Since the industrial revolution, temperatures on earth have been rising at an unprecedented

pace (Maslin, 2008). Weather patterns have changes significantly, extreme weather events
such as wildfires occur on a more regular basis and have increased in severity. A consensus
among academics exists on the fact that global temperature rise can be mainly attributed to
anthropogenic activities (Cook et al., 2013). Due to the devastating consequences that global
warming will have and already has on every ecosystem on earth, the UN has made climate
action one of its main priorities. The priority is expressed in Social Development Goal (SDG)
13, which has the goal of “taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”
(Sörgel, Kriegler et al. 2021)
Human migration related to climate change has led to growing interest and policy concern.
Although it is hard to isolate climate change as the primary cause of human migration, its role
as a crucial contributing migration push factor is increasingly impossible to ignore. Moreover,
according to Luetz and Merson (2020), related to other causes, its contribution to migration
will increase significantly as the effects of climate change impacts are becoming more
obvious in the future.
The effects of climate change are obviously detectable now a days. Many countries
experienced their warmest years on record with arctic temperatures based on long term
records. In 2018 average temperature of all over the globe is estimated to be 0.99 ± 0.13 °C.
According to the discussion of SDG-13 in 2019, to address the effects that being felt all
around the world, requires a solution for better methodology which is reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions and adaptive planning (Discussion on SDG 13 – Climate action,
2019).

Between 1990 and 2017, nearly a million of people suddenly went missing as a result of
disasters and accidents.. While geophysical hazardous events such as earthquakes and
tsunamis account For about 40 percent of the geophysical disasters like earthquakes and
tsunamis accounted and meteorological and hydrological event influence the rest, these
issues may increase by climate change.
The key driver of climate change is increasing levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) as a
result of human activities. In 2017, globally averaged mole fractions of CO2 were 405.5 0.1
parts per million therefore, GHGs concentration hits new highs. 146 percent of pre-industrial
level represents these values, respectively.
As compared the period of 2013-2014 to 2015-2016, global climate finance flows increased
by 17 percent (Discussion on SDG 13 – Climate action, 2019).
The decarbonization rate of the region during 1990 to 2014 is 2.4 percent per year. The
decarbonization rate of 6.7 percent per year is required to avoid a temperature rise of more
than 1.5°C. Numerous natural disasters have occurred in last two decades and over 20
percent of all natural disasters occurred all over the globe in 2018. As a result of extreme
climate change occurrences, 18 million people were relocated in 2016. Between 1970 to
2010, 10,271 disasters registered worldwide. (www.eclac.org)
The second warmest year was 2019 on record and 2010 to 2019 was the warmest decade
ever recorded. The levels of Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in 2019 rose to
new records in the temperature.
Every country on every continent is affected by the Climate change. It is interrupting national
economies and harming lives. Weather patterns are changing, sea levels are rising, and
weather events are becoming more extreme.
Although, due to travel bans and economic slowdowns resulting from the COVID-19
pandemic, about 6 percent greenhouse gas emissions are projected to drop in 2020.
This improvement is only temporary, climate change is not going to stop. Emissions are
projected to return to higher levels just after the global economy starts recovering from the
pandemic. (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/).
Saving lives and livelihoods requires urgent action to address both the pandemic and the
climate emergency.
The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat
of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees
Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The agreement also aims to strengthen the ability of
countries to deal with the impacts of climate change, through appropriate financial flows, a
new technology framework and an enhanced capacity building framework.
(https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/)
The difference in awareness of various societies regarding the need to protect the
environment and transform economies and societies is one of the most important features of
Sustainable Development Goal, so they depend more on renewable resources. At first, it
should be a main focus of the international agreements, particularly the Paris Climate Treaty
(Sörgel, Kriegler et al. 2021).
The Paris Climate Treaty should be considered necessary to implement the “Sustainable
Development Goal 13: Climate Action”, because the Sustainable Development Goals as a
whole comprise serious implementation limits.
A balanced framework in dealing with climate change would allow to achieve the Sustainable
Development Goals. Nevertheless, There should be no delays in establishing a particular
type of international effort to address climate change in the coming years (Kokotović, Kurečić
et al. 2019).
CONCLUSION
Crucial elements for progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are
ambitious climate policies, as well as economic development, education, technological
advancement, and less resource-intensive lifestyle.
SDG13 enables mega climate change actions to be linked with development goals. Raising
the question of whether the world is effectively prepared to adapt to climate change
concerns, especially when considering numerous development needs of different countries
(Maupin 2017).
The opportunities and subsequent challenges in this regard can be:
Opportunities
 Intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) and institutional frameworks
have established by the countries of region to carry out those commitments.
Challenges
 To keep the temperature, rise below 2°C the stated objectives of INDCs are
insufficient
 To attain the goal of Paris Agreement of limiting temperature rises, considerable
ambition is required.
 The participation of the private sector is essential, because the annual funding
obligated by developed countries will be insufficient.
 To meet the financial needs, achieving assurances from several stakeholders.
 Progress on regional disaggregation of data and avoiding data production in isolation
is required to keep a check on advances.
 Attaining collaboration between stakeholders and policies.
 Transforming the region’s transportation sector, which produces a lot of pollution now
a days.
REFERENCES

Maslin, M. (2008). Global warming: a very short introduction. OUP

United Nations. (2021). The Sustainable Development Goals

Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S. A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B.,
Painting, R., ... & Skuce, A. (2013). Quantifying the consensus on
anthropogenic global warming in the scientific
literature. Environmental research letters, 8(2), 024024.

Review of SDG implementation and interrelations among goals

Kokotović, F., et al. (2019). "Accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goal 13–Climate
Action and the Role of the European Union." Interdisciplinary Description of Complex
Systems: INDECS 17(1-B): 132-145.

Maupin, A. (2017). "The SDG13 to combat climate change: an opportunity for Africa to
become a trailblazer?" African Geographical Review 36(2): 131-145.

Sörgel, B., et al. (2021). "A sustainable development pathway for climate action within the
UN 2030 Agenda." Nature Climate Change 11(8): 656-664.