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Inorganic & Organic Chemistry (Trans) Introduction To Chemistry (Oct. 1,2021)

This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including definitions of key concepts like the scientific method, properties of matter, states of matter, and measurement. It discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds and mixtures and describes physical and chemical properties. Measurement topics covered include mass, volume, density, temperature scales, significant figures and dimensional analysis.

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Jamaica Salvador
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50 views5 pages

Inorganic & Organic Chemistry (Trans) Introduction To Chemistry (Oct. 1,2021)

This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including definitions of key concepts like the scientific method, properties of matter, states of matter, and measurement. It discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds and mixtures and describes physical and chemical properties. Measurement topics covered include mass, volume, density, temperature scales, significant figures and dimensional analysis.

Uploaded by

Jamaica Salvador
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INORGANIC & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (TRANS)

Introduction to Chemistry (Oct. 1,2021)

CHEMISTRY - study of matter, its properties, the changes that matter undergoes.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD - A systematic approach to research.

 QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS - general observations about the system


 QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS - comprising numbers obtained by various
measurements of the system
 HYPOTHESIS - a tentative explanation for a set of observations
 EXPERIMENTS - test the validity of the hypothesis
 LAW - concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relationship between phenomena.
A law simply states what happens; it does not address the question of why. (PROVEN)
 THEORY- a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are
based on them. (NOT PROVEN)

MATTER - anything that occupies space and mass, includes things we can see and touch (water,
earth and trees), as well as things we cannot (air)

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

 SUBSTANCES - has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties.


 MIXTURES - A combination of two or more substances

 Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same althroughout (EX.


MILK)
 Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform (EX. HALO- HALO)

 ELEMENTS - substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances


 COMPOUNDS - Consists of two or more types of elements

THREE STATES OF MATTER


SOLID - held close together in an orderly fashion
LIQUID - close together but are not held so rigidly in position
GAS - molecules are separated by distances

MELTING POINT – Temperature at which solid material changes from a solid state to a liquid,
or melts liquid.
BOILING POINT - Temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid equals the external
pressure surrounding the liquid and liquid changes into a vapour or gas.
FREEZING POINT - Temperature at which liquid becomes a solid.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER


Physical property - changes in physical appearance.
Chemical property –forming new substance, breaking/making chemical bonds.

MEASURING MATTER
Extensive property – how much matter is being considered
 Mass – quantity of matter in a given sample of substance. More matter, more mass
 Volume –the amount of space a substance occupies
Intensive property – does not depend on how much matter is being considered but on the type
of matter in a sample
Ex. Density, temperature, color, solubility
Mass and Weight
Weight – the force that gravity exerts on an object, depends on the location of a matter.
Mass – SI unit is kilogram (kg),in chemistry the smaller gram (g) is more convenient
Volume – cubic meter (m3), cubic centimetre (cm3), cubic decimetre (dm3)
Density - the mass of an object divided by its volume,

d = mass/volume or
d = m/v

Temperature Scales

 Fahrenheit °F
 Celsius °C
 Kelvin °K

FORMULAS
°C = (°F – 32) X 5/9
°F = 9/5 X (°C + 32)
°K = (°C + 273.15)

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION - Scientific notation is the standard way to express a number as the
product of a real number and power of 10.

 N (coefficient) is a number between 1 and 10, plus a mantissa (significant digits


to the right of the decimal point)
 n (exponent) is a positive or a negative integer

 If the decimal point has to move to the left, n is a positive integer.


 If the decimal point has to move to the right, n is a negative integer.

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES - The meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity.


1. Non-zero digits are always significant.
2. Zeros between non-zero digits are always significant.
3. Leading zeros are never significant.
4. Trailing zeros are only significant if the number contains a decimal point.

ACCURACY AND PRECISION


ACCURACY - how closely a measured value agrees with the correct value.
PRECISION - how closely individual measurements agree with each other.

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS - The procedure we use to convert between units in solving


chemistry problems.

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