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IIT - Roorkee
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 States of Matter

Boyle’s Law ❏ For a given mass of gas at constant temperature,

the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to
volume.
States of Matter
 States of Matter

At constant n, T
P∝
States of Matter
➔ Where K is the proportionality Constant

⇒ PV = Constant
 States of Matter

At constant n, T ➔ If state changes from

❏ State ⟶ State 2

❏ P1,V1 ⟶ P2V2

P1V1 = P2V2
 States of Matter

Isotherms ➔ These graphs which are plotted at constant T are

called Isotherms

➔ PV = nRT

➔ P = (nRT)/v
➔ P = K/v

➔ K ↑ as T ↑
 States of Matter

Isotherms ➔ As per Boyle’s Law P = K/V

➔ y=Kx T3 > T2 > T1
 States of Matter

Isotherms ➔ P = K1/v

➔ V ↑ as P ↓

➔ If V = 0; P = ∞

➔ If V = ∞; P = 0
 States of Matter

Charles’s Law For a given mass at a given pressure, the volume

of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute
Temperature.
 States of Matter

At constant n, P V ∝ T(K) ; V = KT ⇒ V/T =K

If state changes from

State 1 ⟶ State 2

T1, V1 ⟶ T2, V2 ⇒ V1/T1 = V2/T2

 States of Matter

Isobars These plots at constant pressure are called Isobars

From Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

⇒ V = (nR/P)T

⇒ V = K T……….(1)

⇒ K↑ as P↓
 States of Matter

Isobars ➔ Ass per Charlie’s Law V = KT

➔ y = Kx P3 < P2 < P1
 States of Matter

Isobars ➔ Incase Temperature is in (0C)

➔ T (K) = T (0C) + 273.16

➔ Also Known As Absolute Zero

 States of Matter

Gay-Lussac’s Law ➔ For a given mass of gas at constant volume,

the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature.
 States of Matter

At constant n, V ➔ P ∝ T(K)
 States of Matter

Avogadro ➔ At constant pressure and temperature. the

volume of the gas is directly proportional to
the number of moles of the gas.
 States of Matter

At Constant P, T ➔ Alternatively, at a constant temperature and

pressure, equal volumes of gases will contain
equal number of moles.
➔ For 1 mole of a gas 1 atm pressure and 273 K
Temperature, molar volume of any gas
occupied is 22.4 Litres.

Vm = 22.4 L at STP for 1 mole

 States of Matter

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT Ideal gas Equation

Where R : Universal gas constant

R = 8.314J/mol/K
=0.0821 L.atm/mol/K
198 cal/mol/K ~ 2 cal/mol/K
1 cal = 4.2 J (approx)
 States of Matter

Mixing of gases

➔ Connecting pipe has negligible volume.

➔ When valve is opened : Mixing of gases takes place
➔ Final pressure will be same in both the containers
 States of Matter

Mixing of gases

➔ Moles before mixing = Moles after mixing

➔ Gases should be non reacting
 States of Matter

Question Considering temperature is constant throughout mixing

process.
1. Initially valves are closed
2. When valves are opened, what is the final pressure
 States of Matter

Solution
 States of Matter

Solution PfVf = nf R T
Pf 6V = (P1 + 2P2 + 3P3) V/RT.RT
 States of Matter
Dalton’s Law of ➔ The total pressure of the mixture is the sum
partial Pressure
of individual pressures of all the gases
present
 States of Matter
Dalton’s Law of Partial pressure or individual pressure is the
partial Pressure
pressure exerted by a gas present in a mixture of
non-reacting gases
It is equal the pressure that the gas would
have exerted had it been the only gas in the
same container
 States of Matter
Dalton’s Law of
partial Pressure
 States of Matter
Dalton’s Law of
partial Pressure PT.V = (nA +nB) RT
PT = nART/v + nBRT/v
PT = PA + PB
 States of Matter
Dalton’s Law of
partial Pressure PA/PT = nA x RT/RT x (nA + nB)

PA/PT = XA

PA = XAPT
 States of Matter

Diffusion ➔ When partition is removed, gases A & B start

mixing at the interface.
➔ This movement of gases is due to difference in the
partial pressures of the respective gases A & B.
➔ This tendency of gases to occupy the available
volume to create a uniform pressure is called
Diffusion.
 States of Matter

Effusion ➔ Due to small size Of opening large pressure

difference is created and diffusion takes place at
very fast rate.
➔ This fast flow of gases through the pinhole is
known as Effusion
 States of Matter

Graham’s Law of diffusion

➔ Diffusion is the process of intermixing of gas molecules, this is
the natural tendency of any gas to occupy the whole volume
available to it.
 States of Matter

Graham’s Law of diffusion

➔ The rate of diffusion is proportional to the no. of molecules
(pressure) and inversely proportional to square root of its
Molar Mass M
 States of Matter

Graham’s Law of diffusion

➔ Rate of diffusion of gas r ∝ P
∝ 1/√M
➔ Rate of diffusion, r ∝ P/√M
 States of Matter

Graham’s Law of diffusion

➔ Comparison of rates of diffusion of two gases
 States of Matter

Graham’s Law of diffusion

➔ Rate of Diffusion

= (Number of moles escaped)/Time (mol/s)

Distance travelled / Time

Volume change/Time
 States of Matter

Kinetic Theory of Gases

➔ V molecules << V container

➔ Gas molecules are in continuous & Random
motion
➔ Intermolecular force are absent
➔ Molecules move in straight lines
➔ Collision are elastic collision with walls of
container result in pressure.
➔ KE remains conserved.
CBSE 11th
Prakshi Ma’am Simran Ma’am
Biology | 9 : 00 AM Biology | 9 : 00 AM

Umesh Sir
Maths | 10 : 00 AM

Abhay Sir
Chemistry | 11 : 00 AM

Sumit Sir
Physics | 12 : 00 PM

Sakshi Ma’am
Chemistry | 6 : 00 PM
 CBSE 12th

Prakshi Ma’am Chhavi Ma’am

Biology | 01 : 00 PM Biology | 01 : 00 PM

Monica Ma’am
Chemistry| 02 : 00 PM

Indrajeet Sir
Physics | 03 : 00 PM

Ganesh Sir
Maths | 04 : 00 PM
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