Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
ARMY’S ANGELS INTEGRATED SCHOOL, INC.

ENGLISH 9
QUARTER 1

Prepared by: Mr. Sandy N. Navergas

TOPIC: “Modals of Obligation”

OBJECTIVE: Supply correct use of modal verbs in a sentence appropriately.

Unlocking the difficulties

Direction: Supply the missing letter to identify the words being asked.

O_l__at_on  an act or course of action to which a person is morally or

legally bound.

__o__b__i_n  the act or practice of forbidding something by law

_ _
r _ iauthorization
__ion granted to do something; formal consent:

- a verb that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as obligation,
prohibition, and permission.

 an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally

bound.

Have to Must
We use have to and must to express obligation.

There is a slight difference between the way we use them.

 Have to -shows us that the obligation comes from outside the speaker.
Impersonal obligation means:
-Dictated by circumstances
-Law
-Regulations and
-Rules
The basic structure for have to is:

Examples
1. In France, you have to drive on the right.
2. In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
3. John has to wear a tie at work.
In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation comes from
outside.
We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other
main verb.

Here are some examples:

 Must -expresses a strong obligation or necessity.

It often shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker (or the authority that
wrote the sentence). 

-Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb.

The basic structure for must is:

The main verb is always at the base form

Look at these examples:
Like all auxiliary verbs, must cannot be followed by to. So, we say:
 I must go now.
not I must to go now.

In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is

necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples:

 I must stop smoking.
 You must visit us soon.
 He must work harder.

In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is not a real
obligation. It is not imposed from outside.

We can use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these examples:

 I must go now. (present)
 I must call my mother tomorrow. (future)
We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have to to talk about the past.

In general, Modals are helping verbs that are used to give a proposition, a degree of probability, to
express one’s attitude, and to perform various social functions. Obligation may be described as pressure on a
person to do something or not to do something. There are strong obligations such as rules and necessities, and
weak obligations such as advice. Obligations may be internal, from the speaker’s body or mind, and external
obligations such as regulations.

TOPIC: “Modals of Prohibition”

OBJECTIVE: Supply correct use of modal verbs in a sentence appropriately.

Fig. 1
Shows a sign of prohibited things.

Prohibition

These situations are the opposite of giving permission. This modal verbs for prohibition
lesson shows you how to use may and can to prohibit someone or create rules
 We use can't and mustn't to show that something is prohibited – it is not allowed.

Can’t
We use can't to talk about something that is against the rules, particularly when we didn't
make the rules.
Can’t is the most common way to prohibit something in English. It is not as formal as
must not or may not, but it is the most common.

Here are some examples:

 You can’t drive here.
 You can’t wear a hat in class.
 You can’t smoke in the office.

Can’t is normally used to show inability, but in these examples it shows prohibition. It is like
you are saying you do not have the ability because of the rules.
'Can't' usually gives the idea of something that is against the rules

Must Not/Mustn't
We use must not to talk about what is not permitted. It is common on public signs and
notices informing people of rules and laws.

Here are some examples:

 You must not use a cell phone.

 You must not write with pencil.
 You must not play music.

We use mustn't particularly when the prohibition comes from the speaker.

 (Parent to child) You mustn't say things like that to your sister.

 (Teacher to student) You mustn't be late to class.
 I mustn't let that happen again.

In general, Modals of Prohibition 'Can't' usually gives the idea of something that is against the
rules. Mustn’t usually means that it is the speaker who is setting the rule.

TOPIC: “Modals of Permission”

OBJECTIVE: Supply correct use of modal verbs in a sentence appropriately.
REFERENCE: http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/modals/permission.html

You can put your shoes and coat over there.

You can't leave your bike there.
I must call the electrician and get that light fixed.
You mustn't worry about me. I'll be fine.
You have to have a licence to drive a car.
You don't have to have a licence to cycle on the roads.

Modal verbs can be used to give or ask for permission. This modal verbs for permission lesson shows
you how to use may, can, and could.
Permission - n. the right or ability to do something that is given by someone who has the power to
decide if it will be allowed or permitted
These modal verbs show permission:
  May
 Can
 Could

May
is a polite modal verb used to ask for permission
May is the most formal way to ask for and give permission.
Here are some examples:

 May I use a calculator on the test?

 May I have another piece of cake?

The polite answers using may are as follows:

 Yes, you may.

 No, you may not.

Could
is also used to ask for permission. It is less formal than using may.
We also use could to ask for permission (but not to give it).

Here are some examples with could:

 Could I have some more juice?

 Could I bring a friend to the party?

Can
is the least formal of the modal verbs used to ask permission.
We often use can to ask for and give permission.

Here are some examples with can:

 Can I play music?

 Can I wear shorts?

The examples above are all with “I”. This is because it is most common to ask permission for yourself.
However, it is possible to ask permission for another person:
May she bring a friend?
 Could he try again?
 Can they sleep here?
The examples are also all questions. These are very common. But you can also give permission. Here
are some examples:
 You may sleep on the sofa.
 You can wear my jacket.

to'.
________________________________________________________________________
1. Ask for permission to finish your essay next week. Use a polite negative question.

________________________________________________________________________
 In general, Modals of permission shows you what are the differences on using modals such us,
may, could, and can. This also clarifies to what degree each modals to used.

TOPIC: “Conditionals
OBJECTIVE: Supply correct use of modal verbs in a sentence appropriately.
REFERENCE: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/conditionals.html
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/conditional-sentences/

Think it loud!
“What is your “What if’s in life”. “

Conditionals
What are conditionals in English grammar? Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'. They describe the result
of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past) . They
are made using different English verb tenses.

What is a Conditional Sentence?

A conditional sentence is based on the word ‘if’. There are always two parts to a conditional sentence –
one part beginning with ‘if’ to describe a possible situation, and the second part which describes the
consequence.

For example:

If it rains, we’ll get wet.

We can also invert the two parts of a conditional sentence so that the ‘if’ part comes second, and this is
especially common in questions. For example:

What will you do if you miss the train?

How can you finish the project if you don’t have a computer?

What happens if the students don’t pass an exam?

What Are the Different Types of Conditional Sentences? There are four different types of conditional
sentences in English. Each expresses a different degree of probability that a situation will occur or would have
occurred under certain circumstances.

 Zero Conditional Sentences

 First Conditional Sentences

 Second Conditional Sentences

 Third Conditional Sentences

Let’s look at each of these different types of conditional sentences in more detail.

How to Use Zero Conditional Sentences

 Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in which one thing always causes another.
When you use a zero conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a specific instance of
something. Consider the following examples:
Example: If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.
Example: When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.
There are a couple of things to take note of in the above sentences in which the zero conditional is used.
First, when using the zero conditional, the correct tense to use in both clauses is the simple present tense. A
common mistake is to use the simple future tense.

Incorrect: When people smoke cigarettes, their health will suffer .

Secondly, notice that the words if and when can be used interchangeably in these zero conditional
sentences. This is because the outcome will always be the same, so it doesn’t matter “if” or “when” it happens.

How to Use First Conditional Sentences

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but
not guaranteed) to happen in the future. Look at the examples below:

Example: If you rest, you will feel better.

Example: If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Note that we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main
clause—that is, the clause that expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under a
certain condition (as expressed in the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future.
Examine some of the common mistakes people make using the first conditional structure:

Incorrect: If you will rest , you will feel better.

Correct: If you rest , you will feel better.

Explanation: Use the simple present tense in the if-clause.

Incorrect: If you set your mind to a goal, you eventually achieve it.

Correct: If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Explanation: Use the zero conditional (i.e., simple present + simple present) only when a certain
result is guaranteed. If the result is likely, use the first conditional (i.e., simple present + simple
future).
How to Use Second Conditional Sentences

Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are completely unrealistic or
will not likely happen in the future. Consider the examples below:

If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

Notice the correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in
the if-clause and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause (the
one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome). The following sentences illustrate a couple
of the common mistakes people make when using the second conditional:

Incorrect: If I inherit a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

Correct: If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

Explanation: When applying the second conditional, use the simple past tense in the if-clause.

Incorrect: If I owned a zoo, I will let people interact with the animals more.

Correct: If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

Explanation: Use a modal auxiliary verb in the main clause when using the second conditional
mood to express the unlikelihood that the result will actually happen.

How to Use Third Conditional Sentences

Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances would be different
if something different had happened in the past.
Look at the following examples:

Example: If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
Example: If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

These sentences express a condition that was likely enough, but did not actually happen in
the past. The speaker in the first sentence was capable of leaving early, but did not. Along these
same lines, the speaker in the second sentence was capable of cleaning the house, but did not.
These are all conditions that were likely, but regrettably did not happen.
Note that when using the third conditional, we use the past perfect (i.e., had + past participle)
in the if-clause. The modal auxiliary (would, could, shoud, etc.) + have + past participle in the main
clause expresses the theoretical situation that could have happened.
Consider these common mistakes when applying the third conditional:
Incorrect: If you would have told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
Correct: If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

Explanation: With third conditional sentences, do not use a modal auxiliary verb in the if-clause.
Incorrect: If I had cleaned the house, I could go to the movies.
Correct: If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

Explanation: The third conditional mood expresses a situation that could have only happened in
the past if a certain condition had been met. That’s why we use the modal auxiliary verb + have +
the past participle.

Exceptions and Special Cases When Using Conditional Sentences

As with most topics in the English language, conditional sentences often present special
cases in which unique rules must be applied.

Use of the Simple Future in the If-Clause

Generally speaking, the simple future should be used only in the main clause. One exception
is when the action in the if-clause will take place after the action in the main clause. For example,
consider the following sentence:

Example: If aspirin will ease my headache, I will take a couple tonight.

The action in the if-clause is the aspirin easing the headache, which will take place only after the
speaker takes them later that night.

“Were to” in the If-Clause

The verb phrase were to is sometimes used in conditional sentences when the likely or unlikely
result is particularly awful or unthinkable. In this case, were to is used to place emphasis on this
potential outcome. Consider these sentences:
Example: If I were to be sick, I would miss another day of work.
Example: If she were to be late again, she would have to have a conference with the manager.
Example: If the rent were to have been a penny more, they would not have been able to pay it.

Note that the emphatic “were to” can be used to describe hypothetical scenarios in the
present, future, and past.

Punctuating Conditional Sentences

Despite the complex nature of conditional sentences, punctuating them properly is really
simple!
Here’s the skinny:
Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.
Example: If I’d had time, I would have cleaned the house.

If the main clause precedes the if-clause, no punctuation is necessary.

Example: I would have cleaned the house if I’d had time.
TOPIC: “Communicative Styles”
OBJECTIVE: Recognize the importance of communicative or speech style and;
 Choose the appropriate communicative style suited for use in various style.

Communicative or Speech Styles

This refers to the form of language that the speaker utilized which is characterized by the LEVEL OF
FORMALITY.

Frozen
• As the name suggests, this style of communication RARELY or NEVER changes.
• It is “frozen” in time and content. Also known as fixed speech.
• Usually uses long sentences with the good grammar and vocabulary
• It is the MOST FORMAL communicative style that is often used in respectful situation or formal
ceremony.
• Does not require feedback from the audience
• EXAMPLES:

national pledge,

anthem,

school creeds,

marriage ceremonies,

speech for a state ceremony

FORMAL STYLE
• This is used for formal settings and one-way in nature.
• It tends to share information and which conforms to establish professional rules, standards and
processes, and avoid using slang terminology.
• This use language usually follows a commonly accepted format.
• It is usually impersonal and formal.
• Formal Style uses polite expressions we don’t normally use when we talk with friends .
Examples:
 meetings, speeches, school lessons,

a corporate at a swearing in
court,
meeting, ceremony,

in an interview or
in a classroom

CONSULTATIVE STYLE
• It is a formal and societal expectations that accompany the users of this speech .
• It is professional discourse; unplanned speech.
• High level of respect is given to the one giving the advice.
• It uses listener participation and feedback wherein:
(a) the speaker supplies background information
(b) the listener participates continuously
• It is not planned or prepared beforehand unlike the previous styles which conforms to a fixed structure.
• It requires listeners feedback thus active interaction occur.
Examples:
regular conversation at schools,

companies,

group discussion,

teacher-student,

doctor-patient,

expert-apprentice

CASUAL STYLE
• This is an informal language used by peers and friends.
• Slang, vulgarities and colloquialism are normal.
• This is “group language.”
• One must be a member to engage in this register.
•
Examples:
 casual conversations with friends,

family members,

chats,

phone calls and messages

INTIMATE STYLE
• This communication is private.
• It is reserved for close family members and intimate people.
• This is style used in conversation between people who are
very close and know each other quite well because having a
maximum of shared background information.

• EXAMPLES: