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Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 8 :
Illustrating Equivalences
Mathematics - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 8 : Illustrating Equivalences
First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master illustrating equivalences of the statement and its contrapositive, and
the converse and inverse of a statement. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate the equivalences of the statement and its contrapositive; and
2. illustrate the equivalences of the converse and inverse of a statement.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Which statement is equivalent to a conditional statement if it is true?

A. converse C. contrapositive
B. inverse D. biconditional

2. If a conditional statement and its converse are both true, what kind of statement
can be made?
A. converse C. contrapositive
B. inverse D. biconditional

3. Which of the following statements is equivalent to, “If a figure is a quadrilateral,

then it is a polygon”?
A. If a figure is a quadrilateral, then it is not a polygon.
B. If a figure is not a quadrilateral, then it is not a polygon.
C. If a figure is a polygon, then it is a quadrilateral.
D. If a figure is not a polygon, then it is not a quadrilateral.

4. Which of the following statements is equivalent to “If two angles are vertical
angles, then they are congruent”?
A. If two angles are congruent, then they are vertical angles.
B. If two angles are not vertical angles, then they are congruent.
C. If two angles are not vertical angles, then they are not congruent.
D. If two angles are not congruent, then they are not vertical angles.

5. Which of the following statements is the biconditional for “If it is June 12 in the
Philippines, then it is Independence Day”?
A. It is Independence Day if and only if it is June 12 in the Philippines.
B. If it is Independence Day, then it is June 12 in the Philippines.
C. If it is not June 12 in the Philippines, then it is not Independence Day.
D. If it is not Independence Day, then it is not June 12 in the Philippines.

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 Lesson
Illustrating Equivalences
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In the previous lesson, you have learned how to change conditional statements
into its converse, inverse, and contrapositive. For this lesson, you will be able to
determine which statements are equivalent.

What’s In

If-then statements are conditional statements. The if part is the hypothesis (p) while
the then part is the conclusion (q).

 To write the converse of a conditional statement, just simply interchange the

hypothesis and the conclusion.
 To write the inverse of a conditional statement, simply negate both the
hypothesis and conclusion.
 To write the contrapositive of a conditional statements, first get its inverse.
Then, interchange its hypothesis and conclusion.

If I immediately do my
Conditional If p, then q. 𝑝→𝑞 homework, then I can play
Mobile Legends.
If I can play Mobile Legends,
Converse If q, then p. 𝑞→𝑝 then I immediately do my
homework.
If I do not immediately do my
Inverse If not p, then not q. ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 homework, then I cannot play
Mobile Legends.
If I cannot play Mobile Legends,
Contrapositive If not q, then not p. ~𝑞 → ~𝑝 then I do not immediately do my
homework

Determine the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional statement below.

If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent.

Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive

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 What’s New
Read and analyze the conversation below.

red If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent.

yellow
If two angles are congruent, then both angles are right angles.

If two angles are not both right angles, then they are not congruent.
blue

If two angles are not congruent, then they are not both right angles. white

So…who is telling the truth? pink

Which color/s do you think is/are telling the truth? Let us help pink to answer her
question.

Red’s statement is the conditional statement.

If two angles are both right angles, then they are congruent.
A
D ∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∟𝐷𝐸𝐹 are both right angles. Since all right
angles measure 90𝑜 , therefore 𝑚∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90𝑜 and
B E 𝑚∟𝐷𝐸𝐹 = 90𝑜 . If the angles have the same measurement,
C F
therefore, ∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∟𝐷𝐸𝐹.

Yellow’s statement is the converse of the conditional statement.

If two angles are congruent, then both angles are right angles.

G
J
∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 and ∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 are congruent angles because they have the
same measure. 𝑚∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 = 60𝑂 and 𝑚∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 = 60𝑜 . The
60𝑂 60𝑂
K measure of the two angles is not 90𝑜 . It means that the angles
H
I L are not right angles.

Blue’s statement is the inverse of the conditional statement.

If two angles are not both right angles, then they are not congruent.

G
J
∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 and ∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 are not both right angles because 𝑚∠𝐺𝐻𝐼 =
60𝑂 and 𝑚∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 = 60𝑜 . The two angles have the same measure
60𝑂 60𝑂
H K even though they are not right angles. They have the same
I L measure; hence, they are congruent.

White’s statement is the contrapositive of the conditional statement.

If two angles are not congruent, then they are not both right angles.
A
J ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 are not congruent angles because 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
60𝑂 90𝑂 and 𝑚∠𝐽𝐾𝐿 = 60𝑜 . One angle is a right angle, and the
B K other is not. So, the two angles are not both right angles.
C L
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If you think that Red and White are telling the truth, then you are correct. Their
statements make sense. All right angles have the same measure, so all right angles are
congruent. If we are given two angles that are not congruent, then the two given angles
are not both right angles. Yellow and Blue’s statements somehow make sense but, we
can have congruent angles that can be both acute angles and both obtuse angles.
Kindly fill in the table.
Color Kind of Statement True or False
Red
Yellow
Blue
White

What is It
From the previous activity, you were asked to fill in the table.
Color Kind of Statement True or False
Red Conditional True
Yellow Converse False
Blue Inverse False
White Contrapositive True

What can you notice with the result? Red and White have the same result, as well as
Yellow and Blue.
It is said that if a statement is true, its contrapositive is also true. Moreover, if the
converse is true, its inverse is also true.

Kind of Statement In Symbols True or False

Conditional 𝑝→𝑞 True
Converse 𝑞→𝑝 False
Inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 False
Contrapositive ~𝑞 → ~𝑝 True
More examples:

1. If you are in Makati City, then you are in Metro Manila.

Statement Explanation
If you are in Metro Manila, then
The statement is false. If you
you are in Makati City. are in Metro Manila, it is not
always true that you are in
Converse Makati City. You can be in
Quezon City, Taguig City, or
any cities within Metro
Manila.
If you are not in Makati City, The statement is also false. If
then you are in Metro Manila. you are not in Makati City,
Inverse
you can be in any city within
Metro Manila.
If you are not in Metro Manila, This statement is true. If you
then you are not in Makati City. are outside Metro Manila, it
Contrapositive
is impossible that you are in
Makati City.
Conditional and contrapositive have equivalent statements.
Conclusion
Converse and inverse are equivalent statements.

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2. If a number is a whole number, then it is an integer.

Statement Explanation
If a number is an integer, then it The statement is false. There
is a whole number. are also negative integers,
Converse
and negative integers are not
whole numbers.
If a number is not a whole The statement is also false.
number, then it is not an There are integers that are
Inverse
integer. not whole numbers. These
integers are negative.
If a number is not an integer, This statement is true. If a
then it is not a whole number. number is a fraction or a
Contrapositive decimal (which are not
integers), the number cannot
be a whole number.
Conditional and contrapositive have equivalent statements.
Conclusion
Converse and inverse are equivalent statements.

3. If 𝑎 + 7 = 12, then 𝑎 = 5

Statement Explanation
If 𝑎 = 5, then 𝑎 + 7 = 12. The statement is true.
Converse Substitute 5 to 𝑎 + 7, the
answer is 12.
If 𝑎 + 7 ≠ 12, then 𝑎 ≠ 5 The statement is also true.
Inverse
Confirm by substitution.
If 𝑎 ≠ 5, then 𝑎 + 7 ≠ 12. The statement is also true.
Contrapositive
Confirm by substitution.
The statements are all true. Notice that the conditional and
converse statements are both true. If a conditional statement
and its converse are both true, then they can be joined into a
Conclusion
single statement called biconditional statement. This is done by
using the words if and only if or abbreviated as iff. Hence, we
can say that 𝑎 + 7 = 12 iff 𝑎 = 5.

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 What’s More
Activity: Determine the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the given
conditional statements. Then, explain whether the statement is true or false. (The
given conditional statements are all true.)

1. If 𝑚∠𝐴 = 50𝑜 , then ∠𝐴 is an acute angle.

Statement Explanation
Converse

Inverse

Contrapositive

2. If a figure is a circle, then it is not a polygon.

Statement Explanation
Converse

Inverse

Contrapositive

3. If a number is 2, then it is a prime number.

Statement Explanation
Converse

Inverse

Contrapositive

4. If a triangle has at least two congruent sides, then it is an isosceles triangle.

Statement Explanation
Converse

Inverse

Contrapositive

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 What I Have Learned

If a conditional statement is true, its contrapositive is also true. Moreover, if the

converse is true, its inverse is also true. This is called Law of Contrapositive.

Kind of Statement In Symbols True or False

Conditional 𝑝→𝑞 True
Converse 𝑞→𝑝 False
Inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 False
Contrapositive ~𝑞 → ~𝑝 True

If a conditional statement and its converse are both true, then they can be joined into a
single statement called biconditional statement. This is done by using the words if and
only if or abbreviated as iff.

Kind of Statement In Symbols True or False

Conditional 𝑝→𝑞 True
Converse 𝑞→𝑝 True
Inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞 True
Contrapositive ~𝑞 → ~𝑝 True

What I Can Do

Science. Analyze the statements below. Which statements

are equivalent? Kindly explain briefly.
If an animal is a cat, then it has 4 paws.

If an animal has 4 paws, then it is a cat.

If an animal is not a cat, then it does not have 4 paws.
If an animal does not have 4 paws, then it is not a cat.

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 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Which statement is equivalent to a converse statement if it is false?

A. conditional C. contrapositive
B. inverse D. biconditional

2. If a conditional statement is true, its contrapositive is also true. Moreover, if the

converse is true, its inverse is also true. What do you call this law?
A. Law of Conditional C. Law of Converse
B. Law of Inverse D. Law of Contrapositive

3. Which of the following statements is equivalent to, “If 𝑚∠𝐴 = 127𝑜 , then ∠𝐴 is
obtuse.”?
A. If ∠𝐴 is not obtuse, then 𝑚∠𝐴 ≠ 127𝑜 .
B. If ∠𝐴 is obtuse, then 𝑚∠𝐴 = 127𝑜 .
C. If 𝑚∠𝐴 ≠ 127𝑜 , then ∠𝐴 is not obtuse.
D. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 127𝑜 iff ∠𝐴 is obtuse.

4. Which of the following statements is equivalent to “If a number is an integer, then

it is a rational number”?
A. If a number is not an integer, then it is not a rational number.
B. If a number is a rational number, then it is an integer.
C. If a number is a not a rational number, then it is not an integer.
D. A number is an integer if and only if it is a rational number.

5. Which of the following statements is the biconditional for “If two line segments
have the same length, then they are congruent”?
A. If two line segments do not have the same length, then they are not
congruent.
B. Two line segments have the same length if and only if they are congruent.
C. If two line segments are not congruent, then they do not have the same
length.
D. If two line segments are congruent, then they have the same length.

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