ENGINEERING

MECHANICS
(R20A0303)
2nd Year B. Tech I- sem, Mechanical Engineering

www.mrcet.ac.in
COURSE OBJECTIVES
UNIT - 1 CO1: Explain the resolution of a system of forces,
compute their resultant and solve problems using
equations of equilibrium.
UNIT - 2 CO2: Perform analysis of bodies lying on rough
surfaces.
UNIT - 3 CO3: Explain the concept of analysis of trusses using
method of joints and method of sections.

UNIT - 4 CO4: Locate the centroid of a body and compute the

area moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia of
standard and composite sections.
UNIT - 5 CO5: Explain kinetics and kinematics of particles,
projectiles, curvilinear motion, centroidal motion and
plane motion of rigid bodies.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 UNIT 1
R E S U LTA N T S &
EQUILIBRIUM
OF FORCE SYSTEM
CO1: Explain the resolution of A system of forces, compute
their resultant and solve problems using equations of
equilibrium.

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UNIT – I (SYLLABUS)

Introduction - Resultants of Force System:

• Parallelogram law of Forces and components
• Resultant of coplanar Concurrent Forces
• Moment of Force-problems.

Equilibrium of Force Systems:

• Free Body Diagrams
• Equations of Equilibrium
• Equilibrium of planar Systems

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE

UNIT -1
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
1 Introduction - Resultants of Force Definition of force. Understanding of basics
System of forces (B2)
2 Parallelogram law of Forces and • Understanding of
components Parallelogram law.
(B2)
• Apply law of
Parallelogram (B3)
• Analysis of forces
(B4)
3 Resultant of coplanar Concurrent Definition of • Understanding of
Forces Resultant Resultant of Force
Resultant of Force system(B2)
System • Apply the formula
and find the
Resultant(B3)
4 Moment of Force-problems. Definition of Moment • Understanding the
of a Force concept of Moment
of a Force(B2)
• Apply concept of
Moment to different
force systems(B3)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE OUTLINE

UNIT -1
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
1 Equilibrium of Force Systems Definition of • Understanding the
Equilibrium concept
Equilibrium(B2)

2 Free Body Diagrams Definition of Free • Understanding the

Body Diagrams concept
Equilibrium(B2)
• Apply Free body
diagrams to different
force systems(B3)
3 Equations of Equilibrium • Apply equilibrium
conditions to
different force
systems(B3)
4 Equilibrium of planar Systems • Apply equilibrium
conditions to
different force
systems(B3)
5

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 1
Introduction - Resultants of Force System

www.mrcet.ac.in
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 1
• Definition of force Introduction - Resultants of
Force System
• Units - conversions
• Force system
• Resultant of force
• Applications
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

Definition:
•Engineering Mechanics is the Branch of Science which
deals with forces and their effects when the bodies are at
rest or in Motion

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

• Force : The agency which tries to change state of • Conversions

stress or state of uniform of the body
Characteristics of a Force:1) Magnitude 1m = 1000 mm 1 mm = 10-3 m
2)Point of application
3)Line of action 1 cm = 10 mm 1 mm = 10-2 cm
4)Direction 1m = 100 cm 1 cm = 10 -2 m

1 MPa = 10 6 N/m2
1 N/m2 = 10 -6 N/mm2

1 MPa = 1N/mm2
1 Gpa = 10 9 N/m2
= 10 3 N/mm2

g = 9.81 m/sec 2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 SYSTEM OF FORCES

• Coplanar forces: The forces, whose lines of action lie on

the same plane, are known as coplanar forces.
• Collinear forces: The forces, whose lines of action lie on
the same line, are known as collinear forces.
• Concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at one point,
are known as concurrent forces. The concurrent forces
may or may not be collinear.
• Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at
one point and their line of action also lay on the same
plane, are known as coplanar concurrent forces.
• Coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces, which do
not meet at one point, but their lines of action lie on the
same, are known as coplanar non-concurrent forces.
• Non-Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which
meet at one point, but their lines of action do not lie on the
same plane, are known as non-coplanar concurrent forces.
• Non-Coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces, which
do not meet at one point and their lines of action do not lie
on the same plane, are called non-coplanar non-
concurrent force

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

METHOD OF SOLVING PROBLEMS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RESULTANT FORCE & PARALLELOGRAM
LAW OF FORCES
• Resultant Force: If number of Forces R
acting simultaneously on a particle, it is
possible to find out a single force which
could replace them or produce the same
effect as of all the given forces is called
resultant force
• Parallelogram law of forces:”If two
forces acting simultaneously on a body at a
point are represented in magnitude and
direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, their resultant is
represented in magnitude and direction by
the diagonal of the parallelogram which
passes through the point of intersection of
the two sides representing the forces.”

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 RESOLUTION OF FORCES

F sin α F
+Y
α F cos
+X,+Y
-X,+Y α
II I

-X +X I

F sin α
III IV F
-X,-Y
+X,-Y F cos α α
-Y

II

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 RESOLUTION OF FORCES

F cos α
F cos α
α α

F F

F sin α
F sin α IV
III

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 RESULTANT

• Resultant for a single force Tan α = V/H

• Resultant for System of Forces Tan α =

Where R=Resultant
H= Horizontal force
V =Vertical Force

= Sum of the Horizontal Forces

=Sum of the Vertical Forces

α = Angle between Resultant and X axis

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 C
C
Hypotenuse
Opposite Hypotenuse
side Sin α = α
α AC/BC Adjacent
A B Cos α = Side
Adjacent A
Side AB/BC B
Tan α = AC Opposite
C side
/AB
Hypotenus
e Sin α = Sin α =
Opposite SideBC/AC AB/AC
Cos α = Cos α =
α AB/AC BC/AC
A B
Adjacent Side Tan α = BC Tan α = AB
/AB /BC
C

α
Hypotenus
Adjacent Side e
Sin α =
AB/BC
Cos α =
A
Opposite SideB AC/BC
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 PROBLEMS

• 1. Find resultant of a force system shown in Figure

+Y

7
10 Sin 600
5 Sin 600 8
- +X
X 10 cos 600

5 Cos 600

-Y
= 8 + 10 cos 600 - 5 Sin 600 =

= 7 + 10 sin 600 - 5 cos 600 =

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. The resultant of two concurrent forces is 2500N and the angle

between the forces is 900 . The resultant makes an angle of 460
with one of the forces. Find the magnitude of each force.
2. Determine the resultant of the nonconcurrent, non-parallel system
of forces shown in the figure.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. State and prove Varignon’s theorem.

2. 2. Calculate the magnitude of “P” and the resultant of the force
system shown in figure. The algebraic sum of horizontal
components of all these forces is -325 kN.

3. Determine the resultant and direction

of the concurrent forces as shown in fig

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 2
• Definition of Equilibrium Equilibrium of Force System

• Definition of Free Body diagrams

• Moment of a force
• Varignon’s Theorem
• Lami’s Theorem
• Type of supports and beams
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 EQUILIBRIUM

• Equilibrium is the status of the body when it is subjected to a

system of forces. We know that for a system of forces acting on a
body the resultant can be determined. By Newton‟s 2nd Law of
Motion the body then should move in the direction of the resultant
with some acceleration. If the resultant force is equal to zero it
implies that the net effect of the system of forces is zero this
represents the state of equilibrium. For a system of coplanar
concurrent forces forthe resultant to be zero hence
• Equilibrant: Equilibrant is a single force which when added to a
system of forces brings the status of equilibrium. Hence this force is
of the same magnitude as the resultant but opposite in sense.
= 0
= 0 M = Moment

M = 0
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM

• Free body diagram is nothing but a sketch which shows the various forces acting on
the body. The forces acting on the body could be in form of weight, reactive forces
contact forces etc. An example for Free Body Diagram is shown below.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

• Two identical rollers, each of weight 100 N, are supported by an

inclined plane and a vertical wall as shown in figure. Assuming
smooth surfaces, find the reactions induced at the points of support
A, B and C

R1

RC

RA
RB +
RA Sin Y
100 N R1Sin 300
300 600
- +
R1 X RA Cos R1Cos X
600 RA 300
600
100

-Y
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 PROBLEMS

R1Cos 300 _ RA Cos 600 = 0

R1Cos 300 = RA Cos 600

R A Cos 60 0
R1 
Cos 30 0

=0

RA Cos 600 _ R1Sin 300 - 100 = 0

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

Substitute the value of 1 in equation 2

RA Cos 600 _ RA Cos 600 Sin 300 = 100
Cos 300

RA Cos 600 _ Cos 600 Sin 300 = 100

Cos 300

RA = 86.67 KN
R1
R1 = 50.04 KN
RB Sin 600 +Y
300

RC -X +X
100 N
R1Cos 300 RC
RB Cos 600
600 100
R1Sin 300
RB
-Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

=0
RC = R1Cos 300 + RB Cos 600

=0

RB Sin 600 = 100 + R1 Sin 300

RB = 144.34 KN
Then

RC = 115.47 KN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 MOMENT OF A FORCE

• Moment of a Force is defined as the product of force and

perpendicular distance of the point from the line of action of the
force
• The point about which the moment is considered is called Moment
Centre
• The perpendicular distance of the point from the line of action of
the force is called Moment arm

B
A r
Moment of the force about the point A F
MA = - F r

Clock wise moment is considered as Negative and ani - clockwise

moment is considered as Positive

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VARIGNON’S THEOREM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 FREE BODY DIAGRAMS FOR BEAMS AND
SUPPORTS
• Supports
3.Uniformly varying Load
1.Hinged Support

A (1/2) XY
RAY
X( N/m) X( N/m)
2.Roller Support RAx
2y/3
Y(m) Y(m)
B

• Loads
RB
1.Point Load or concentrated load
2.Uniformly distributed load(UDL)

X( X( XY
N/m)Y(m) X(
N/m)Y(m) N/m)Y(m)
Y/2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FREE BODY DIAGRAMS FOR BEAMS AND
SUPPORTS
1.Cantilever Beam

2.Simply Supported Beam

3. Overhanging Beam

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

1. For a coplanar, non-concurrent force system shown in Fig.

determine magnitude, direction and position with reference to point
A of resultant force

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

2 .Calculatereactions at support due to applied load on the beam as

shown in Figure

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

Find the magnitude of the force P, required to keep the 100 kg

mass in the position by strings as shown in the Figure

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. A roller of radius r = 0.3 m. and weight Q = 2000 N is to be pulled

over a curb of height h = 0.15 m. by a horizontal force P applied to
the end of a string wound around the circumference of the roller.
Find the magnitude of P required to start the roller over the curb

2. Two smooth cylinders of 3 m diameter and 100 N weight are

separated by a chord of 4m long. They support another smooth
cylinder of diameter 3m and 200N weight as shown in figure. Find
the tension in

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THANK YOU

www.mrcet.ac.in
ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
(R20A0303)
2nd Year B. Tech I- sem, Mechanical Engineering

www.mrcet.ac.in
COURSE OBJECTIVES
UNIT - 1 CO1: Explain the resolution of a system of forces,
compute their resultant and solve problems using
equations of equilibrium.
UNIT - 2 CO2: Perform analysis of bodies lying on rough
surfaces.
UNIT - 3 CO3: Explain the concept of analysis of trusses using
method of joints and method of sections.

UNIT - 4 CO4: Locate the centroid of a body and compute the

area moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia of
standard and composite sections.
UNIT - 5 CO5: Explain kinetics and kinematics of particles,
projectiles, curvilinear motion, centroidal motion and
plane motion of rigid bodies.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 UNIT 2
FRICTION
&
A N A LY S I S O F P I N -
JOINTED PLANE FRAMES
CO2: Perform analysis of bodies lying on rough surfaces.
CO3: Explain the concept of analysis of trusses using
method of joints and method of sections.

www.mrcet.ac.in
UNIT – II (SYLLABUS)
Friction:
• Introduction – Theory of Friction
• Angle of friction - Laws of Friction
• Static and Dynamic Frictions

Analysis of Pin-Jointed Plane Frames:

• Determination of Forces in members of plane, pin jointed, perfect trusses by method of joints
• Determination of Forces in members of plane, pin jointed, perfect trusses by method of joints
• Analysis of various types of cantilever & simply–supported trusses-by method of joints, method of sections

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE

UNIT -2
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
1 Introduction – Theory of Friction Definition of Friction • Understanding
concept of Friction (B2)
2 Angle of Friction, Laws of Friction Definitions • Understanding the
concept of Friction. (B2)

3 Static and Dynamic Frictions • Understanding the

concept of Friction. (B2)
• Apply Friction concept
on Static and Dynamic
bodies(B3)
• Analyse the body(B4)
4 Determination of Forces in members of Type of beams • Understanding the
plane, pin jointed, perfect trusses by concept of Method of
method of joints Sections(B2)
. • Apply the concept on
cantilever and simply
supported Trusses (B3)
• Analyze the Forces
on Trusses(B4)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE

UNIT -2
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
5 Determination of Forces in members of • Understanding the
plane, pin jointed, perfect trusses by concept of Method of
method of Sections Sections(B2)
• Apply the concept on
cantilever and simply
supported Trusses (B3)
• Analyze the Forces
on Trusses(B4)
• Evaluate the
behavior of Forces(B5)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 1
Friction

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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 1
• Definition Friction

• Laws of Friction
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 FRICTION

• Friction is defined as the contact resistance exerted by one body upon

another body when one body moves or tends to move past another
body. This force which opposes the movement or tendency of
movement is known as frictional resistance or friction. Friction is due
to the resistance offered by minute projections at the contact surfaces.
Hence friction is the retarding force, always opposite to the direction of
motion. Friction has both advantages & disadvantages.
• Disadvantages ---Power loss, wear and tear etc.
• Advantages---Brakes, traction for vehicles etc.
• Coefficient of Friction (μ): - The ratio of limiting friction and Normal
reaction is called coefficient of friction
• Fα N F = μN
• Angle of Repose: -With increase in angle of the inclined surface, the
maximum angle at which, body starts sliding down the plane is called
angle of response.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 LAWS OF FRICTION

Law of static friction: -

1. Thefriction force always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which
the body tends to move.
2. The magnitude of friction force is equal to the external force.
3. The ratio of limiting friction (F) & normal reaction (N) is constant.
4. The friction force does not depend upon the area of contact between
the two surfaces.
5. The friction force depends upon the roughness of the surfaces.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

1. Block A weighing 1000N rests over block B which weighs 2000N

as shown in figure. Block A is tied to wall with a horizontal string.
If the coefficient of friction between blocks A and B is 0.25 and
between B and floor is 1/3, what should be the value of P to
move the block (B), if Tension
(a) P is horizontal.
(b) P acts at 30° upwards to horizontal. FBD

N1 μ=0.25
T A F1
F1 1000
N1 P
2000
μ=1/3
F2
N2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

(a) P is horizontal.
+
Y
FBD For Block A =0 N1

F1 = T - +
X T F1 X
N1 =0
T A N1 = 1000 N 1000
F1
F1 = μ N1
1000 -Y
= 0.25 X 1000 = 250 N
F1 = T = 250 N
FBD For Block B +
2000 Y
N1 =0 N2
F P -
B 250 + F2 =
P F P +
1 F2 =0 X F 2000 X
1
N2 N2 = 2000 + 1000 = 3000 2 N1
F2 = μ N2 = 1/3 X 3000 =
1000 N -Y
Then
P=1000 +250 =1250 N
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 (b) P acts at 30° upwards to horizontal.

=0
+
2000 P Cos 300= F1 + F2 = 250 + F2 Y P Sin 300
N1 P 0
P Cos 30 = 250+ (1/3) N2 1 N2
300
F1 B =0 - +
X F1 X
F2 P Sin 300 = 2000 + 1000 - N2 F2 2000
N2 = 2000 + 1000 - P Sin 300 2 P Cos 300
N2 N1
Solve 1 & 2
P = 1210.43 N -Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1 .A block weighing 50 N is resting on a horizontal plane. A horizontal force

of 10 N is applied to start the sliding of the block.
Find i. coefficient of friction
ii. angle of friction
iii. resultant force.
2. A block of weight W1=1290 N on a horizontal surface and supports another block of
weighing W2=570 N on the top of its as shown in figure. The block of weight W2 is
attached to a vertical wall by an inclined string AB. Find the force P applied to the
lower block that will be necessary To cause slipping to impend. the Coefficient of
friction between block 1 and 2 is 0.25 and between block 1 and horizontal surface is
0.4

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 2
• Definition of Frames Analysis of Pin-Jointed
Plane Frames
• Types of Frames
• Methods of analysis of Frames
• Method of Joints
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ANALYSIS OF PIN-JOINTED PLANE FRAMES

A pin jointed frame is a structure made of slender (cross-sectional

dimensions quite small compared to length) members pin connected at
ends and capable of taking load at joints.
m = 2j – 3
(a) When LHS = RHS, Perfect frame.
(b) When LHS<RHS, Deficient frame.
(c) When LHS>RHS, Redundant frame.

6 6 5
9 13
7 8
11
7
10 5 4
1
1 2 2 3 4

m = 3 & J=3 m=8 & j= 6 m= 13 & J=7

Perfect Frame Deficient frame Redundant frame

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ASSUMPTIONS & METHODS OF ANALYSIS

• Assumptions
The following assumptions are made in the analysis of pin jointed
trusses:
1. The ends of the members are pin jointed (hinged).
2. The loads act only at the joints.
3. Self weight of the members is negligible.
Methods of analysis
1. Method of joint
2. Method of section

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 METHOD OF JOINTS

1.Determine the forces in all the members of the truss shown in

figure and indicate the magnitude and nature of the forces on
the diagram of the truss. All inclined members are at 60° to
horizontal and length of each +
Y R
A
FBC RD
-X
FBE +
FAB FEC FCD X
40
FAE FED 50
60

-
Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 METHOD OF JOINTS

=0
RA + RD = 150
Taking moment at point A,

-60 X 2 - 40 X 1 -50 X 3 + RD X 4 = 0
RD = 77.5 KN
RA = 72.5 KN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

METHOD OF JOINTS

FBD at Joint A +
Y
=0 RA

-FAB Cos 600 - FAE = 0

FAB Cos 600
=0 - +
X X
RA - FAB Sin 600 = 0 FAE
FAB = 72.5 / Sin 600
FAB = 83.71 KN FAB Sin 600
FAE = - FAB Cos 600
= - 83.71 X Cos 600
FAE = - 41.86 KN -
Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 METHOD OF JOINTS

FBD at Joint D
+
=0 Y
RD
FCD Cos 600
+FED
=0
=0 FE
- D +
X X
RD - FCD Sin 600 = 0
FCD Cos
FCD = 77.5 / Sin 600
600
FCD = 89.5 KN
FED = - FCD Cos 600 FCD Sin
= - 89.5 X Cos 600 600
FED = - 44.75 KN

-
Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

FBD at Joint B =0 +Y
FBE Cos 600 + FBC = 83.71 Cos 600FBE Sin 600
FAB Sin 600
=0 FBE Cos 600
- +
0 FBE Sin 600 + 83.71 Sin 600 =X40 F X0
600 60 BC FAB Cos 60
40  83 .71Sin60 0
FBE 
Sin60 0 40
FBE = - 37.532 KN -
Y
 (37 .532 Sin60 0 )  83 .71Sin60 0
FBC 
Sin60 0

FBC = 60.63 KN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

FBD at Joint C
=0 +Y

FEC Cos 600 + FBC = FCDCos 600 FCD Sin 600

FEC Sin 600

=0 FCD Cos 600 FBC

- +
X X
600 600 FCD Sin 600 + FEC Sin 600 = 40 FEC Cos 600

FEC = -31.76 KN

50
FCD = 77.95 KN
-
Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PROBLEMS

S.No Member Force in KN Nature

1 AB 83.71 Tension

2 AE 41.86 compression

3 BC 60.63 KN Tension

4 BE 37.532 KN Compression

5 EC 31.76 Compression

6 ED 44.75 compression

7 CD 77.95 Tension

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. Analyse the below figure

Show the values on a neat diagram of the truss. Mention clearly the nature
of the forces (tension or compression) in each memeber.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 3
• Method of Sections Analysis of Pin-Jointed
Plane Frames
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 METHOD OF SECTIONS

1.Determine the forces in the members BC,BE and AE of the

truss shown in figure and indicate the magnitude and nature
of the forces on the diagram of the truss. All inclined members
are at 60° to horizontal and length of each member is
2m.(Using Method of Sections)
+
Y R
A
FBC RD
-X
FBE +
FAB FEC FCD X
40
FAE FED 50
60

-
Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

METHOD OF SECTIONS

=0
RA + RD = 150
Step 1
Taking moment at point A,

-60 X 2 - 40 X 1 -50 X 3 + RD X 4 = 0
RD = 77.5 KN
RA = 72.5 KN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 METHOD OF SECTIONS

Step 2:Draw a section line passing through the required forces of

members(Maximum 3)

1
F
FBC
BE
F
AE

1
FBE +Y
=0 FBE Sin 600
FAE + FBC + FBE Cos 600 = 0
600 RA = 72.5
=0 -X +X
0
FBE Sin 600 + 72.5 = 40 FAE FBC FBE Cos 60
40 - 72.5
FBE  = -37.53 KN
Sin 600 40
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING -Y
 PROBLEMS

Taking the moments about the point B

B
B
RA X AG - FAE X BG= 0 2
2 Sin 600
72.5 X 2 Cos 600 + FAE X 2 Sin 600
600 = 0 A
72.5 2 Cos 600
FAE  = - 41.86 KN
2 Sin 60 0

- 41.86 + FBC + (-37.532) Cos 600 = 0

FBC = 60.63 KN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Find the Forces in the members GF,FB,BC and AB using Method

of Sections

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. Analyse the truss shown in Figure by method of sections. Find the force
in the members GC,GF,BC.

2. Analyse the cantilever truss shown in Figure by method of

sections.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THANK YOU

www.mrcet.ac.in
ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
(R20A0303)
2nd Year B. Tech I- sem, Mechanical Engineering

www.mrcet.ac.in
COURSE OBJECTIVES
UNIT - 1 CO1: Explain the resolution of a system of forces,
compute their resultant and solve problems using
equations of equilibrium.
UNIT - 2 CO2: Perform analysis of bodies lying on rough
surfaces.
UNIT - 3 CO3: Explain the concept of analysis of trusses using
method of joints and method of sections.

UNIT - 4 CO4: Locate the centroid of a body and compute the

area moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia of
standard and composite sections.
UNIT - 5 CO5: Explain kinetics and kinematics of particles,
projectiles, curvilinear motion, centroidal motion and
plane motion of rigid bodies.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 UNIT 3
CENTROID
&
C E N T R E O F G R AV I T Y
CO4: Locate the centroid of a body and compute the area
moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia of standard
and composite sections.

www.mrcet.ac.in
UNIT – III (SYLLABUS)

Centroid and Centre of Gravity:

• Centroids and Centre of gravity of simple
figures (from basic principles )
• Centroids of Composite Figures
• Theorem of Pappus
• Center of gravity of bodies and centroids
of volumes.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE

UNIT -2
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
1 Introduction – Centroids and Centre of Definitions • Understanding
gravity concept of Cenroid and
centre of gravity (B2)
2 Centroids and Centre of gravity of Definitions • Understanding
simple figures concept of Cenroid and
centre of gravity (B2)
• Apply the Centroids
and Centre of gravity
formulas for figure and
bodies (B3)
3 Centroids of Composite Figures • Apply the Centroids
formula for composite
figures (B3)
• Evaluate the centroid
of composite figures
(B5)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE

UNIT -2
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
4 Theorem of Pappus Derivations • Understanding the
concept of Theorem of
Pappus (B2)
• Evaluate the surface
area and Volume of the
Rotating areas and
bodies(B5)
5 Center of gravity of bodies and • Evaluate the centre
centroids of volumes of gravity of composite
figures and bodies (B5)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 1
Centroid

www.mrcet.ac.in
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 1
• Definition of centriod Centroid

• Centroid for simple Figures

• Centroid for composite Figures
• Applications
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 CENTROID

• Centroid is a point at which total area is supposed to be

concentrated
• Centroid denoted by G(Xc, Yc)
• Centroid exists only for plane areas
• Centre of gravity is point at which the weight of the body is
supposed to be concentrated
• Centre of gravity exist for solid bodies
• For one dimensional figure like Line

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 CENTROID

• For Plane area xc 

 xdA yc   ydA
 dA  dA
A1 X1  A2 X2  A3 X3       
xc 
• For Composite Figures A1  A2  A3  - - - - - -

A1 Y1  A2 Y2  A3 Y3       
yc 
A1  A2  A3  - - - - - -

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 CENTROID

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

1.Xc is the distance from Y- axis to the centroid of the figure

2. Yc is the distance from X -axis to the centroid of the figure

3.While finding out the Xc always consider the Vertical strip and width as
dx

4. While finding out the Yc always consider the Horizontal strip and width
as dy
Y

X G
c

Yc

X
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DERIVATION

1.Determine the centroid of the triangle of base ‘b’ and height ‘h’
For Xc
A
Consider a Vertical strip of length x and
D
width dx at a distance y from X-axis

xc 
 xdA h

 dA x y
Area of the elemental Strip dA = y dAdx
From the similar triangles ABC & DEC B Eb C
b h
 b y = h(b-x)
bx y
y = h(b-x)/ dx
dA = h(b-x)/ b dx b
h(b  x)
b

 dA = 
0
b
dx

b
h
= b  (b  x)dx
0

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DERIVATION

h
dA b= y2 
hy  
h 2 0

b  2 h2  hb
= h   =
h 2
2
b( h  y )
h

 ydA = y h
dy
0

h h
b  y2 y3 
=  y (h  y )dy =
b b  h 2 h3 
h    
h0 h 2 3 0 = h
h 2 3

bh 2
=
6 Centroid G= (b/3,h/3)
bh 2
yc 
 ydA 6
= h
 dA hb
2
3
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Determine the centroid of a quarter circle of radius ‘R’

2. Determine the centroid of a parabolic spandral y  kx

n

y  kxn

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1.Determine the Centroid of a rectangle of length ‘b’ and width ‘d’

2.State and Prove Pappus Theorems

3. Determine the centroid of a triangle shown in figure of base ‘b’ and

heigh ‘h’
Y

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 2
• Centroid for composite Figures Centroid

• Applications
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CENTROID FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

1. Determine the centroid of bar bent in to a shape as shown in

figure.

3
2
1
4

For AB

L1 = 50  50 G1
2 2

= 70.71 mm 50
x1 = 50
2
Cos 45 0
450 y1

=5017.68 mm x1
Cos 450
y1 = 2
50

= 17.68 mm
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CENTROID FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

For BC 100
L2 = 100 mm G2
x2 = 50+ 100 = 150 mm
5
y2 = 50 mm
0
50 100

For CD
L3 = 50 mm
G
x3 = 50 +100 =150 mm 3
75
y3 = 50+ 25 = 75 mm
150

For DEF
L4 = π R = π X 50 = 157.08 mm
2  50 x4 G4
x4 = 150 + = 181.83 mm

y4 = 50 mm y4

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CENTROID FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

xc 
L1 x1 L 2 x 2 L 3 x 3 L 4 x 4
L1 L 2 L 3 L 4
70.7117.68  100 150  50 150  157.08 181.83
=
70.71  100  50  157.08

= 138.47 mm

L1 y1 L 2 y 2 L3 y 3 L 4 y 4
Yc 
L1 L 2 L3 L 4

70.7117.68  100  50  50  70  157.08  50

=
70.71  100  50  157.08

= 73.06 mm

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CENTROID FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

• Find the Centroid of the given lamina shown in figure

X
(1)Top rectangle 200 x 20 mm2
(2) Middle rectangle 20 x 600 mm2
110
(3) Bottom rectangle 580 x 20 mm2
For Figure 1
A1 = 200 X 20 = 4000 mm2
x1 = 110 mm 10
G1
y1 = 580+ 10 =590 mm
580

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CENTROID FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

Y
For Figure 2
G2
A2 = 560 X 20 = 11200 mm2 560
x2 = 10 mm 280
y2 = 280+20 = 300 mm
For Figure 3 20
X
A3 = 600 X 20 = 12000 mm2 Y
x3 = 300 mm
y3 = 10 mm
G3 10
xc 
A1 x1 A2 x 2 A3 x3 30 X
A1 A2 A3 0
= 152.6 mm
A1 y1 A2 y 2 A3 y 3
Yc 
A1 A2 A3
= 214.71 mm
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PAPPUS GULDINUS FIRST THEOREM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PAPPUS GULDINUS SECOND THEOREM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Find the Centroid of plane area shown in figure

2. Locate the centroid of the shaded area shown in figure

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. Determine the centroid of the lamina shown in figure

2. Determine the centroid of the given figure

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 3
• Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity

• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 CENTRE OF GRAVITY

 Centre of gravity is point at which the weight of the body is supposed

to be concentrated
 Centre of gravity exist for solid bodies

x
 xdw or  xdm or  xdv y
 ydw or  ydm or  ydv z
 zdw or  zdm or  zdv
 dw  dm  dv  dw  dm  dv  dw  dm  dv

Determine the centre of gravity o solid hemisphere of radius ‘r’ from its
diametrical axis

Consider an element o radius ‘z’ at a distance of x X

from its diametrical axis
Volume of the elemental strip 2
dv  z dx z

You know that x2  z 2  r 2

Z
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY

z 2  r 2  x2
Then dv   (r  x )dx 2 2

Take integration on both sides

r

    
2 2
dv ( r x )dx
0
r

2r 3
3 3
x r
 dv   [r x  ]
2
[r  ]
=  3
=
3 0
3 3
r
r 2 4
 xdv  x (r  x )dx x x r4
r 4
=  [r  ]
2 2
2
0
2 4
= [  ]
r 4 0
2 4
x
 xdv
= 4
3r
 dv 2r 3
=
8
3
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Determine the centre of gravity of a solid hemisphere of radius ‘r ‘ about

its diametral axis

2. Determine the centre of gravity of a right circula solid cone of radius ‘r’
and height ‘h’.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. Determine the centre of gravity of a solid Cylinder of radius ‘r ‘

and height h

2. Write the differences between centroid and center of Gravity

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THANK YOU

www.mrcet.ac.in
ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
(R20A0303)
2nd Year B. Tech I- sem, Mechanical Engineering

www.mrcet.ac.in
COURSE OBJECTIVES
UNIT - 1 CO1: Explain the resolution of a system of forces,
compute their resultant and solve problems using
equations of equilibrium.
UNIT - 2 CO2: Perform analysis of bodies lying on rough
surfaces.
UNIT - 3 CO3: Explain the concept of analysis of trusses using
method of joints and method of sections.

UNIT - 4 CO4: Locate the centroid of a body and compute the

area moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia of
standard and composite sections.
UNIT - 5 CO5: Explain kinetics and kinematics of particles,
projectiles, curvilinear motion, centroidal motion and
plane motion of rigid bodies.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 UNIT 4
MOMENT OF INERTIA
&
MASS MOMENT OF
INERTIA
CO4: Locate the centroid of a body and compute the area
moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia of standard
and composite sections.

www.mrcet.ac.in
UNIT – IV (SYLLABUS)
Moments of Inertia:

• Definition – Polar Moment of Inertia –Radius of gyration

• Transfer formula for moment ofinertia
• Moments of Inertia for Composite areas.
• Products of Inertia
• Transfer Formula for Product of Inertia.

Mass Moment of Inertia:

• Moment of Inertia of Masses

• Transfer Formula for Mass Moments of Inertia
• Mass moment of inertia of composite bodies

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTLINE
UNIT -4
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
1 Moments of Inertia: Definition – Polar Definitions • Understanding
Moment of Inertia –Radius of gyration concept of Moment of
Inertia (B2)
2 Transfer formula for moment of inertia Derivations Understanding
concept of Parallel Axis
Theorem (B2)
3 Moments of Inertia for Composite areas Derivations • Understanding
derivations for Moment
of Inertia of simple
figures (B2)
• Apply the Derivation
formulas to the
composite figures (B3)
4 Products of Inertia & Transfer Formula Definitions and • Understanding
for Product of Inertia. Derivations derivations for Product
of Inertia of simple
figures(B2)

• Apply the Derivation

formulas to the
composite figures (B3)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE OUTLINE

UNIT - 4
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2
to 3 objectives)
5 Mass Moment of Inertia: Moment of Definitions • Understanding
Inertia of Masses concept of Mass
Moment of Inertia (B2)
6 Transfer Formula for Mass Derivations • Understanding
Moments of Inertia concept of Parallel axis
theorem for Mass
Moment of Inertia (B2)
7 Mass moment of inertia of composite • Understanding
bodies derivations for Moment
of Inertia of simple
figures (B2)
• Apply the Derivation
formulas to the
composite Bodies (B3)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE 1
Centroid

www.mrcet.ac.in
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 1
• Definition of Moment of Inertia Moment of Inertia

• Moment of Inertia for simple Figures

• Applications
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 MOMENT OF INERTIA

• The strength of members subjected to bending depends on the

moment of inertia of its cross-sectional area
Y
Moment of inertia is denoted by “I” A
x
Units for moment of inertia mm4
dA

y
Moment of Inertia about X axis is
give by
I   y dA
XX
2

Moment of Inertia about Y axis is give by X

IYY   x 2 dA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

1.X is the distance from Y- axis to the elemental area of the figure

2. Y is the distance from Y- axis to the elemental area of the figure

3.While finding out the IXX always consider the Horizontal strip and width
as dy

4. While finding out the Yc always consider the Vertical strip and width as
dx
Y

X dA

X
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
THEOREMS OF MOMENT OF INERTIA

Polar Moment of Inertia & Radius of gyration

Moment of inertia about any axis perpendicular to the plane of an area is
known as polar moment of inertia. It is denoted by IZZ or J

I zz   r dA
2

I
Radius of gyration k
A

Units for radius of gyration is mm or cm or m

There are two theorems for moment of inertia

1.Perpendicular axis Theorem

2. Parallel Axis Theorem

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROOF OF PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF AREAS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DERIVATION

1.Determine the moment of inertia of the triangle of base ‘b’ and

height ‘h’
For IXX
Consider a horizontal strip of length x and
width dy at a distance y from X-axis
x1 h x1
I XX   y 2 dA
dy
Area of the elemental Strip dA = x dy
From the similar triangles ABC & DEC
b h h x = b(h-y)

x h y x = b(h-y)/ h b
dA = b(h-y)/ h dy
b( h  y )
h


I xx   y 2 dA= y 2
0
h
dy

h
b 2

h0
y (h  y )dy
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DERIVATION

h
b  y3 y4 
 y dA  
2
h 
h  3 4 0

b  h3 h 4  
bh3
=    12
h 3 4

For IYY
Consider a Vertical strip of length y and h
width dx at a distance x from Y-axis
x y
IYY   x 2 dA

b h
 b y = h(b-x)
b
bx y y = h(b-x)/ b

dA = h(b-x)/ b dx dx

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DERIVATION

h(b  x)
b
IYY   x dA =

2 2
x dx
0
b
b
h
 
2 3
= (bx x )dx
b0
h  b4 b4  hb3
    
b3 4 12

About its centroidal axis x1x1

According to the parallel axis theorem

I AB  IGG  Ayc I XX  I X I X I  Ayc

2 2

bh3
IXIXI 
36
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Determine the Moment of Inertia of a quarter circle of radius „R‟ and

also find about centroidal axis
y  kxn
2. Determine the moment of inertia of a parabolic spandral
y  kxn

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1.Determine the moment of inertia of a rectangle of length „b‟ and width

„d‟ about the centroidal axis and also find about its base

2.State and Parallel axis Theorems and perpendicular axis theorems

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 2
• Moment of Inertia for composite Moment of Inertia

areas
• Applications
• Problems
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

• Find the Moment of inertia of the given lamina shown in figure

(1)Top rectangle 200 x 20 mm2 110

(2) Middle rectangle 20 x 600 mm2
(3) Bottom rectangle 580 x 20 mm2
For Figure 1
A1 = 200 X 20 = 4000 mm2 10
x1 = 110 mm G1
y1 = 580+ 10 =590 mm 580

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

Y
For Figure 2
G2
A2 = 560 X 20 = 11200 mm2 560
x2 = 10 mm 280
y2 = 280+20 = 300 mm
For Figure 3 20
X
A3 = 600 X 20 = 12000 mm2 Y
x3 = 300 mm
y3 = 10 mm
G2 10
xc 
A1 x1 A2 x 2 A3 x3 30 X
A1 A2 A3 0
= 152.6 mm
A1 y1 A2 y 2 A3 y 3
Yc 
A1 A2 A3
= 214.71 mm
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE AREAS

X X
214.71
mm
152.6 mm
Y
For Figure 1
bd 3 20  560 3
IX I
XII
   292693333 .33 mm 4 110
I
12 12

According to parallel axis theorem

10
I XX fig 1  IX
I
I
XII
 Ayc
2
X G1 385.29
 133333 .33  220  20  (385 .29  10 ) 2 580 mm X

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Y
For Figure 2
G2
bd 20  5603 3
IX I
X 2I
   292693333 .33 mm 4 280
2
12 12
214.71
According to parallel axis theorem 20

I XX fig 2  IX  Ayc
2 X
I I
2 X2

 292693333 .33  560  20  (300  214 .71) 2

For Figure 2 Y

bd 3 600  20 3
IX I
X 3I
   400000 mm 4 214.71
3
12 12 G3
10
According to parallel axis theorem 30 X
0
I XX fig 3  IX
3
I
X 3I
 Ayc
2

 400000  600  20  (214 .71  10 ) 2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Find the moment of inertia of plane area shown in figure about

horizontal centroidal axis

2. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area

shown in figure about horizontal axis

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. Determine the moment of inertia of the lamina shown in figure

2. Determine the Moment of inertia of the given figure

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 3
• Definition Mass Moment of Inertia

• Transfer formula for mass moment

of Inertia
• Assignments

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA

Mass moment of inertia of a body is defined about an axis is defined as the sum
of product of its elemental masses and square of their distances from the axis

A
I AB   r dA
2

r
N
Units for mass moment of Inertia m / sec2 dm

Transfer formula for mass moment of

Inertia

I AB  I GG  Md 2 B

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DERIVATION

Determine the mass moment of inertia of uniform rod of length L

i)Its centroidal axis normal to the rod
Ii)its axis at the end of the rod normal to it about Y
x
Let m be the mass of rod per unit
length
dx
Mass of the element dm = m dx

i)
Mass moment of inertia about its centroidal axis normal to the
rod
I YY  x
2
dm
L
L
2
x  3 2

mL3
  x mdx  m 
2

 12
 
3
L

2 L

2

ML2
Mass of the rod M=mL then I YY 
12

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 DERIVATION

Ii)its axis at the end of the rod normal to it

about
Y
x
I YY   x dm
2

L
L
x 3

mL3
  x mdx
2
 m  3
dx
 
3
0
0

ML2
Mass of the rod M=mL then I YY 
3

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Determine the mass moment of inertia of a solid hemisphere of radius „r „

about its diametral axis

2. Determine the mass moment of inertiaof a right circular solid cone of

radius „r‟ and height „h‟. about its axis of rotation

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. Determine the mass moment of inertia of a rectangular plate

2. Determine the mass moment of inertia of a circular plate

3. Determine the mass moment of inertia of a uniform rod

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 4
• Definition Product of Inertia

• Transfer formula for Product of

Inertia
• Problems

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 PRODUCT OF INERTIA

The product of inertia of area A relative to the indicated X

Y rectangular axes is
.
PXY   xydA

Relative to principal axes of inertia, the product of inertia of a figure i

s zero. If a figure is mirror symmetrical about a YZ plane.

PXY  PZX  0
The product of inertia about centroidal is zero for symmetric figure

Transfer formula for product of inertia is   

PXY  P XY  A x y
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DERIVATION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DERIVATION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

1. Determine the product of inertia of a triangle bout X and Y

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ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

1. Determine the product of inertia of the give figure about X and Y

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THANK YOU

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ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
(R20A0303)
2nd Year B. Tech I- sem, Mechanical Engineering

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 UNIT 5
K I N E M AT I C S & K I N E T I C S
O F PA R T I C L E S

CO 5 Explain kinetics and kinematics of particles, projectiles, curvilinear

motion, centroidal motion and plane motion of rigid bodies.

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UNIT – V (SYLLABUS)
Kinematics of a Particle:

• Motion of a particle – Rectilinear motion

• motion curves –Rectangular components of curvilinear motion.

Kinematics of a Particle:

• D‟Alemberts Principle for plane motion and connected bodies

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COURSE OUTLINE
UNIT -5
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2 to
3 objectives)
1 Kinematics of a Particle: Motion of a Definitions • Understanding concept
particle of Dynamics, Kinematics
(B2)
2 Rectilinear motion Derivations • Understanding concept
of Kinematics (B2)

• Apply the equations

motion formulas to the
Rectilinear Motion(B3)
3 Motion curves – Rectangular • Understanding concept
components of curvilinear motion. of Projectile (B2)

• Apply the equations

motion formulas to the
curvilinear motion (B3)

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COURSE OUTLINE
UNIT -5
LECTURE LECTURE TOPIC KEY ELEMENTS Learning objectives (2 to
3 objectives)
4 Kinetics of particles: D‟Alemberts Definitions • Understanding concept
Princile for plane motion and Connected of Dynamics, Kinetics (B2)
bodies
• Understanding concept of
D‟Alemberts Principle(B2)

• Apply the principle to the

plane motion and
connected bodies(B3)
2

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 LECTURE 1
Introduction - Kinetics of a Particle : Force and Acceleration

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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 1
o Introduction to Kinematics Introduction - Kinematics of
a Particle
of a Particle
o Motion of a particle
o Rectilinear motion
o motion curves
o Rectangular components of
curvilinear motion.

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 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE : FORCE AND
ACCELERATION
– Definition: Study of the geometry of motion.
– Relates displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time without reference to
the cause of motion.
• Particles
– Not strictly to small particles – possibly as large as cars, rockets or airplanes.
– The entire bodies will analyze, any rotation to the centre will be neglected

 Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a

particle as it moves along a straight line.

• Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as

it moves along a curved line in two or three dimensions.

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 SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION

• Determination of the Motion of a Particle

• We often determine accelerations from the forces

applied (kinetics will be covered later)
• Generally have three classes of motion
- acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t)
– - acceleration given as a function of position,
a = f(x)
– - acceleration given as a function of velocity,
a = f(v)

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UNIFORM RECTILINEAR MOTION

• During free-fall, a parachutist • For a particle in uniform

reaches terminal velocity rectilinear motion, the
when her weight equals the acceleration is zero and the
drag force. If motion is in a velocity is constant.
straight line, this is uniform
rectilinear motion. dx
 v  constant
dt
x t
 dx  v  dt
x0 0
x  x0  vt
x  x0  vt

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UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED
RECTILINEAR MOTION
• If forces applied to a body
are constant (and in a
constant direction), then
you have uniformly
accelerated rectilinear
motion.

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CURVILINEAR MOTION

A particle moving along a curve other than

a straight line is in curvilinear motion.

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CURVILINEAR MOTION: POSITION,
VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
• The position vector of a particle at time t is defined by a vector between
origin O of a fixed reference frame and the position occupied by particle.

• Consider a particle which occupies position P defined by at time t

and P’ defined by at t + Dt,

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CURVILINEAR MOTION: POSITION,
VELOCITY & ACCELERATION

• Instantaneous velocity • Instantaneous speed

(vector) (scalar)

  Ds ds
 Dr dr v  lim 
Dt 0 Dt
v  lim  dt
Dt 0 Dt dt

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EQUATIONS OF MOTION UNDER UNIFORM
ACCELERATION

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EQUATIONS OF MOTION UNDER UNIFORM
ACCELERATION

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DISTANCE COVERED IN NTH SECOND BY A
BODY MOVING WITH UNIFORM
ACCELERATION

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PROBLEM

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PROBLEM

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MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROBLEM

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SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

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ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

2. Derive the equations of motion when the body accelerated

uniformly

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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
LECTURE 2
o Introduction to Kinetics of Introduction to Kinetics of
particles:
particles:
o D‟Alemberts Principle for plane
motion and connected bodies

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KINETICS OF A PARTICLE

• Newton 's Second Law of Motion

• The basis for kinetics is Newton's second law, which states that when an
unbalanced force acts on a particle, the particle will accelerate in the
direction of the force with a magnitude that is proportional to the force.

• If the mass of the particle is m, Newton's second law of motion may be

written in mathematical form as

• 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

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 NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATIONAL
ATTRACTION
• Shortly after formulating his three laws of motion, Newton postulated a
law governing the mutual attraction between any two particles. In
mathematical form this law can be expressed as

where
F = force of attraction between the two particles G = universal constant of gravitation;
according to
experimental evidence G = 66.73(10-12) m3j (kg · S2)
m1 , m2 = mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the centers of the two particles

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THE EQUATION OF MOTION

When more than one force acts on a particle, the resultant force is determined
by a vector summation of all
the forces; i.e., 𝐹𝑅 = Σ 𝐹 For this more
general case, the equation of motion may
be written as
Σ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

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D’ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE

• D alemberts principle
• 1) A body move with certain acceleration due to the effect of
applied force according to the Newton‟s second law. So this body
cannot be in equilibrium because of the resultant applied force.
Then the equations of static equilibrium are not applicable here.
2) If now an imaginary force F = ma is applied to the body
opposite to the direction of acceleration „a‟, then the body is said
to be in dynamic equilibrium. Then all equations of static
equilibrium are applicable to dynamic equilibrium.

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D‟ALEMBERT‟S PRINCIPLE OF DYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM

• 1) Due to application of force or force system, a body has a

motion of translation and it is not in equilibrium.
• 2) D‟Alembert‟s suggested to write Newton‟s second law
• Σ F = ma in the form Σ F – ma = 0 This is the equation of the
dynamic equilibrium. Where, Σ F = resultant of external
forces and (-ma) = D‟Alembert‟s inertia force.
• Therefore, the motion of acceleration is brought to dynamic
equilibrium by adding reversed effective force (-ma) on the
body. Statement: D‟Alembert‟s Principle states that, “the
impressed forces acting on the body are in dynamic
equilibrium with inertia forces of the body under motion”.
• In short, D‟Alembert‟s Principle states that, the resultant of
external force Σ F and the inertia force (-ma) is always zero.
This is the condition of dynamic equilibrium.

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MOTION OF A LIFT

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PROBLEM

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PROBLEM

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SELF LEARNING QUESTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 ASSIGNMENT EXERCISES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THANK YOU

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