a) . ei | | PRINCIPLES OF MAGNI ic PARTICLE TESTING c.E. BETZ MAGNAFLUX CORPORATION = eeFew men are blessed with a character that combines a high order of mentality, friendli- ness for people, and a personal magnetism which draws friends to him. Carl E. Betz was one of those rare individuals. Inventor, administrator, chemist, salesman, teacher, engineer, traveler, gourmet, father, grandfather, farmer, author, lecturer—all of these describe him. Among all the men who have contributed to MAGNAFLUX, there are few, if any, who have done more than Mr. Betz. More than an engineer, he helped to lead the way into a new realm of nondestructive testing. It takes a special kind of courage and fore- sight to leave a solid job and join a new and untried company because of faith in a new concept. This is what Carl Betz did. The con- cept was nondestructive testing, the company, the recently established MAGNAFLUX Cor- poration, The time, the Great Depression (1935). Mr. Betz was a native of Kansas City, Mis- souri, and received his degree at the Univer- sity of Missouri at Columbia, He graduated in 1913 with the degree of Chemical Engineer. He joined MAGNAFLUX Corporation in 1935 as Technical Director after having spent 22 years with Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, the last 13 as Chief Chemist.PRINCIPLES of MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING by CARL E. BETZ Chemical Engineer Vice President and Director (Retired), Magnailux Corporation, Honorary Life Membes, Society for Nondestructive Testing Member American Society for Metals Ametican Society for Testing and Materials American Association for the Advancement of Science First Edition Published by Magnaftux® ‘A Division of Llfinois Toot Works Harwood Heights, Illinois February 1, 1957COPYRIGHT 2007 MAGNAFLUX® A DIVISION OF ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC. HARWOOD HEIGHTS, ILLINOIS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN ANY FORM. TWENTIETH PRINTING — AUGUST, 2007 PUBLISHED BY MAGNAFLUX” A DIVISION OF ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC. HARWOOD HEIGHTS, ILLINOIS MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES BY MOBILE PRINT INC. MOUNT PROSPECT, ILLINOIS 60056 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 66-29699DEDICATION To the two men who bad the vision to see the value of a new idea and the courage and faith to devote their lives to making this vision become a reality. Alfred Victor de Forest 1888-1945 Foster Baird Doane 1893-1963PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING Page TITLE PAGE ....... Bee e ee eect e cece ent n een eee neene 1 DEDICATION 8 List oF CHAPTERS . 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 7 LisT oF TABLES : 22 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1... cece cect eee eee e ener ene neee 23 FRONTISPIECE 40 PREFACE 41 INTRODUCTION . 45 LIST OF CHAPTERS CHAPTER TITLE Page 1. History of the Magnetic Particle Method . aT 2. Fundamental Concepts of the Method ... 60 3. Sources of Defects 70 4. How and Why Metals Fail . . 96 5. Definitions of Some Terms Used in Magnetic Particle Testing ............00. 0: ese eee 114 6. Characteristics of Magnetic Fields . 130 7. Methods and Means for Generating Magnetic Fields. - 141 8, Determination of Field Strength and Distribution ...... 165 9. Field Strength and Distribution in Symmetrical Objects .. rere riers veneceee LTB 10. Field Distribution in Large or Irregular-Shaped Bodies .......eseceeseseseee beeen » 198 11. Magnetic Particles—Their Nature and Properties » 209 12. Basie Variations in Technique . 229 13. The Dry Method—Materiala and Techniques 244 14. The Wet Method—Materials and Techniques . . 255 15. Fluorescent Magnetic Particles—Their Nature and Use ..........-. tebe teen eet teen eeeee seey 274 16. Black Light—Its Nature, Sources and Requirements.... 290 5Page 17. Demagnetization . 18. Equipment for Magnetic Particle Testing . 19. Automatic and Special Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment 20, Detectable Defects 21. Non-Relevant Indications 22. Interpretation, Evaluation and Recording of Results 28. Industrial Applications 24, Testing of Weldments, Large Castings and Forgings 25. Standards and Specifications for Magnetic Particle 333. 366 382 392 419 440 Testing 2.0.0... cece ec ccc eect eee tenet eeees 455 26. Tests for Evaluation and Control of Equipment. and Processes ......,..-.--.--+. eee eee Tee eens 466 APPENDIX .... 415 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . 491 9 S10) 3), SS weeees 504SECTION oe ee » wNr SPL ARN PU enbe Semae TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 HISTORY OF THE MAGNETIC PARTICLE METHOD Early Testing Methods Beginnings of Industrial Radiography . wee The Magnetic Particle Method Development Progress Between 1930 and 1940 .......... Early Equipment ....... Developments of the 1940's . Problems Due to Rapid Expansion of Use ..... Post-War Developments Nuclear and Space-Age Requirements . Future of Magnetic Particle Testing ... CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF THE METHOD What is the Magnetic Particle Method How Does the Methad Work? - Magnetization 2.000.000 .0 cc cece eeuee ee . Applying the Ferromagnetic Particies ., Examination of the Surface for Magnetic Particle Patterns .........-..... bette ee What Can the Magnetic Particle Method Find On What Kinds of Materials Does it Work? What are the Advantages of the Method?. What are the General Limitations of the Method Comparison with Other Methods ............ CHapTsr 3 SOURCES OF DEFECTS General . : Some Definitions ... What isa Defect? ... 60 61 61 63 64 65 66 66 67 638SecTION Page eRAgee 10. 11, PeAgaeeNy 10. 11, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. 21, 22. 23. 24, 25. Magnetic Discontinuities ... 12 Classes of Discontinuities .. i Conventional Classification System vi Inherent Discontinuities ......... 1 Primary Processing Discontinuities . 80 Secondary Processing or Finishing Discontinuities..... 89 Service Cracks .... - 98 Other Sources of Defects ...........--22-.2.-202-25- 95 CHAPTER 4 HOW AND WHY METALS FAIL General . peeee 96 Metal Failure . 96 Early Attempts to Avoid Failure. os 96 Metallurgy 97 Strength vs. Failure in Metals ...... te 98 How Metals Fail ... 98 Conditions Leading to Failure . Overstressing Impaet Effect of Temperature - Fatigue Failures . Stress Raisers . Design Stress Raisers . Fatigue of Metals . Fatigue Strength . Fatigue Testing Designing for Fatigue Inspecting for Fatigue Cracks Fatigue in Torsion .......... Experimental Stress Analysis Rate of Propagation of Fatigue Cracks .. . 112 Salvage of Parts Showing Fatigue Cracks. . Corrosion - 112 Creep ... . 113 Summary » 1138CHAPTER 5 DEFINITIONS OF SOME TERMS USED IN MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING SECTION Page 1. Need for Definitions . . 114 2. Groups of Terms .... . 14 3. Terms Relating to Magnetism . 114 A, Terms Relating to Electricity .. . 120 5. Terms Relating to Electromagnetism . . 124 6. Terms Relating to Magnetic Particle Testing . . 125 7. General Comments ........... errr eee eee rere. 128 CHapter 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 1, Introduction ............-.0 226 c ee eee ee eee eee 130 2. Magnetic Field Around a Bar Magnet « 131 8. Poles ....... beeeeee - 182 4, Magnetic Attraction . - 183 5. A Cracked Bar Magnet . . 184 6. Effect of Flux Direction . 134 7. Circular Magnetization .. . 135 8. Circular Magnetization and Cracks >. 136 9. Difficulties of Establishing Proper Fields. . 137 10. Distorted Fields .. . 138 11. Parallel Fields .... - 139 12. Production of Suitable Fields .........0.0.0....000008 140 CHAPTER 7 METHODS AND MEANS FOR GENERATING MAGNETIC FIELDS 1. The Earth's Field . 141 2. Magnetization with Permanent Magnets . » 141 3. Electric Currents for Magnetization .... » 143 4. Field In and Around a Conductor ....... .. 148 5. Loop ..... . 144 6. Solenoid . 144 7. Yokes .. . 145 8. Solenoids for Magnetization ... . 145 9SECTION Page a 10. 1 12. 13, 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28, 29. 30. 81. VP YEP ns . Measurement of Field Inside a Part . Experimenta Field Measuring Techniques . Flux Meters ...... Effect of Coil Diameter . Effect of Coil Length Circular Magnetization . Effect of Placement of Central Conductor . Circular Fields in Irregular-Shaped Parts Magnetization with Prod Contacts ..... Effect of Type of Magnetizing Current . Direct Current vs, Alternating Current . Sources of Direct Current for Magnetizing Purposes .........+ Motor Generators and Rectifiers as Sources of D.C . Storage Batteries as a Source of D.C. D.C. from Rectified A.C. ......... Half Wave Rectified Single Phase A.C. . Full Wave Rectified Single Phase A.C. The Surge Method of Magnetization Three Phase Rectified A.C. ... Sources of Alternating Current Permanent Magnetization with A.C. Skin Effect ..................05 Magnetizing with Transient Currents. Induced Current Magnetization . Flash Magnetization Suitable Field Strengths for Magnetic Particle So: sees 163 . 145 161 152 152 153 154 . 154 167 159 CHAPTER 8 DETERMINATION OF FIELD STRENGTH AND DISTRIBUTION . Importance of Knowing Field Strength and Distribution ............. ees eee eee 165 165 Magnetic Field Meters | Magnetographs . Flux Shunting Devices ......2-- 60: ceseeesese eee 170SEcTION Page SAO RON Po 10. ll, 12. 13. 4. 415, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. Calculation of Field Distribution Transformation Methods . 172 . 172 Analog Methods 175 Field Plotting . . . 175 CHAPTER 9 FIELD STRENGTH AND DISTRIBUTION IN SYMMETRICAL OBJECTS Introduction . 178 178 179 Electro-magnetic Fields Permeability of Magnetic Materials Material Permeability ... . Effective Permeability Initial Permeability Self-Demagnetizing Effect ............. cece cece eens 181 Rule for Determining Ampere Turns for Longitudinal Magnetizing .................. . 181 . Minimum Permeability Required for Magnetic Particle Testing .. Minimum Permeability for Coil Magnetization Minimum Permeability for Circular Magnetization. Currents Required Effect of Shape on Fietd Direction . Longitudinal Magnetization ...... Distortion of Field Due to Shape . Circular Fields ..........- Field Around.a Conductor .. Field In and Around a Solid Non-magnetic ~ 182 183 183 183 184 - 184 » 185 186 - 186 Conductor Carrying D.C. ... 20... cece cece ena ae 187 Field In and Around a Hollow Non-magnetic Conductor Carrying D.C... .. 2... eee eee ee eee 137 The Case of a Solid Magnetic Conductor Carrying Direct Current ...........0000.e00cecaee 189 The Case of a Hollow Magnetic Conductor Carrying Direct Current .. 189 Field Inside a Conductor—The General Case - 190 The Case of a Cylinder of Magnetic Material with Direct Current Flowing Through a Central Conductor -.. 1... eke eee cece eee eee eee 192SECTION 24. 26. 26. 27, rr pe 10. oo PRgaS spr . The Case of a Square Bar, Cireu . Correlation of the Tests with Practice . . Prod Inapection Using Half Wave Current . Effect of Size .. » Coercive Force . . Hysteresis Curves . Mobility Magnetizing with Alternating Current ..............5 The Case of a Solid Conductor Made of Magnetic Material, Carrying Alternating Current ............ The Case of a Hollow Conductor Made of Magnetic Material, Carrying Alternating Current ............ Field Inside a Solid Conductor Carrying Alternating Current—The General Case .. CHaPTER 10 FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN LARGE OR IRREGULAR-SHAPED BODIES Introduction y Magnetized with D.C. ...--.. 0... cee cs cece e eee . The Case of a Rectangular Bar, Circularly Magnetized with D.C... 220... 0c keene eee - Nonuniform Cross-Sections, Circularly Magnetized with D.C. .....6 6s. cece eee ee ee seen eee |. The Case of an I-Shaped Cross-Section, Circularly Magnetized with D.C. .......-.........- The Case of Prod Contacts on Large Objects... - Laboratory Tests for Field Strength with Prod Magnetization Over-all Magnetization of Large Objects. Summary CHAPTER 11 MAGNETIC PARTICLES— THEIR NATURE AND PROPERTIES General Description Effect of Density . Effect of Shape . Permeability 12 - 198 . 201 « 203 . 203 - 205 « 207 . 207 . 208 » 210 . 212 . 213 . 214 » 215 » 216 . 220Section 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 10. 11. Sveenaaeene _ Visibility and Contrast .. Wet Method Materials . Pre-mixed Baths The Suspending Liquids . Available Materials CHAPTER 12 BASIC VARIATIONS IN TECHNIQUE Introduction . List of Variations in Technique . Characteristics of Defects and Parts which Influence the Proper Choice Among the Several Variables Primary Method Choices Choice of Type of Current—A.C, vs. D.C. Choice of Type of Magnetic Particles— Dry vs. Wet Method: First Operating Decision: Residual vs. Continuous Method Second Operating Decision: Circular vs. Longitudinal Magnetization .............2...0005. Third Operating Decision: Amount of Current Required Fourth Operating Decision: Equipment . Other Operating Decisions CHAPTER 13 THE DRY METHOD— MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES History... 0... ect ee ence een teens Advantages and Disadvantages of the Dry Method Materials eee Steps in Applying the Dry Method . . Surface Preparation ........ Magnetization ...... Circular Magnetization . : Longitudinal Magnetization .. Application of the Powder . Inspection . 229 . 229 . 230 » 231 . 231 235 . 237 240 . 241 242 » 243 244 » 245 . 245 . 246 + 246 . 247 . 247 » 249 - 250 . 253Carrer 14 THE WET METHOD— MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES SECTION - 2. Good Points of the Wet Method 8. 4. 5 6. 7. 8 9. 10, 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1. 2. 3. FPSear]an ee . Strength of Bath . . Mixing the Bath . . Examination for Indications . . The Inspection Area History . Less Favorable Characteristics . Bath Constituents .. Oil as a Suspending Medium . Water as a Suspensoid ... The Magnetic Particles Strength of the Bath .. Making up the Bath . Maintenance of the Bath .... eee Steps in the Application of the Wet Method. Preparation of the Surface The Continuous Wet Method. Magnetization and Bath Application ... The Residual Method Cleaning After Testing Rust Prevention .. Skin Protection . Prepared Bath . Pressurized Cans . Lacquer Method .. CHAPTER 15 FLUORESCENT MAGNETIC PARTICLES— THEIR NATURE AND USE History ......--..00-+ been eeenes wee eeeeee Principle of Fluorescence .............600005 Advantages of the Fluorescent Particle Method. Disadvantages of Fluorescent Particles . Materials Maintenance of the Bath . Steps in the Testing Process Page » 255 - 256 . 257 . 257 » 257 . 259 . 260 . 261 . 268 + 265 . 266 . 266 » 266 » 269 . 270 - 271 . 271 . 272 . 272 . 278 - 274 +. 274 +. 295 a. 276 ». 276 . 277 . 278 +. 279 .. 279 . 279. The Black Light .... . Health Hazards of Mercury Vapor Arcs . Avoidance of Operator Discomfort . Eye Fatigue . Prepared Bath .. . Ultraviolet Light . Sunlight as a Source of Ultraviolet Light . Fluorescent Dyes ...-. SECTION Page . Curtained Inspection Booths .. . . Small Dark Cabinets ....... - 280 281 281 282 283 284 284 Inspecting in the Open .. Inspecting Large Parts Intensity Required . Operating Characteristics of Black Lights . Black Light Filters =... 285 . The Inspector ......... vee, BBB Dark Adaptation 285 288 288 288 289 289 . 289 Post-Inspection Skin Protection . CHAPTER 16 BLACK LIGHT—-ITS NATURE, SOURCES AND REQUIREMENTS Definitions 290 . 290 Sources of Black Light Filters for Black Light .. : Flaorescent Emission from Dyes . Black Light Lamps Tubular Black Light Lamps Incandescent Black Lights Mercury Vapor Lamps ... Lamp Output Commercially Available Black Lights Intensity Requirements of Black Light . . Measurement of Black Light Intensity Causes of Variations in Black Light intensity . Black Light Operating Characteristics .... Achieving Adequate Black Light Intensity Eyeball Fluorescence ..........00.-c0seeeeesCHAPTER 17 DEMAGNETIZATION SECTION SAG om wre Beno Introduction Reasons for Demagnetizing When Demagnetization is not Necessary . Limits of Demagnetization ... Apparent Demagnetization .. How Demagnetization is ‘Accomplished Removing Longitudinal and Circular Fields .. Demagnetizing with A.C. Deomagnetizing with D.C. Demagnetizing with Oscillating Current Yoke Demagnetization ..... Demagnetizing with A.C. Loops . Some Helpful Hints for Demagnetizing Checks for the Degree of Demagnetization . Choice of Demagnetizing Mcthods ...... Demagnetizing with Magnetizing Equipment . Effect of Vibration ...........0. 00.0.0 cece ee eee CHAPTER 18 History Need for Equipment Simple Equipment Large Portable Equipment . Stationary Magnetizing Equipment Large, Heavy Duty D.C. Equipment - . Unit Variations ... Demagnetizing Equipment . CHAPTER 19 TESTING EQUIPMENT Introduction . Definitions . History of Special Unit Development . Factors Dictating the Need for Special Units . 16 Page - 806 - 306 . 307 . B07 . 31l - 312 . 313 . 314 . 316 . 317 . 317 . 319 . 319 . 320 . 821 . 822 324 EQUIPMENT FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING - 325 825 . 326 » 827 . 329 . 331 » 332 332 AUTOMATIC AND SPECIAL MAGNETIC PARTICLE . 338 333, . 334 » 338SECTION aaa . Effect of Shape ..... Single-Purpose and General-Purpose Units Automatic Equipment .............020000 00 : Advantages of Automatic Equipment beens Steps Leading to the Design of an Automatic or Special-Purpose Unit 344 The Firat Step. Analysis of the Problem. . . - 344 The Second Step. Consideration of Method Factors. 345 The Third Step. Final Design Speeification . 348 Examples of Special Unit Applications .... 349 Testing of Bearing Balls and Races 349 Billet Testing . . 353 Seam Depth Discrimination . 354 Design Considerations, Other than Method a Factors, for Billet Testing 356 Inspection of Large Castings . 357 Inspection of Welded Stee] Missile Motor Cases 359 Multiple Test Systems . oe 364 Future Trends 365 CHAPTER 20 DETECTABLE DEFECTS The Magnetic Particle Testing Function . . 366 Defects Classified .....--..--.....045 . 3867 Important Characteristics of Discontinuities . . 367 Surface Cracks . 369 Detection of Surface Cracks - - 370 Discontinuities Lying Wholly Below the Surface . 373 Detection of Defects Lying Wholly Below the Surface 373, Two Groups of Sub-surface Discontinuities . 878 Deep-lying Defects . 374 Definition of Terms . 374 Concept of Depth ... 3875 Spread of Emergent Field . 376 Effect of Width ....... 377 . Effect of Height and Leng! 3TT Effect of Orientation . + Most Favorable Defect for Detection ,............-..+ 379 WwSECTION Page 18. Effect of Method of Magnetization .................65 380: 19. Effect of Permeability . 380 20. Other Factors . 380 21. The Operator .... 381 CHAPTER 21 NON-RELEVANT INDICATIONS 1, Definition ++ 882 2. False Indications . » 382 3. External Poles ... .. B8B2 4, All-over Patterns . 383 5. Edge of Scale .... - 383 6. Constriction in the Metal Path .. B84 7. Sharp Fillets and Thread Roots - 385 8. Magnetic Writing . . 386 9. External Magnetic Fields . . 887 10. Cold Working 387 11. Luders Lines ... - 389 12. Grain Boundaries . 390 13. Boundary Zones in Welds . 890 14, Flow Lines .... 390 15. Brazed Joints . 390 16. Joint Between Dissimilar Magnetic Materials . 391 17. Forced Fits ee teeter eee 391 CHAPTER 22 INTERPRETATION, EVALUATION AND RECORDING OF RESULTS 1. Essential Steps . sevens oe. 392 2. Definitions 8. The Problem of Interpreting 4. Outside Knowledge Required . 5. The Operator ........-.-...5 6. Sources of Knowledge and Experience 7. Supplemental Tests 8 Simple Tests ........ 9. Binocular Microscope - 398 10. Filing... 398 18SECTION Page 1. 12, Is. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. Ig. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3l. 32, 33, 34. 35. 36. 37. Grinding . . 398 Chipping . » 400 Chipping for Repair and Salvage . 400 Destructive Methods—Fracturing 401 Sectioning by Sawing Examination of the Cut Surface . Etching Etching Cracks ... Microscopic Examination Inspection Lighting Records . Fixing an Indication . Lifting an Indication .. Photography Black Light Photography Polaroid Film Technique ... Color Photography Summary Evaluation . The Problem of Evaluation . Design Stress-raisers Strength of Materials Over-inspection ..... General Evaluation Rules Process Specifications Summary ............. CHAPTER 23 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Industrial Uses of Magnetic Particle Testing. ..... 2. 4T9 Classification of Magnetic Particle Testing Applications .. 419 Magnetic Particle Testing for Final Inspection 419 Receiving Inspection .................- . 421 In-process Inspection ....... 2.00000 00 0c cece ev eveee 422 Maintenance and Overhau! in the Transportation Industries Plant and Machinery Maintenance . «425 . 431 19SECTION Page 8 9. . Specifications for Magnetic Particle Testing Testing of Large and Heavy Articles and Components .. Some unusual Special -- 431 » 435 CHAPTER 24 TESTING OF WELDMENTS, LARGE CASTINGS AND FORGINGS Introduction Weld Defects - 440 Magnetizing Techniques for Weld Testing 442 Other Nondestructive Test Methods for Weld Inspection 443 Prod Magnetization and Dry Powder Technique ...... 443 Yoke Magnetization . .. 444 Type of Current .... a. 444 Examples of Weld Inspection with Magnetic Particle Testing .... Steel Castings Nondestructive Testing as a Design Tool . Gray Iron Castings . Forgings Summary . 440 », 446 ++ 450 . 451 451 453 . 453 CHAPTER 25 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING Goreral 66. ee cece eens 455 455 456 457 457 Types of Specifications ... Broad Procedural Guides Company Procedural Guides .. Product or Industry Specifications 458 . Process Specifications .......... 458 Maintenance or Overhaul Inspection . .. 459 Certification of Operators . Standards for Acceptance or Rejection . .. 460 Repair Station Requirements -... 461 Equipment Specifications Operating Instructions .. . 461 20SECTION 14, Government Specifications ......++ 15, Other Specifications of Interest 16. Summary Cuaprer 26 TESTS FOR EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF EQUIPMENT AND PROCESSES 1. General... 0... ee eters . 466 2. Malfunctioning of Equipment 3. Proper Magnetic Particles and Bath Liquid . 4, Bath Concentration Incorrect ........... 468 5. Detachment of Fluorescent Pigment ....... . 468 6. Specifications for Suitable Petroleum Base Liquids for Oil Type Wet Bath . » 468 7. Settling Test for Bath Strength .. 469 8. Other Bath Strength Tests .... 472 9. Test for Black Light Intensity . 473 Appendix 202.0000 ieee eee cece eee eee 475 Defects and the Strength of Materials by A. V. de Forest... 2... 0.ce cece cece cecal eu eeee 476 Bibliography 2.0.0.0... . eee cece cece eee cee eee Ag] UNDEX cee ee ce cee ene e eee verees 504 aLIST OF TABLES TABLES Page I ASTM Recommended Prod Spacings and Current Values (Chapter 16) » 205 Il Magnetizing Force in Oersteds for Various Prod Spacings Using ASTM Recommended Currents (Chapter 10) .....-. 0. ccc eee eee eee ee eee 265 IIL Properties of Oils Recommended for Magnetic Particle Wet Method Bath (Chapter 14) .........,..000005 258 1V Bath Strength Chart (Chapter 14) ..............- 263 V Bath Strength Chart—Fluorescent Particles (Chapter 15) .. . VI Curie Point for Some Ferromagnetic Materials (Chapter LT)... 2c eee eee cece neers 310 VIL Guide to Demagnetizing Methods (Chapter 17) ......- 323, VIN Standardization Guide for Settling Test (Chapter 26) .. 471 22LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece—Testing of Steel Billets for Seams, Using Fluorescent Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. s ae 10. 11. 12, 13. 14. 15. Magnetic Particles. The Process Diseriminates Be- tween Shallow and Deep Seams. (Courtesy Youngs- town Sheet and Tube Company.) CHAPTER 1 Page Dr. H. H. Lester’s Pioneer X-Ray Laboratory at Watertown Arsenal. 1922 . 49 Professor A. V. de Forest 50 F. B, Doane ..... 0.6... eee eee eens 51 Early Experimental Equipment Used by F. B. Doane. 1930 . 52 “Tree of Growth” of Nondestructive Testing 58 Early A. C. Magnetizing Assembly. 1933 . 54 Storage Battery Unit Used in the Aircraft Industry, 1982-1940 00.0.0... cc eceeeeee eer ee 5B Automatic Unit for Testing Armor-Piercing Projectiles. 1943.0... 0. .cce cscs ecee cere ees 56 Automatic Unit, Including Part Rotation, for Testing Automotive Connecting Rods, Using Fluorescent Magnetic Particles. 1948 . 57 Automatic Unit for Testing Steel Billets for Scams, 1956. (Courtesy American Steel and Wire Division, U.S. Steel Corporation} ............ 58 CHAPTER 2 Page Typical Dry Powder Pattern. This is the Original Demonstration Piece Used By A. V. de Forest, and later by F. B. Doane .........2..22222005 60 Field Distortion at a Discontinuity Lying Wholly Below the Surface ............... wee 6L Field Distortion at a Discontinuity Which is Open to the Surface «. 62 Field Distortion at a Surface Scratch ........... 63 ‘Typical Discontinuity Pattern as Indicated by the Wet Method (Seamy Wrist Pin) 23Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20, 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26, 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32, CHAPTER 3 Page Typica] Magnetic Particle Indication of Cracks .... 72 Magnetic Particle Indication of a Forced Fit a) White Light View b) Fluorescent Particle Indication ........... 13 Magnetic Particle Indication at the Weld Between a Soft and a Hard Steel Rod ........ 73 Magnetic Particle Indication of the Braze Line of a Brazed Tool Bit ............... : 44 Magnetic Particle Iudications of Segregations. 74 Cross Section of Ingot Showing Shrink Cavity . 76 Magnetic Particle Indication of a Sub-Surface Stringer of Non-Metallic Inclusions .......... 18 Seabs on the Surface of a Rolied Bloom. (Courtesy of U. S. Steel Corporation) . Seam on a Bar Shown by Magnetic Particles . 19 80 Surface of a Steel Billet Showing a Lap. (Courtesy of U.S. Steel Corporation) ......... 81 How Laps and Seams are Produced by the Rolls. Over-fills and Under-fills . : : Magnetic Particle Indications of Laminations Shown on Flame-Cut Edge of Thick Steel Plate... 83 a) Fluorescent Magnetic Particle Indications of Severe Cupping in Drawn Spring Stock, Ground Inte the Ruptures at One End b) Section Through Severe Cupping in a 1% Inch Bar . 2.0.20... eee cece ease ceee ees 84 Magnetic Particle Indications of Cooling Cracks in an Alloy Steel Bar a) Surface Indications 82 b) Cross-Sections Showing Depths ........... 84 Magnetic Particle Indications of Flakes in the Bore of a Large Hollow Shaft ...............- 85 Magnetic Particle Indications of Forging Cracks or Bursts in an Upset Section. Severe Case. .... 86 Cross-Section of a Forging Lap. Magnified 100 X.. 86 24