly, Nursing Research (NCM 111), Medical Surgery (NCM, 112),

Community Health Nursing (NCM113), and Gerontologic Nursing (NCM 114). In the University

of Makati, Community Health Nursing 2 (NCM113) was already taken up during second

semester of their Sophomore Year along with Community Health Nursing 1, in order to match

with the current majors enrolled by the students in the Medici di Makati College, the researchers

decided to obtain their subject grade during that year..The researchers also chose Makati Private

and Public Schools because the researcher discovered that this location has the same type of

respondents that we require, and it is also easier for the researchers to get respondents in the

Makati area because the majority of the researchers studied at Medici Di Makati College and

some of the researchers have a connection to the University of Makati.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers will use an adapted pre-existing tool from the original author (Burri,

1991) to assess D. Baumrind's (1971) permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles.

Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) (Buri, 1991) is commonly used by college students to

measure the perceived behavioral control of the students’ mother and father. (Natarajan, A.,

2010). The PAQ was created to assess parental authority or disciplinary practices from the child's

perspective. Participants will be instructed to read statements regarding the participant’s

to measure parenting style as perceived by the child.

The researcher will ask for permission to modify the tool so that it can be used as a basis

in formulating the present study’s questionnaire. 3 experts will validate the tool to determine its

face and content validity. 7 randomly selected 3rd year nursing students will participate in the

pre-testing.

The questionnaire will be completed online using Google Forms. It will include the

following sections: Part I will focus on Data information and Confidentiality agreement,

Collection of official documents of General Weighted Average (GWA). The researcher will

request authorization from the Registrar's Office of Medici di Makati College and the University

of Makati to collect the students' grades in order to gather General Weighted Average (GWA).

Part II contains a 30-item questionnaire that assesses three parenting styles: authoritative (10

items), authoritarian (10 items), and permissive (10 items). Using a 4 point Likert scale, the

response will be recorded ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree). The PAQ can

be efficiently scored by adding the individual item scores to form the subscale scores

(authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive). Each subscale has a score range of 10 to 40.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Once the research instrument adapted to assess Baumrind’s (1971) parenting styles is

validated and tested for reliability, the study can begin. Permission to perform the research will be

acquired from the different school administrators within the Makati city area in both public and
private schools. Due to our similar class populations, we will focus on one class from the

University of Makati consisting of 40 students and Medici di Makati’s population consisting of

51. To make this a random sampling, researchers have decided upon 30 participants from public

schools and 30 participants from private schools, for a total of 60 participants. The participants

will be chosen through a simple random sampling of third year student nurses. The age ranges

may vary but should be consistent. For the pilot testing, there will be 7 participants from the third

year nursing students. Once pilot testing is completed, there will be a minimum of 30 participants

from the Bachelors of Science in Nursing public and private 3rd year level.

According to the Data Privacy Act, researchers will not disclose any information about the

participants. The survey will be done online using Google forms. Data will be gathered from our

participants during the academic year 2021-2022.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Several ethical considerations will apply for this current study; Participants who were

randomly selected should not feel any coercion and must be willing to cooperate and give their

factual information honestly; hence, they must complete an informed consent agreement.

The privacy and confidentiality of the details and self-report provided by the participants

involved in this study and the anonymity of the given name, and documentations of secondary

data will be respected; and if published for academic purpose, anonymity will not be disclosed.

Lastly, adhering to the Principle of Non-maleficence, the researcher should do no harm and

ensure no breach of confidentiality will occur.

The researchers will apply the formula frequency and percentage % = f/N x 100 to

calculate the Age, Sex, and General Weighted Average (GWA) of the respondents wherein,

% = Percentage

f = Frequency

N = Total number of respondents

The Independent T-test will be used to analyze the significant difference between the

academic performance and public and private schools. The means were tested at the alpha level of

0.05.

The decision rule must be stated, in which the researcher will be using an alpha level of

0.05 level, researchers are looking into 5% of least likely events which means 95% confidence

interval will fall within two points and will contain the true mean.

If the T value is less than or greater than 95% the researcher's decision rule will reject the

null hypothesis.
 Wherein:

X1 = Sample Mean 1

X2 = Sample Mean 2

S = Standard Error

N= Population Size

Wherein:

sp2= SS1ofsquare1+SS2ofsquare2degree of freedom1+degree of freedom2

To calculate for DF 1 and DF 2:

DF 1 = n1 - 1 (sample size 1)

DF2 = n2-1 (sample size 2)

SS1 = standard deviation ^2 (DF 1)

SS2 = standard deviation ^2 (DF 2)

N1 = Population 1

N2 = Population 2

In interpreting the results, If p < 0.05, reject H0 and accept H1. The means are

significantly different. If p > 0.05, accept H0. The means are not significantly different.
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