PHYSICAL REVIEW X 9, 031010 (2019)

Featured in Physics

Type-III and Tilted Dirac Cones Emerging from Flat Bands in Photonic Orbital Graphene
M. Milićević,1 G. Montambaux,2 T. Ozawa,3 O. Jamadi,4 B. Real,4 I. Sagnes,1 A. Lemaître,1
L. Le Gratiet,1 A. Harouri,1 J. Bloch,1 and A. Amo4
1
Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS Université Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay,
Palaiseau, France
2
Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay,
91405 Orsay Cedex, France
3
Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS),
RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
4
Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules,
F-59000 Lille, France

(Received 2 December 2018; revised manuscript received 16 May 2019; published 23 July 2019)

The extraordinary electronic properties of Dirac materials, the two-dimensional partners of Weyl
semimetals, arise from the linear crossings in their band structure. When the dispersion around the Dirac
points is tilted, one can predict the emergence of intricate transport phenomena such as modified Klein
tunneling, intrinsic anomalous Hall effects, and ferrimagnetism. However, Dirac materials are rare,
particularly with tilted Dirac cones. Recently, artificial materials whose building blocks present orbital
degrees of freedom have appeared as promising candidates for the engineering of exotic Dirac dispersions.
Here we take advantage of the orbital structure of photonic resonators arranged in a honeycomb lattice to
implement photonic lattices with semi-Dirac, tilted, and, most interestingly, type-III Dirac cones that
combine flat and linear dispersions. Type-III Dirac cones emerge from the touching of a flat and a parabolic
band when synthetic photonic strain is introduced in the lattice, and they possess a nontrivial topological
charge. This photonic realization provides a recipe for the synthesis of orbital Dirac matter with
unconventional transport properties and, in combination with polariton nonlinearities, opens the way to
study Dirac superfluids in topological landscapes.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031010 Subject Areas: Graphene, Photonics,
Topological Insulators

I. INTRODUCTION they can only be annihilated via their merging with a Dirac
cone of opposite charge [4–9].
The extraordinary transport properties of Dirac materials
Dirac cones can be classified according to the geo-
arise from the spinor nature of their electronic wave
metry of their Fermi surface. The cylindrically symmetric
functions and from the linear dispersion around Dirac and
cones described above belong to the family of type-I Dirac
Weyl points. In two dimensions, Klein tunneling, weak
cones. They are characterized by a closed Fermi surface
antilocalization, unconventional Landau levels, or bulk
eventually becoming a single point at the band crossing,
pseudoconfinement appear as some of their most remarkable
where the density of states vanishes [Fig. 1(a)]. However,
features [1,2]. Standard Dirac cones, like those present in
they are not the only kind of linear band crossings that can be
graphene and other two-dimensional materials, have rota-
found in Dirac materials. The general Hamiltonian describ-
tional symmetry about the Dirac quasimomentum. Their
ing a Dirac cone in two dimensions can be expressed as [10]
topological properties make them particularly robust to
deformations of the lattice: Dirac cones always appear in
pairs, each of them characterized by a topological charge [3]; HðqÞ ¼ ðv0x qx þ v0y qy Þσ 0 þ vx qx σ a þ vy qy σ b ; ð1Þ
in the presence of time-reversal and inversion symmetry,
where qx;y is the wave vector measured from the Dirac point;
v0x , v0y , vx , and vy represent effective velocities; σ 0 is the
2 × 2 identity matrix; and σ a;b ¼ ua;b · σ, where ua;b are
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of suitably chosen orthogonal unit vectors and σ ¼ ðσ x ; σ y ; σ z Þ
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to is the vector of Pauli matrices. Throughout the entire paper,
the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, we take ℏ ¼ 1. The eigenenergies of this Hamiltonian form
and DOI. two bands:

2160-3308=19=9(3)=031010(11) 031010-1 Published by the American Physical Society

M. MILIĆEVIĆ et al. PHYS. REV. X 9, 031010 (2019)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

band [24]. Moreover, the possibility of implementing two-
dimensional heterostructures with different kinds of Dirac
E cones would open the door to the study of analogue black
qy holes in a solid-state environment [21,25–27].
qx Type-III
Type-I Type-I tilted (critical tilt) Type-II Type-III Dirac points have not yet been reported
experimentally, and tilted type-I and type-II Dirac points
Fermi
surface have been challenging to synthesize [13,18,20] because
qy
qx
they require materials whose constituent atoms are arran-
ged in lattices with intricate electron hoppings [10,12,16].
FIG. 1. Types of Dirac dispersions in two dimensions. (Top) Existing proposals rely on the use of stratified media [28],
Dispersions together with the zero-energy plane (grey). (Bottom, or on the engineering of next-nearest-neighbor tunneling,
in red) Zero-energy Fermi surface. (a) Standard, type-I Dirac which is difficult to find in natural materials and
cones characterized by a linear dispersion in all directions in k to implement in electronic metamaterials. Artificial pho-
space and a pointlike Fermi surface. (b) Type-I tilted Dirac cone. tonic lattices represent an opportunity to explore the
(c) Type-III Dirac point (critically tilted), combining flat band physics of unconventional Dirac points thanks to the
and linear dispersions. Its Fermi surface is a line. (d) Type-II at-will control of on-site energies and hoppings [29].
Dirac cone.
Current schemes are based on the design of long-distant
coupling of photons in lattices of resonators [30,31] and
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi the use of screw symmetries [32]. Using more sophisti-
E ðqÞ ¼ v0x qx þ v0y qy  ðvx qx Þ2 þ ðvy qy Þ2 : ð2Þ cated approaches, evidence of type-II Weyl points has
recently been reported in microwave metamaterials
If both coefficients v0x and v0y are equal to zero, we [33,34] and via conical diffraction in laser-written wave-
obtain the energy spectrum of a type-I Dirac cone with guides with elaborate couplings [35]. In most of these
Fermi velocities vx and vy . If any of the v0x , v0y coefficients cases, the tilted Dirac cones appear as a consequence of
is nonzero, then the Dirac cone is tilted [Fig. 1(b)]. In two– band inversions [30,31], a situation in which the magni-
dimensional materials, this kind of tilted Dirac disper- tude of the tilt cannot be easily controlled. This has been
sion has been predicted to appear in quinoid-type [10] the main reason preventing the observation of type-III
and hydrogenated graphene [11], and it has been indi- Dirac cones.
rectly evidenced in the organic semiconductor [10,12,13] In this article, we propose and demonstrate experimen-
α − ðBEDT − TTFÞ2 I 3 . The interest of materials present- tally a method to implement tilted and semi-Dirac cones for
ing this dispersion is its nonisotropic transport properties, photons, and we provide the first experimental observation
which can be used for valley filtering in p-n junctions [14] of type-III Dirac cones. We employ px, py orbital bands in a
or for the generation of a photocurrent [15]. honeycomb lattice of polariton micropillars, which arise
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi from the nearest-neighbor hopping of photons confined in
When the tilt parameter ṽ0 ≡ ðv0x =vx Þ2 þ ðv0y =vy Þ2 is the first excited modes of each resonator of the lattice
larger than 1, a type-II Dirac point [10,16,17] is formed [36,37]. In this analogue system, the band structure is
[Fig. 1(d)]. Its Fermi surface is no longer a point but two directly accessible in photoluminescence experiments. The
crossing lines, and the density of states at the energy of the orbital bands present a flat band that touches a parabolic
Dirac point becomes finite [16]. They have recently been band. When asymmetry in the hopping is introduced,
observed in the form of Fermi arcs in three-dimensional which simulates uniaxial strain in solid-state graphene,
semimetals [18–20]. A particularly interesting situation the flat-parabolic band touching evolves into tilted and
takes place at the transition between type-I and type-II type-III Dirac cones. The fact that they emerge from a flat
Dirac cones, that is, when the tilt parameter ṽ0 ¼ 1. In this band makes type-III Dirac cones particularly robust to
case, the cone is critically tilted, with a flat band along one changes in the hopping, as we show below. The richness of
direction [Fig. 1(c)]. Because of its distinct Fermi surface, a this multiband system allows, in addition, the observation
single line, and its diverging density of states, this kind of of semi-Dirac cones, which combine massless and massive
dispersion has been labeled a type-III Dirac cone [21,22]. dispersions. By analyzing their topological charge, i.e., the
At the Fermi energy, the quasiparticles in these kinds of winding of the Hamiltonian around each Dirac point, we
cones present highly anisotropic masses with localized show that the semi-Dirac, tilted, and type-III Dirac cones
states along one direction in the flat band coexisting with emerge as a consequence of topological Lifshitz transitions
massless states moving ballistically. While most of their induced by strain in the orbital bands. The present
electric and magnetic properties are yet to be unveiled, realization shows the potential of orbital bands to engineer
they have been predicted to greatly enhance the super- the properties of Dirac photonic matter and may inspire
conducting gap in Weyl semimetals [23], and they provide new routes towards the synthesis of electronic Dirac
a new platform for the study of correlated phases with a flat materials.

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II. PHOTONIC ORBITAL LATTICE Figure 3(a) shows the angle-resolved photoluminescence
of the p bands when exciting the lattice at its center with a
The photonic platform we employ is a honeycomb
nonresonant continuous-wave laser at 745 nm, focused on a
lattice of coupled micropillars. The lattice is etched from
3-μm-diameter spot. The power of the laser is 6 mW, well
a semiconductor planar microcavity made out of two
below the threshold for any nonlinear effect. The laser
AlGaAs Bragg mirrors that confine photons in the vertical
creates electrons and holes in the quantum wells that relax
direction and twelve GaAs quantum wells embedded in the
down through phonon scattering to form polaritons dis-
spacer between the mirrors (see the Appendix A). At 10 K,
tributed over the different bands of the lattice. When
the temperature of our experiments, the confined photons,
polaritons recombine via the escape of a photon out of
and the quantum-well excitons are in the strong coupling the microcavity, photons are emitted with an in-plane
regime and form polaritons, light-matter hybrid quasipar- momentum and a frequency that correspond to those of
ticles. Each individual micropillar [Fig. 2(a)], with a the original polaritons within the lattice of resonators. An
diameter of 2.75 μm, presents an additional lateral confine- angle- and energy-resolved measurement using an imaging
ment due to the index of refraction contrast between the spectrometer coupled to a CCD allows one to reconstruct
semiconductor and air. Figure 2(b) shows the characteristic the dispersion relation [41]. We select the emission linearly
discrete photonic spectrum of a single micropillar, with the polarized along the ky direction. Similar results were
lowest-energy s mode being cylindrically symmetric, and obtained for the orthogonal polarization. To avoid destruc-
the first excited modes formed by two px , py orbitals with tive interference effects along high-symmetric crystallo-
lobes oriented 90° from each other and a node at the center graphic directions, characteristic of bipartite lattices [42],
of the pillar [37]. Note that in Fig. 2(b), the p modes show a we record the emission as a function of ky for kx ¼ 4π=3d,
small splitting arising from small anisotropy in the shape of passing through the K, Γ, and K’ points in the second
the pillar and from polarization-momentum coupling char- Brillouin zone [dashed line in Fig. 3(e)]. Four bands are
acteristic of semiconductor microcavities [38,39]. observed: The lowest one is flat, while the two central
In the honeycomb lattice, the micropillars overlap bands present two type-I Dirac points at the K and K’
(center-to-center distance d ¼ 2.4 μm) enabling the hop- points and touch the flat band at the Γ point [36]. This is in
ping of photons between adjacent sites [Fig. 2(d)]. The good agreement with a nearest-neighbor tight-binding
coupling of s modes results in two bands with spectra calculation [43] assuming tT ¼ 0 (white solid lines, see
and eigenmodes very similar to those of electrons in Appendix B). The values of tL in the investigated lattices
graphene, shown in the low-energy part of Fig. 2(e) and range from −0.65 meV to −0.90 meV, resulting in p bands
studied in previous works [36,40]. Here, we concentrate on with a total bandwidth between 2 and 3 meV. As the
the orbital bands that arise from the coupling of p modes polarization-related splitting apparent in the p modes of
[high-energy set of bands in Fig. 2(e)]. Orbitals oriented Fig. 2(b) is much smaller (0.3 meV) than the bandwidth, we
along the link between adjacent pillars [px in the example neglect its influence in the analysis of our results. Note that
of Fig. 2(c)] present a coupling tL much stronger than tT , in the experiments, the uppermost band deviates from a flat
the coupling of orbitals oriented perpendicular to the link band due to the coupling to higher-energy bands (arising
[py in Fig. 2(c)]. from photonic d orbitals in the micropillars).

FIG. 2. Honeycomb polariton lattice with orbital bands. (a) Scanning electron microscopy image of a single micropillar, the
elementary building block of the honeycomb lattice. (b) Characteristic emission spectrum of a single micropillar, showing s, p, and d
discrete modes. The micropillar has been etched from the same wafer as the lattices studied in this work. (c) Scheme of the coupling of
px and py orbitals in the honeycomb lattice with hoppings tL ≫ tT . (d) Image of a honeycomb lattice of micropillars with homogeneous
hoppings (tL ¼ t0L , β ¼ 1, see inset). The circles pinpoint the upper surface of the micropillars in two adjacent hexagons; the white
arrows indicate the direction along which the coupling t0L is modified. (e) Experimental photoluminescence of an unstrained lattice
showing s and p bands.

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III. TILTED AND SEMI-DIRAC CONES annihilate, as predicted for standard s band graphene [4,45]
and reported in photonic [7,8] and atomic [5,6] honeycomb
The dispersion of the p bands can be modified by
lattices and in black phosphorus [9]. At the merging point
introducing an artificial uniaxial strain in the lattice. To do [β ¼ 0.5, Fig. 3(c)], we provide the direct observation of a
so, we change the center-to-center distance d0 between the semi-Dirac dispersion, with the touching of two parabolic
micropillars whose link is oriented along the x direction. bands along the ky direction and a linear dispersion along
This method is equivalent to modifying t0L , defined in the kx [shown in the left inset of Fig. 3(c)].
inset of Fig. 2(d), while keeping the other two couplings tL The Dirac points that we just analyzed do not present any
constant [44]. The panels in the middle row of Fig. 3 show tilt: v0x ¼ v0y ¼ 0 for any value of the strain. Tilted type-I
the spectra of four different lattices with decreasing strain Dirac cones become apparent when analyzing the evolu-
parameters β ≡ t0L =tL . The value of β is extracted from the tion, as a function of strain, of the touching between the
fit of the tight-binding model (white lines) to the exper- quadratic and flat bands at the Γ point [green dashed square
imental dispersions. in Fig. 3(a)]. For decreasing values of β, the flat band
Let us first focus on the type-I Dirac cones in the central evolves into a dispersive band with negative effective mass
region of Fig. 3 (orange dashed rectangle) around E0 , the at the Γ point, and the band touching gives rise to two Dirac
onsite energy of p orbitals in a single micropillar. The points that move away from each other in the ky direction
upper panels depict the calculated dispersion obtained from [Figs. 3(b)–3(d)] [46]. Remarkably, they are tilted as
the tight-binding model. Decreasing β, that is, emulating indicated by the angle bisector in green dashed lines in
the stretching of the lattice, brings the Dirac cones closer Fig. 3(c). A fit of Eq. (2) to the experimental dispersions
together in the ky direction [Figs. 3(a) and 3(b)] until they close to the Dirac points reveals the evolution of v0y and vy
merge at β ¼ 0.5 in a single band touching [Fig. 3(c)]. For as a function of the strain, as depicted in Fig. 4. The fitting
β < 0.5, a gap is opened [Figs. 3(d) and S2 in Ref. [41] ]. method is detailed in Appendix C. The measured values of
This case is a topological Lifshitz transition in which two the tilt (v0y ) agree well with those expected from the tight-
Dirac cones with opposite topological charge merge and binding Hamiltonian (Appendix B) shown in solid lines.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e)

FIG. 3. Tilted Dirac cones in orbital graphene under strain. The central panels (a)–(d) show the measured polariton photoluminescence
intensity as a function of ky for different values of β (the color scale of each panel has been independently normalized to its maximum
value). The plot is done for kx ¼ 2π=ðd0 þ d=2Þ, dashed line in (e). Note that d ¼ 2.40 μm for the unstrained coupling, while for the
strained coupling, d0 is 2.40 μm, 2.60 μm, 2.70 μm, and 2.72 μm, respectively, in (a)–(d). Here, E0 ¼ 1.5687 eV and photon-exciton
detuning δ ¼ −10 meV at the energy minimum of the p bands for panels (a), (b), and (d); E0 ¼ 1.5780 eV and δ ¼ −2 meV for panel
(c); tL ¼ −0.90 meV for panel (a), −0.85 meV for panels (b) and (d), and −0.65 meV for panel (c), which are obtained by fitting the
measured spectra with a tight-binding Hamiltonian (fits are shown as white lines). The left inset of panel (c) shows the semi-Dirac
dispersion measured along kx for the value of ky marked by a yellow dashed line in panel (c). The upper row in panels (a)–(d) depicts
the calculated tight-binding bands for energies close to E0 [orange dashed rectangle in (a)] and the winding around the Dirac points. The
bottom row shows the tight-binding bands in the region at the bottom of the bands [green dashed rectangle in (a)] together with the
windings. (e) Sketch of the Brillouin zones in momentum space.

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(a) compressed (β > 1). The result of the compression in the

polariton lattice is shown in Fig. 5(c) for β ¼ 1.5: In the
direction kx parallel to that along which the center-to-center
distance d0 is reduced, two new Dirac points emerge from
the flat-parabolic band touching. As a reference, Fig. 5(a)
shows the dispersion along kx for β ¼ 1. The most striking
feature of the new Dirac points is that they show the
(b)
crossing of a flat band with zero group velocity and a
linear band with finite group velocity [see Fig. 5(c),
dashed rectangle]. This feature is precisely the signature
of a type-III Dirac cone, and it implies v0x ¼ −vx . From
the experimental photoluminescence of Fig. 5(c), we
measure jv0x j ¼ ð0.29  0.03Þd̄jtL j and jvx j ¼ ð0.35 
0.03Þd̄jtL j [with d̄ ¼ ð2d0 þ dÞ=3], which is in good
agreement with the tight-binding prediction for β ¼ 1.5
(jv0x j ¼ jvx j ¼ 0.37d̄jtL j, see Appendix C). Along the
FIG. 4. Dirac cone tilt. Green dots: Absolute value of vy (a) and perpendicular direction [ky , Fig. 5(d)], the type-III cones
v0y (b) extracted from fits of Eq. (2) to the two experimental Dirac present a symmetric linear crossing [Fig. 5(e)], and we
cones visible at low energies in Figs. 3(b)–3(d) (see Appendix C). measure jv0y j¼ð0.000.04ÞdjtL j, jvy j¼ð0.460.04ÞdjtL j,
The plotted value is the average of jvy j and jv0y j extracted from in agreement with the tight-binding result (0 and 0.48djtL j,
the two Dirac points. Solid lines show the tight-binding result. respectively).
The appearance of a flat band implies the formation,
IV. ENGINEERING TYPE-III DIRAC CONES in real space, of localized plaquette states decoupled
tilted type-III Dirac cones with ṽ0 ¼ from each other. A well-known example is the hexagonal
qCritically
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi plaquette states associated with the two-dimensional flat
ðv0x =vx Þ þ ðv0y =vy Þ2 ¼ 1 can be implemented in our
2
band of a Kagome lattice [47]. In the type-III Dirac cone,
system when instead of expanding the lattice (β < 1), it is the flat band is one-dimensional along kx with ky ¼ 0

(a) (c) (f)

(d)

(b)

(e)

FIG. 5. Type-III Dirac cones. (a) Measured pffiffiffi photoluminescence intensity for β ¼ 1 (micropillar diameter: 2.60 μm,
d ¼ d0 ¼ 2.40 μm) along kx for ky ¼ −2π=ð 3dÞ [line 1 in panel (b)]. Here, E0 ¼ 1.5687 eV and tL ¼ −0.85 meV. (b) Emission
in momentum space at E0 for β ¼ 1, showing the usual Dirac points at the high-symmetry points in reciprocal space. Crosses indicate
the position of the type-III Dirac points reported in panel (c). (c) Zoom of the low-energy section of the measured spectrum for a lattice
with β ¼ 1.5 (d ¼ 2.40 μm, d0 ¼ 2.10 μm, tL ¼ −0.78 meV) showing the emergence of type-III Dirac cones combining flat and
dispersive bands. (d) Measured dispersion along the ky direction for kx ¼ −ð0.5 × 2πÞ=3d [line 2 in panel (b)], crossing the Dirac point
in the dashed rectangle in panel (c). (e) Dispersion obtained from the tight-binding model zoomed in the momentum space region
marked with a dashed rectangle in panelsp(c) ffiffiffi and (d). In panels (a), (c), and (d), the white lines show the tight-binding model.
(f) Calculated dispersions for ky ¼ −2π=ð 3dÞ for different values of β > 1. Type-III Dirac cones merge at kx ¼ 0 for β ¼ 2.

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(a) T (b) T Figs. 5(c)–5(d), with an excitation spot of diameter

8.4 μm (full width at half maximum). One can recognize
the high-intensity lobes aligned as expected for the pla-
quette states. In addition, a fainter emission can be seen in
between the horizontal links (a white arrow highlights
one of these links). The reason is that in the experiment,
the coupling of p modes with lobes oriented perpendi-
cular to the links is not strictly zero (tT ≠ 0). This is
particularly true for the lattices showing the type-III Dirac
cone, in which the horizontal links have been made shorter
to implement a value of strain of β ¼ 1.5. Such faint
(c) (d) emission between the micropillars can be reproduced by
simulations [Fig. 6(d), see black arrow] when including
hopping between transverse orbitals tT ¼ −0.1tL on the
strained links.
The decoupling of px and py orbitals at ky ¼ 0 explains
why the one-dimensional flat band is always present in the
p bands no matter the value of β [see Fig. 5(f)]. Indeed, the
change of β only affects the coupling between px orbitals in
the strained links, and it does not affect the flat band that
emerges exclusively from the coupling between py orbitals.
This is also the reason for the extraordinary robustness of
the type-III Dirac cone against perturbations of the hopping
parameters in the lattice. The type-III cones do not arise
FIG. 6. Real-space wave functions of the flat band at the type- from the gradual tilting of type-I Dirac cones. Instead, they
III Dirac cones. (a) Measured real-space photoluminescence emerge from the deformation of the dispersive band that
intensity for β ¼ 1.5 at the energy of the type-III Dirac cone
in Fig. 5(c) (E ¼ 1.56752 eV). The white arrow points to the
touches the flat band when the uniaxial synthetic strain is
emission observed in between the horizontal links. (b) Same for increased. Figure 5(f) shows the evolution of the bands
the top of the s bands (E ¼ 1.56577 eV), for which the usual according to the tight-binding model as a function of β: The
hexagonal emission is observed (here shown as a reference). The energy of the flat band at ky ¼ 0 remains constant when
white dots mark the center of the micropillars. (c) Calculated varying β, while the dispersive bands are pushed towards
eigenstate at the energy of the flat band at the Γ point with tT ¼ 0. lower and higher energies. The type-III Dirac cones are thus
To obtain the real-space distribution, we account for the px and present for all values of β between 1 and 2, proving their
py shapes of the orbitals in each micropillar. The  signs indicate robustness against variations of the strain parameter.
the sign of the wave function in each lobe. In panels (a) and (c),
the dashed rectangles mark the shape of a plaquette state. (d) Same
as panel (c) with tT ¼ −0.1tL . The arrows highlight one of the V. TOPOLOGICAL INVARIANTS OF TILTED
strained links. AND TYPE-III DIRAC CONES
The emergence of unconventional Dirac cones when
pffiffiffi
[equivalently, ky ¼ −2π=ð 3dÞ, in the next Brillouin zone]. applying a uniaxial deformation to the orbital lattice can be
Figure 6(c) shows the calculated wave function for the kx ¼ understood from topological arguments. The analysis of the
ky ¼ 0 state of the flat band for β ¼ 1.5 (blue dots show the topological charge associated with each cone, that is, the
winding of the Hamiltonian around each Dirac point,
position of the center of the micropillars). We can see that this
provides a clear picture of their birth and evolution. The
state only contains py orbitals, which couple the micropillars
vicinity of the parabolic-flat-band touching point at the Γ
in the vertical direction, and that px orbitals are absent. point for β ¼ 1 can be described by an effective 2 × 2
Indeed, it can be easily shown that for ky ¼ 0, px and py Hamiltonian obtained from the projection of the full 4 × 4
orbitals are decoupled [41], and the flat-band states are one- tight-binding Hamiltonian on the subspace of the two
dimensional plaquettes running along the vertical direction lowest-energy bands [49], resulting in the following effec-
and decoupled from the adjacent plaquettes located at their tive Hamiltonian:
sides [dashed rectangles in Figs. 6(a) and 6(c) show one
 2 
plaquette]. Similar one-dimensional plaquette states have 3 3 qx qx qy
recently been reported related to the two-dimensional flat HðqÞ ¼ − jtL jσ 0 þ jtL j
2 8 qx qy q2y
band of a Lieb lattice [48].
Figure 6(a) shows the real-space emission measured 3
≡ − jtL jσ 0 þ hðqÞ · σ: ð3Þ
at the energy of the type-III Dirac cone reported in 2

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Matrix elements coupling the high- and low-energy

manifolds are treated in a second-order perturbation
theory [49]. The winding of hðqÞH takes the form of a
winding vector [45]: W ¼ ð2πÞ−1 nðqÞ × dnðqÞ, where
nðqÞ ¼ hðqÞ=jhðqÞj, and the integral is performed along a
closed line in momentum space that encircles the band
touching point [41]. The modulus of W is always an
integer, thus providing a topological charge to the touching
point, and it has a value W ¼ 2 in this case.
We can extend this analysis to the emerging Dirac
cones when β ≠ 1. Following the same procedure, the
tight-binding Hamiltonian can be reduced to an effective
2 × 2 matrix close to the considered Dirac cone. For β < 1, FIG. 7. Evolution of the winding plane around the tilted Dirac
the energy of the Dirac cones in theffi lower part of the
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cones. The arrows indicate the direction of hðqÞ as a function of β
1
spectrum is ED ¼ E0 − 2 jtL j 3 þ 6β2 . Taking ED as the around the two Dirac cones (red and blue lines, respectively)
origin of energies, the effective Hamiltonian near a Dirac emerging from the parabolic-flat-band touching.
point reads:

HðqÞ ¼ v cos θqy σ 0 þ vqy σ θ þ v cos θqx σ x ; ð4Þ the direction W ¼ ð0; cos θ;  sin θÞ, where the  sign
corresponds to each of the two Dirac cones. The winding
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi vector plane thus rotates as a function of β. As each of the
where v ¼ ð 3=4ÞdjtL j j1 − β2 j, the angle θ ∈ ½0; π=2 is
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi two emergent Dirac cones is described by an angle θ of
defined as tan θ ¼ 1 − β2 = 3β (with θ → π − θ for opposite sign, the winding plane turns in opposite direc-
the other Dirac point), and σ θ ¼ σ · uθ , with uθ ¼ tions for each Dirac cone when β goes to zero. This case is
− sin θuy þ cos θuz , where ux;y;z are Cartesian unit vectors. illustrated by the red and blue circles in Fig. 7, which show,
Analogously, for β > 1, around a type-III Dirac point respectively, the winding plane of each of the two Dirac
(ED ¼ E0 − 32 jtL j), the reduced Hamiltonian reads cones. This is very different from regular s band graphene,
in which the vector hðqÞ resides in the plane ðux ; uy Þ no
HðqÞ ¼ v cos ϕqx σ 0 þ vqy σ ϕ − v cos ϕqx σ z ; ð5Þ matter the value of the strain β [4].
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi For β > 1, the vector hðqÞ resides in the plane
where tan ϕ ¼ β2 − 1= 4 − β2 and σ ϕ ¼ σ · uϕ , with ðuϕ ; uz Þ, and the winding vector points in the direction
uϕ ¼ cos ϕux − sin ϕuy (for the other Dirac point, W ¼ ð sin ϕ; cos ϕ; 0Þ. Note that at β ¼ 2 (bottom-right
ϕ → π − ϕ). By comparing HðqÞ in Eqs. (4) and (5) with panel in Fig. 7), the two emergent Dirac cones are
the generalized Dirac Hamiltonian [Eq. (1)], we can described by a winding vector residing in the same plane
directly extract the Dirac effective velocities as a function but pointing in opposite directions. Therefore, the winding
of β (shown as solid lines in Fig. 4 for v0y and vy ) as well as around each Dirac cone has opposite sign: W ¼ þ1 and
the tilt parameter ṽ0 : W ¼ −1. At β ¼ 2, actually, the Dirac cones merge at the
M point and annihilate, opening a gap for β > 2. This
jv0x j jv0y j jvx j jvy j ṽ0 situation is clearly seen in the tight-binding calculation
shown in Fig. 5(f), and it could not be observed exper-
β<1 0 v cos θ v cos θ v cos θ imentally because the engineered hoppings in the com-
β>1 v cos ϕ 0 v cos ϕ v 1
pressed structures were limited to β ¼ 1.5. This kind of
merging preceded by a rotation of the winding plane has
To compute the winding associated with the Dirac recently been discussed in detail in the context of the
cones, Hamiltonians (4) and (5) can be rearranged similarly Mielke lattice under strain [45].
to the right-hand side of Eq. (3), with a term in the form The analysis of the windings sheds light on the mech-
hðqÞ · σ. For β < 1 [Hamiltonian (4)], the winding of hðqÞ anisms behind the creation of Dirac cones starting from a
around each of the Dirac cones is W ¼ 1, as indicated on flat band touching a dispersive band. The single band
the lower panels of Figs. 3(b) and 3(c). This is also the case touching at β ¼ 1 is described by a winding W ¼ 2. When
for the type-III Dirac cones for β > 1 [winding of β ≷ 1, the band touching evolves into a pair of Dirac cones
Hamiltonian (5)]. (tilted type-I or type-III) with winding W ¼ 1. This case is
A prominent feature of these Hamiltonians is that the an illustration of one of the two possible scenarios for Dirac
vector hðqÞ winds on a plane that depends on the merging in two dimensions, characteristic of, for example,
deformation β. Namely, for β < 1, the pseudofield hðqÞ bilayer graphene [46]. Remarkably, the orbital p bands
lives in the plane ðux ; uθ Þ, and the winding vector points in show the two possible universal scenarios for the merging

031010-7
M. MILIĆEVIĆ et al. PHYS. REV. X 9, 031010 (2019)

of Dirac cones in two dimensions [50]: (i) Two Dirac cones APPENDIX A: SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
with W ¼ 1 emerge from a point with W ¼ 2, which we
The sample used in the experiments is a semiconductor
have just discussed, and it is reported in the lower part of
microcavity grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Two Bragg
the spectra of Fig. 3; (ii) two Dirac cones with opposite
mirrors made of 28 (top) and 40 (bottom) pairs of λ=4
winding W ¼ 1 merge in a semi-Dirac cone with W ¼ 0,
alternating layers of Ga0.05 Al0.95 As=Ga0.80 Al0.20 As embed
reported in the spectra in the central row of Fig. 3 (a 2 × 2
a λ=2 Ga0.80 Al0.20 As cavity. Here, λ ¼ 775 nm is the
effective Hamiltonian analysis can also be done for the
resonance wavelength of the free excitons in the twelve
Dirac points at E0 ) and for the type-III Dirac cones at
GaAs, 7-nm-wide quantum wells grown in groups of four
β ¼ 2 [Fig. 5(f)].
in the three central maxima of the electromagnetic field of
the cavity. At 10 K, the temperature of the experiments, the
VI. CONCLUSION excitonic and photonic resonances are in the strong
The photonic realization reported here demonstrates the coupling regime, with a Rabi splitting of 15 meV. The
flexibility of orbital bands to implement unconventional experiments are performed at a photon-exciton detuning of
Dirac points. This is an asset for the engineering of −10 meV (measured at the energy of the lowest-energy flat
photonic materials that combine different types of Dirac band), except for the data shown in Fig. 3(c), for which the
dispersions, a promising configuration for the study of detuning is −2 meV.
analogue black holes in photonics [21,25,26]. Moreover, To fabricate the honeycomb lattices, the as-grown planar
our experiments provide a recipe for the implementation of structure is subject to e-beam lithography and inductively
Dirac cones in solid-state materials: The touching of a flat coupled plasma etching down to the GaAs substrate. Each
and a dispersive band with winding W ¼ 2 evolves into micropillar in the lattice has a diameter of 2.75 μm, and the
two Dirac cones in the presence of strain. This behavior has center-to-center distance varies between 2.40 and 2.72 μm,
been predicted for other lattice geometries [45], and it ensuring the overlap between adjacent micropillars. For the
presents a natural playground to investigate the transition observation of the type-III Dirac cones (Figs. 5 and 6), the
between different topological phases when particle inter- micropillar diameter is 2.60 μm, and the center-to-center
actions are present [51,52] or when time-reversal symmetry distance varies from 2.40 to 2.10 μm. The polariton life-
is broken. Polaritons are particularly well suited to study time measured in a similar unetched microcavity is of the
these scenarios: Thanks to their excitonic component, they order of 30 ps. In the etched structures, the lateral defects
present significant repulsive interactions in the high-density induced during the microfabrication process reduce the
regime, which can be achieved when using a resonant lifetime to about 5–15 ps at the considered photon-exciton
excitation scheme [53]; they are also sensitive to external detunings.
magnetic fields, allowing the implementation of quantum
Hall phases [54,55]. Polariton orbital bands of the kind
reported here open exciting perspectives for the study of APPENDIX B: TIGHT-BINDING HAMILTONIAN
topological lasers [56,57] and of Dirac superfluids in the AND EXTRACTION OF β
mean-field interacting regime [58]. Going a step further, The coupling of the px , py orbitals in the isotropic
recent experimental reports have shown evidence of single- honeycomb lattice can be described by a tight-binding
polariton blockade effects in a single confined site [59,60], Hamiltonian of the form [36,43]
demonstrating the great potentiality of the polariton platform
to study strongly correlated phases in elaborate landscapes X
H¼ − ½tL ðâ†m;n · eL1 ÞðeL1 · b̂†m;n Þ
such as those provided by orbital polariton lattices. m;n

þ tL ðâ†mþ1;n · eL2 ÞðeL2 · b̂†m;n Þ

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the ERC grant Honeypol, the þ tL ðâ†m;nþ1 · eL3 ÞðeL3 · b̂†m;n Þ
EU-FET Proactive grant AQuS, the Quantera grant Inerpol, þ tT ðâ†m;n · eT1 ÞðeT1 · b̂†m;n Þ
the FETFLAG grant PhoQus, the French National Research
Agency (ANR) project Quantum Fluids of Light (ANR-16- þ tT ðâ†mþ1;n · eT2 ÞðeT2 · b̂†m;n Þ
CE30-0021), the Labex CEMPI (ANR-11-LABX-0007) and þ tT ðâ†m;nþ1 · eT3 ÞðeT3 · b̂†m;n Þ þ H:c:; ðB1Þ
NanoSaclay (ICQOQS, Grant No. ANR-10-LABX-0035),
the French RENATECH network, the CPER Photonics for where eL1;L2;L3 are unit vectors oriented parallel to the
Society P4S, the I-Site ULNE via the project NONTOP and nearest-neighbor links of each site [see Fig. 2(c)]; eT1;T2;T3
the Métropole Européenne de Lille via the project TFlight. are unit vectors oriented perpendicular to eL1;L2;L3 , respec-
T. O. acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant tively, â†m;n ¼ ðâ†m;nðxÞ ; â†m;nðyÞ Þ and b̂†m;n ¼ ðb̂†m;nðxÞ ; b̂†m;nðyÞ Þ,
No. JP18H05857, RIKEN Incentive Research Project, and
the Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences with â†m;nðx;yÞ , b̂†m;nðx;yÞ the creation operators of a photon
Program (iTHEMS) at RIKEN. in the px or py orbital of the a, b site of the m, n unit

031010-8
TYPE-III AND TILTED DIRAC CONES EMERGING FROM … PHYS. REV. X 9, 031010 (2019)

cell in the lattice. If the hopping of orbitals oriented 3 2 − β2

perpendicular to the links is negligible (tT ¼ 0), ED ¼ E0 − jtL j; cosðK x Þ ¼ ; K y ¼ 0: ðB7Þ
2 β
Hamiltonian (B1) can be written in momentum space in
the form [43] In Figs. 3 and 5, the experimental value of β is obtained
from fits of the tight-binding model with tT ¼ 0 to the
   
02×2 QðkÞ f1 g measured dispersions (E0 , tL and β are the fitting
HðkÞ ¼ −tL ; QðkÞ ¼ ; parameters).
QðkÞ† 02×2 g f2
ðB2Þ APPENDIX C: MEASUREMENT AND
CALCULATION OF THE EFFECTIVE
where we have assumed that the on-site energy for the DIRAC VELOCITIES
px , py orbitals is 0, f 1 ¼ 34 ðeika1 þ eika2 Þ, f 2 ¼ 1 þ
1 ika1
pffiffiffi Figure 4 shows the effective Dirac velocities v0y and
4 ðe pffiffi þ eika2 Þ, and g ¼ ð 3=4Þðeika1 − eika2 Þ, with a1 ¼
ffi pffiffiffi vy measured from the dispersions along the ky direction
½32 d; ð 3=2Þd and a2 ¼ ½32 d; −ð 3=2Þd the lattice vectors plotted in Fig. 3. To measure these velocities, we first
depicted in Fig. 2(c) and k ¼ ðkx ; ky Þ the quasimomentum. extract the experimental dispersion around the Dirac cones
The diagonalization of Hamiltonian (B2) results in four from the maxima of the photoluminescence intensity as a
bands depicted as solid white lines in Fig. 3(a). The function of energy and momentum. For the case of
spectrum shows two flat bands at high and low energy β ¼ 0.45, the data points are shown in Fig. 8(b). A linear
that touch two dispersive bands with two nonequivalent fit allows measuring the slope of the dispersion. By
Dirac points at E ¼ 0. comparison with Eq. (1), the two slopes correspond to
If we account for different hoppings tL and t0L for jv0y j − jvy j and jv0y j þ jvy j. From this result, we extract
different links, Hamiltonian (B2) is still valid with the jv0y j and jvy j. We repeat the procedure for the symmetric
same expressions for f 1 and g, and f 2 replaced by Dirac point, and we take the average of their absolute
f 2 ¼ β þ 14 ðeika1 þ eika2 Þ. As a function of β ¼ t0L =tL , values.
its spectrum ϵðkÞ takes the form Note that for type-I Dirac cones, v0x ¼ v0y ¼ 0, and the
absolute value of the two slopes should be identical and
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ϵðkÞ ¼  E0 ðkÞ  EðkÞ; ðB3Þ equal to vy . To test this hypothesis, we have measured the
slope around the type-I Dirac cone at E0 in Fig. 3(a) at
where the four sign combinations correspond to the four positive momenta. After converting the slopes to effective
bands, and Weyl velocities [Eq. (1)], we obtain jv0y j ¼ 0.07  0.03,
close to the expected value of 0, and jvy j ¼ 0.72  0.03 in
 units of djtL j.
3 2
EðkÞ ¼ jtL j sin ðK y Þðβ2 þ cos2 ðK y Þ From the tight-binding Hamiltonian, the effective Dirac
4
velocities can be obtained from the derivative along kx
1
− 2β cosðK x Þ cosðK y ÞÞ þ ð2cos2 ðK y Þ and ky of the eigenvalues of Eqs. (B3)–(B5) at the
4
1=2 position of the emergent Dirac cones [Eqs. (B6) and
(B7)], resulting in the analytical expressions for β < 1
− β2 − β cosðK x Þ cosðK y ÞÞ2 ; ðB4Þ
(normalized to djtL j, where we have assumed that, in the
experiment, d ≈ d0 ):
jtL j
E0 ðkÞ ¼ ½3 þ 2β2 þ 2cos2 ðK y Þ þ 2β cosðK x Þ cosðK y Þ;
4 (a) (b)

ðB5Þ
pffiffiffi
with K x ≡ 32 kx d and K y ≡ ð 3=2Þky d.
For β < 1, the energy ED and momentum-space coor-
dinates of the Dirac points emerging at the bottom bands
are, respectively,
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
jtL j
ED ¼ E0 − 3 þ 6β2 ; K x ¼ 0; cosðK y Þ ¼ β; FIG. 8. (a) Measured dispersion along the ky direction for kx ¼
2
2π=ðd0 þ d=2Þ for β ¼ 0.45 (same as Fig. 3). (b) Data points
ðB6Þ extracted from the Dirac point marked in a dashed rectangle in
panel (a). From linear fits to the points, we obtain jv0y j and jvy j,
where E0 is the on-site energy, while for β > 1, they are plotted in Fig. 4.

031010-9
M. MILIĆEVIĆ et al. PHYS. REV. X 9, 031010 (2019)
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