Topic 4 Unit 13

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Library Search (page 2)

Some possible items are listed in the table below.

Household item Acid it contains

Citrus fruits Citric acid
Tomato sauce Ethanoic acid
Soft drink Carbonic acid
Kettle cleaner Methanoic acid
Car battery Sulphuric acid
Toliet bowl cleaner Hydrochloric acid

Discussion (page 8)

1 Test whether the colourless solution shows the typical properties of an acid.

2 a) Baking powder is a mixture of sodium hydrogencarbonate and a solid acid.

b) Water and a little baking powder are added to flour when making cakes. The cake mixture is
then heated in an oven.

When sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated, it decomposes to give carbon dioxide

gas:

2NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The solid acid in the powder gives hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Carbon
dioxide gas
is also liberated by the action of hydrogen ions on sodium hydrogencarbonate. The carbon
dioxide makes the cake ‘rise’.

Check Your Understanding (page 16)

1 Gas bubbles are given off.

Fe(s) + 2H+(aq)  Fe2+ (aq) + H2(g)

2 Effervescence occurs.

CO32-aq) + 2H+ (aq)  CO2(g) + H2O(l)

3 A pale blue precipitate forms.

Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Cu(OH)2(s)

Problem Solving (page 16)

1
 -First add sodium carbonate solid to the reagents. Effervescence will occur for dilute sulphuric
acid.

-Then add copper(II) chloride solution to the remaining three reagents. Both ammonia solution
and dilute
sodium hydroxide solution will give a pale blue precipitate. However, the pale blue precipitate will
redissolve in excess ammonia solution.

-The remaining reagent is distilled water.

Internet Search and Presentation (page 18)

Concentrated Hazard warning symbol

hydrochloric acid

Risk descriptions
 Causes burns
 Irritating to respiratory system
Safety precautions
 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with pkenty of water and
seek medical advice.
 In case of accident and if you feel unwell, seek medical immediately.
Concentrated nitric Hazard warning symbol
acid

Risk descriptions
 Causes severe burns
 Contact with combustible material may cause fire
Safety precautions
 Do not inhale fumes / vapour / spray.
 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with pkenty of water and
seek medical advice.
 In case of accident and if you feel unwell, seek medical immediately.
Concentrated Hazard warning symbol
sulphuric acid

Risk descriptions
 Reacts violently with water
 Causes severe burns
 Irritating to respiratory system
Safety precautions
 Never add water to concentrated sulphuric acid.
 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with pkenty of water and
seek medical advice.
 In case of accident and if you feel unwell, seek medical immediately.
Concentrated sodium Hazard warning symbol

2
hydroxide solution

Risk descriptions
 Causes severe burns
Safety precautions
 Wear protective gloves and eye/face protection.
 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with pkenty of water and
seek medical advice.
 In case of accident and if you feel unwell, seek medical immediately.
Concentrated Hazard warning symbol
potassium hydroxide
solution

Risk descriptions
 Harmful if swallowed
 Causes severe burns
Safety precautions
 Wear protective gloves and eye/face protection.
 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with pkenty of water and
seek medical advice.
 In case of accident and if you feel unwell, seek medical immediately.

Suggested answers to exercise

1 a) citric
b) hydrogen
c) carbon dioxide
d) ammonia
e) slippery
f) salt, water
g) corrosive

3
2

Property belonging to acids/alkalis/both

4
 Soluble in water Both
Slippery feel Alkalis
Usually react with metals to give hydrogen Acids
Neutralize base Acids
Form ions in water Both
Conduct electricity in solution form Both

Adding NaOH Colour of Precipitate redissolves Ionic equation

(aq) to solution precipitate in excess NaOH (aq)
containing formed (YES or NO)
2+
Ca (aq) White No Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Ca(OH)2 (s)
2+
Mg (aq) White No Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Mg(OH)2 (s)
Al3+ (aq) White Yes Al3+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Al(OH)3 (s)
2+
Pb (aq) White Yes Pb2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Pb(OH)2 (s)
Zn2+ (aq) White Yes Zn2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Zn(OH)2 (s)
2+
Fe (aq) Green No Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Fe(OH)2 (s)
Fe3+ (aq) Reddish brown No Fe3+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Fe(OH)3 (s)
Cu2+ (aq) Pale blue No Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Cu(OH)2 (s)

Adding NH3 Colour of Precipitate redissolves Ionic equation

(aq) to solution precipitate in excess NaOH (aq)
containing formed (YES or NO)
2+
Mg (aq) White No Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Mg(OH)2 (s)
Al3+ (aq) White No Al3+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Al(OH)3 (s)
2+
Pb (aq) White No Pb2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Pb(OH)2 (s)
Zn2+ (aq) White Yes Zn2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Zn(OH)2 (s)
2+
Fe (aq) Green No Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Fe(OH)2 (s)
Fe3+ (aq) Reddish brown No Fe3+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Fe(OH)3 (s)
Cu2+ (aq) Pale blue Yes Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Cu(OH)2 (s)

Chemical Hazard warning label(s)

Concentrated hydrochloric acid B
Concentrated nitric acid B, D
Concentrated sulphuric acid B
Dilute hydrochloric acid C
Dilute sulphuric acid C
Dilute sodium hydroxide solution B or C

8 Across
3 When an acid reacts with a base, this substance and water are formed.

5
 6 The reaction between an acid and a base.
Down
1 A compound which reacts with an acid to give a salt and water only.
2 The taste of most dilute acids.
4 A hydrogen-containing substance that gives hydrogen ions as the only positive ion when
dissolved in water.
5 The maximum number of hydrogen ions produced by an acid molecule.
7 Saturated calcium hydroxide solution.

9 A Calcium carbonate (marble) reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give carbon dioxide
gas.

10 A

11 D Drain cleaners usually contain sodium hydroxide.

12 D

13 A Option B -Iron(II) chloride solution gives a green precipitate.

Option C -Iron(III) chloride solution gives a reddish brown precipitate.
Option D -Copper(II) sulphate solution gives a pale blue precipitate.

14 B

15 C

16 A (3) Glass cleaners usually contain ammonia.

17 B (1) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution has a bitter taste.

(3) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution gives a pale blue precipitate with copper(II)
sulphate
solution.

18 D

19 a) When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, the hydrogen chloride

molecules ionize to
give hydrogen ions. The solution of hydrogen chloride in water conducts electricity because
mobile ions are present.

The solution of hydrogen chloride in dry methylbenzene does not conduct

electricity
because mobile ions are not present.

b) i) Hydrogen

ii) Mg(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2(g)

20 One molecule of a tribasic acid gives three hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

21 a) Gas bubbles are given off.

Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq)  MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
or Mg(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2(g)

6
 b) Effervescence occurs.
CuCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
or CuCO3(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Cu2+ (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

c) A white precipitate forms.

Al3+ (aq) + 3OH-(aq)  Al(OH)3(s)

d) A white precipitate forms; the precipitate dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide
solution
to give a colourless solution.
Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Zn(OH)2(s)

22 -
23 a) Reagent in bottle B or D - dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid
Mg(s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2(g)
The colourless gas which burns with a ‘pop’ sound is hydrogen.

b) Reagent in bottle B -dilute hydrochloric acid

K2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2KCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

c) Reagent in bottle A or C -dilute sodium hydroxide solution or calcium hydroxide

solution
Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)  Cu(OH)2(s)

d) Reagent in bottle C -calcium hydroxide solution

Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
The white precipitate is insoluble calcium carbonate.

Topic 4 Unit 14

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Problem Solving (page 33)

1 Students should be able to record the following observations:

-Metal X sinks slowly towards the lower water layer.
-Metal X reacts with water rapidly to give a colourless gas.
-The water layer with phenolphthalein turns pink.
-Metal X moves upward after hitting the water surface and then sinks very slowly towards the water
layer.
-Metal X moves up and down repeatedly.

2 Students may present the following arguments:

-Metal X is a reactive metal.
-Metal X produces an alkaline substance with water and this alkaline substance turns the
phenolphthalein pink.
7
 -Metal X has a density lower than water and higher than paraffin oil.
-Metal X is sodium.

Discussion (page 37)

Students should recognize that litmus, phenolphthalein and pH paper are different tools for
indicating the acid-alkali nature of substances. pH paper can be used to measure the pH value of a
solution while litmus and phenolphthalein can only show whether a solution is acidic or alkaline.

Students may suggest the following procedure for the problem:

1 Make successive ten-fold dilutions of both acid solutions.

2 Measure the pH values of all the diluted solutions with pH papers and compare the trends of the
values.

3 The strong acid will have an increase of pH value by 1 after each dilution. As the ionization of
the
acid is already completed, the ten-fold dilution will decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions to
one-tenth of the original acid and thus the pH value of the solution increased by 1 after each dilution.

4 The weak acid will have a slower increase in pH values upon dilution. The dilution of the weak
acid
will make some of the acid molecules to ionize to give hydrogen ions. Each ten-fold dilution will
increase the pH value of the solution but the value should be less than 1.

Suggested answers to exercise

1
Indictor Colour in
Dilute hydrochloric acid Dilute sodium hydroxide solution
Litmus solution Red Blue
Methyl orange Red Yellow
Phenolphthalein Colourless Red

2 a) i) C
ii) B
iii) A
iv) D
v) E

b)

8
 3

4 A

5 A Glass cleaners usually contain ammonia.

6 B Option A -Tomato juice gets its sharp taste from vinegar which contains ethanoic acid.

7 B Sulphuric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid. The pH value of the
sulphuric
acid is lower than that of ethanoic acid because the sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of
hydrogen ions.

8 D

9 C (1) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It only partially ionizes in water.

10 D

11 Ammonia cleaner > pure water > milk > vinegar > gastric juice
9
 12 a) i) Dilute sulphuric acid

ii) Na2CO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

b) i) The reagents in bottles B and C are ammonia solution and dilute sodium
hydroxide
solution. Test the reagents with lead(II) nitrate solution.

ii) Both ammonia solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution give a white
precipitate with
lead(II) nitrate solution. The precipitate will dissolve in excess dilute sodium hydroxide
solution but not in excess ammonia solution.
(Other reasonable answers are acceptable.)

13 a) A dilute acid conducts electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.

b) The electrical conductivity of a solution is proportional to the concentration of

mobile ions. A
strong acid almost completely ionizes in water while a weak acid only partially ionizes in water.
A strong acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than a weak acid. Therefore the strong
acid conducts electricity to a greater extent than the weak acid.

Topic 4 Unit 15

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Check Your Understanding (page 44)

1 a) 2HCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)  MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

b) H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq)  K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

2 a) Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

b) No

Check Your Understanding (page 48)

1 Magnesium sulphate

2 Ammonium chloride

3 Copper(II) nitrate

Check Your Understanding (page 52)

1 Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on zinc.

2 Titration between potassium carbonate solution and dilute sulphuric acid.

10
3 Action of dilute nitric acid on copper(II) carbonate.

Internet Search and Presentation (page 53)

Besides the three areas suggested, students may search for other uses of neutralization, such as:

-Fertilizer production

Many common fertilizers are made by neutralization. For example, ammonium nitrate is
produced by the neutralization of nitric acid with ammonia.

HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4NO3(aq)

-Insect sting treatment

Stings by ants and bees are acidic. The uneasy feeling can be relieved by washing with
weakly
alkaline solution (e.g. sodium hydrogencarbonate solution).

To relieve a wasp sting, apply vinegar or lemon juice to neutralize it, as a wasp has an
alkaline
sting.

-Toothpaste

The liquid secreted in our mouths is called saliva. Bacteria present in our mouths can
produce
acids by the action on food. The acids dissolve the enamel on the teeth and can make holes.
Toothpaste is alkaline. It contains alkali which helps to neutralize acids in the mouth.

Discussion (page 55)

1 Calcium carbonate gives carbon dioxide gas when reacting with dilute hydrochloric acid, but
magnesium hydroxide does not give the gas with dilute hydrochloric acid. The gas makes a person
uncomfortable. Therefore magnesium hydroxide is used as the active ingredient, rather than calcium
carbonate.

2 Chewed tablets will react with the dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach more quickly.

Suggested answers to exercise

1 i) hydrogen
ii) hydroxide
iii) oxide
iv) water
v) salt
vi) water
vii) Normal
viii) Acid

2
Reaction Name of salt obtained
Calcium hydroxide and dilute nitric acid Calcium nitrate
11
 Magnesium oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride
Dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dilute sulphuric acid Sodium sulphate
Sodium carbonate and dilute nitric acid Sodium nitrate
Copper(II) oxide and dilute sulphuric acid Copper(II) sulphate

3 a) KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)  KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

b) Ba(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)  BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
c) 2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)  Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 6H2O(l)
d) Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq)  AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
e) 2NaOH(aq) + H2CO3(aq)  Na2CO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)

5 A

6 B Mixing lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution gives an insoluble salt
lead(II)
chloride.

7 A
12
 8 B Antacids contain bases.

9 C (1) Ammonia solution neutralizes the ethanoic acid.

(3) Solid magnesium carbonate reacts with the ethanoic acid to give magnesium
ethanoate,
carbon dioxide and water.

10 D

11 a) Magnesium hydroxide in the tablet neutralizes the excess hydrochloric acid in

the stomach and
so the pain can be relieved.
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

b) The sodium hydrogencarbonate and citric acid in the tablet react to give carbon
dioxide gas.

c) The acid will react with the sodium hydrogencarbonate in the presence of moisture.

12 a) Action of dilute sulphuric acid on iron.

b) Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on calcium carbonate.

c) Titration between sodium hydroxide solution and dilute nitric acid.

d) Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on magnesium to obtain magnesium chloride

solution; then
action of sodium carbonate solution on magnesium chloride solution to obtain magnesium
carbonate.
HCl(aq) Na2CO3(aq)
Mg(s)  MgCl2(aq)  MgCO3(s)

13 -
14 Magnesium sulphate can be obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on magnesium.

Place 20 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid in a beaker. Add some magnesium. Stir with a
glass rod.
Add more magnesium until some of it remain in the beaker. Remove the excess magnesium by
filtration. Heat the magnesium sulphate solution to evaporate about half of the water. Set the
concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize. Filter the crystals from the remaining solution.
Wash the crystals with a little distilled water. Dry the crystals using filter paper.

13
 Topic 4 Unit 16

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Check Your Understanding (page 64)

1 Molar mass of NaCl = (23.0 + 35.5) g mol-1 = 58.5 g mol-1

Mass
Number of moles of NaCl =
Molar mass
23.4 g
=
58.5 g mol -1
= 0.400 mol
Number of moles of NaCl
Molarity of sodium chloride solution =
Volume of solution
0.400 mol
=
2.0 dm 3

= 0.20 mol dm-

3
(M)

2 Molar mass of NaHCO3 = (23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 3 x

16.0) g mol-3= 84.0 g mol-3 Number of moles of NaHCO3
Volume of solution
Molarity of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution =

Number of moles of NaHCO3

0.10 mol dm-3 = (500.0 / 1 000) dm 3

14
 Number of moles of NaHCO3 =
500.0
0.10 mol dm -3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.050 mol

Mass of NaHCO3 = Number of moles of NaHCO3 x Molar mass

of NaHCO3
= 0.050 mol x 84.0 g mol-1
= 4.2 g

3 Molar mass of CuSO4H2O = [63.5 + 32.0 + 4 x 16.0 + 5 x

-1
(2 x 1.0 + 16.0)] g mol
= 249.5 g mol-1

Mass
Number of moles of CuSO4H2O present =
Molar mass
9.98 g
= 249.5 g mol -1
= 0.0400 mol

Molarity of copper(II) sulphate solution =

Number of moles of CuSO 4  5H 2 O
Volume of solution
0.0400 mol
0.500 mol dm-3 =
Volume of solution

0.0400 mol
Volume of solution =
0.500 mol dm -3

= 0.0800 dm3
= 80.0 cm3

4 Consider 1 000 cm3 (i.e. 1 dm3) of the sample.

Mass of 1 000 cm3of the sample = 1.21 g cm-3 x 1 000 cm3

= 1 210 g

Mass of hydrochloric acid in 1 000 cm3 of the sample

= Mass of 1 000 cm3 of the sample x percentage by mass of HCl
in the sample
= 1 210 g x 32.3%
= 391 g

Molar mass of HCl = (1.0 + 35.5) g mol-1

= 36.5 g mol-1

Number of moles of HCl in 1 000 cm3 of the sample =

Mass
Molar mass
391 g
= 36.5 g mol -1
= 10.7 mol
15
 Molarity of hydrochloric acid in the sample =
Number of moles of HCl
Volume of solution

10.7 mol
=
1 dm 3

= 10.7 mol dm-3 (M)

Check Your Understanding (page 67)

1 (Number of moles of solute) before concentration =

(Number of moles of solute) after concentration

(MV) before concentration = (MV) after concentration where M

= Molarity, V = Volume

450.0 125.0
2.0 x = Mx
1 000 1 000

M = 7.2

∴ The molarity of the concentrated acid is 7.2 M.

2 (Number of moles of solute) before dilution = (Number of

moles of solute) after dilution

(MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity,

V = Volume

700.0 (300.0  700.0)

5.50 x = Mx
1 000 1 000

M = 3.85

∴ The molarity of the diluted acid solution is 3.85 M.

3 (Number of moles of solute) before dilution = (Number of

moles of solute) after dilution

(MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity,

V = Volume

50.0 V
2.0 x = 0.40 x
1 000 1 000

V = 250

Volume of the final solution = 250 cm3

∴ Volume of water added = (250 -50.0) cm3

16
 = 200 cm3

Discussion (page 70)

The molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute

dissolved in 1 dm3 of the solution, not 1 dm3 of water.

Discussion (page 75)

1 Both pipettes and burettes are washed with solutions they are
going to contain because any
water or impurities in the apparatus will change the concentration of the solutions they are
going to contain. This will affect the titration results.

2 The conical flask is to hold a specific volume of a solution (usually 25.0 cm3), i.e. a
specific
amount of the solute. It should not be washed with the solution because the additional amount
of solute remaining in the flask will affect the titration results.

Check Your Understanding (page 82)

1 HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)  KCl(aq) + H2O(l)

2.40 M ? M
25.0 cm3 50.0 cm3

Number of moles of HCl in 25.0 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution

25.0
= 2.40 mol dm -3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.0600 mol

According to the equation,1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of KOH for complete
neutralization, producing 1 mole of KCl.

a) Number of moles of KOH in 50.0 cm 3 solution = 0.0600 mol

Number of moles of KOH

Molarity of KOH solution =
Volume of solution
0.0600 mol
=
(50.0 / 1 000) dm 3
= 1.20 mol dm-1 (M)

b) Number of moles of KCl in the resulting solution = 0.0600 mol

Volume of the resulting solution = (25.0 + 50.0) cm3 = 75.0 cm3

Number of moles of KCl

Molarity of the resulting KCl solution =
Volume of solution
0.0600 mol
=
(75.0 / 1 000) dm 3

= 0.800 mol dm-3 (M)

17
 2 a) From colourless to red.

b) The volumes of sodium hydroxide solution required for neutralization are: 27.5 cm3,
25.9 cm3,
26.0 cm3 and 26.1 cm3. It is reasonable to discard the first reading since it is very different
from the other three and it is the result obtained in the first trial.

∴ Average volume of sodium hydroxide solution required for neutralization

25.9  26.0  26.1

= cm3
3

= 26.0 cm3

c) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

?M 0.250 M
25.0 cm3 26.0 cm3

250.0 cm3

(used) 25.0 cm3

Number of moles of NaOH in 26.0 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of

solution

26.0
= 0.250 mol dm-3 x dm3
1 000

= 0.00650 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete
neutralization.

i.e. Number of moles of HCl in 25.0 cm3 of diluted cleaner = 0.00650 mol

Number of moles of HCl in 250.0 cm3 of diluted cleaner = 0.00650 mol x

3
250.0 cm
25.0 cm 3

= 0.0650 mol

Number of moles of HCl

Molarity of HCl in the cleaner =
Volume of solution

0.0650 mol
=
(25.0 / 1 000) dm 3

= 2.60 mol dm-3 (M)

Check Your Understanding (page 89)

1 Let n be the basicity of the acid, so the acid can be represented by HnX.
18
 HnX(s) + nNaOH(aq)  NanX(aq) + nH2O(l)

25.0
Mass of citric acid in 25.0 cm3 of the sample = 8.06 g dm-3x dm 3
1 000

= 0.202 g

Mass of H n X
Number of moles of HnX used =
Molar mass of H n X

0.202 g
= 192 g mol -1
= 0.00105 mol

Number of moles of NaOH used = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution

7.50
= 0.420 mol dm-3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.00315 mol

Number of moles of H n X 1 0.00105 mol

= =
Number of moles of NaOH n 0.00315 mol

∴n=3

∴ The basicity of citric acid is 3.

2 H2X(aq) + 2KOH(aq)  K2X(aq) + 2H2O(l)

6.30 g 0.500 M
250.0 cm3 20.0 cm3

(used) 25.0 cm3

a) Let m be the relative molecular mass of H2X.

Mass of H 2 X
Number of moles of H2X in 6.30 g solid =
Molar mass of H 2 X

6.30 g
= m g mol -1

6.30 g 25.0 cm 3
Number of moles of H2X in 25.0 cm solution3
= mol x
m g mol -1 250.0 cm 3

6.30
= mol
10 m

19
 Number of moles of KOH in 20.0 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of
solution

20.0
= 0.500 mol dm-3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.0100 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of H2X requires 2 moles of KOH for complete
neutralization.

1
i.e. Number of moles of H2X in 25.0 cm3 solution = x Number of moles of KOH
2

1
= x 0.0100 mol
2

= 0.00500 mol

6.30
Number of moles of H2X in 25.0 cm3 solution = mol
10 m

= 0.00500 mol
m = 126

∴ Relative molecular mass of H2X is 126.

b) Relative molecular mass of H2X = 2 x Relative atomic mass of H + Relative atomic

mass of X

∴ Relative atomic mass of X = 126 -2.0

= 124

3 a) From yellow to red.

b) Average volume of 2.00 M hydrochloric acid required for the reaction

30.0  30.1  29.9

= cm 3
3

= 30.0 cm3

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

3.72 g 2.00 M
30.0 cm3

Molar mass of Na2CO3 H2O = (106.0 + 18.0x) g mol-1

Mass
Number of moles of Na2CO3 H2O in solution =
Molar mass

3.72 g
=
(106.0  18.0x) g mol -1

20
 Number of moles of HCl in 30.0 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of
solution

30.0
= 2.00 mol dm-3x dm 3
1 000

= 0.0600 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of Na2CO3 requires 2 moles of HCl for complete
reaction.

0.0600
i.e. Number of moles of Na2CO3 H2O in solution = mol
2

= 0.0300 mol

3.72 g
Number of moles of Na2CO3 H2O in solution = mol
(106.0  18.0x)

= 0.0300 mol
∴x=1

4 NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

0.50 g 0.50 M
(with impurity) 22.0 cm3

Number of moles of HNO3 react with the alkali = Molarity of solution x Volume of
solution

22.0
= 0.50 mol dm-3x dm 3
1 000

= 0.011 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of NaOH requires 1 mole of HNO3 for complete
neutralization.

i.e. Number of moles of NaOH in the sample = 0.011 mol

Molar mass of NaOH = (23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0) g mol-1

= 40.0 g mol-1

Mass of NaOH in the sample = Number of moles x Molar mass

= 0.011 mol x 40.0 g mol-1
= 0.44 g

0.44 g
∴ Percentage purity of NaOH in the sample = 0.50 g x 100%

= 88%

Suggested answers to exercise

21
 1
Substance Molar mass Molarity (M) Mass of solute required to prepare
(g mol-1) 250.0 cm3 of solution (g)
Sodium carbonate 106.0 0.10 2.65
Na2CO3
Copper(II) sulphate 249.5 0.80 49.9
CuSO4 · 5H2O
Ethanedioic acid 126.0 0.200 6.30
(COOH)2 · 2H2O

2 a) Electronic balance
b) Volumetric flask
c) Pipette
d) Conical flask
e) Burette

3 a)

b) 25.0 cm3 pipette

c) Yellow to red
d) Sodium sulphate
e) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

22
 5 a) conical flask
b) indicator
c) burette
d) burette
e) burette
f) burette
g) burette

6 A 2 M sulphuric acid has a lowest pH value, and thus the highest concentration of
hydrogen ions.

7 A Molar mass of K2CO3 = (2 x 39.0 + 12.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol-1

= 138.0 g mol-1

Mass
Number of moles of K2CO3 =
Molar mass

41.4 g
= 138.0 g mol -1

= 0.300 mol

200
Volume of solution = dm 3
1 000
23
 Number of moles of K 2 CO 3
Molarity of potassium carbonate solution =
Volume of solution

0.300 mol
=
(200 / 1 000) dm 3

= 1.50 mol dm-3 (M)

8 D Molar mass of NaOH = (23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0) g mol-1

= 40.0 g mol-1

Number of moles of NaOH

Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution =
Volume of solution

Number of moles of NaOH

2.00 mol dm-3 =
(250.0 / 1 000) dm 3

250.0
Number of moles of NaOH = 2.00 mol dm-3x dm 3
1 000

= 0.500 mol

Mass of NaOH required = Number of moles of NaOH x Molar mass of NaOH

= 0.500 mol x 40.0 g mol-1
= 20.0 g

9 B

10 A

11 B

12 D (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity, V = Volume

4.00 x 16.0 = M x (16.0 + 4.0)

M = 3.20

∴ Molarity of the diluted solution is 3.20 mol dm-3 (M).

13 C

14 C

15 C

16 a) Molar mass of KCl = (39.0 + 35.5) g mol-1 = 74.5 g mol-1

Mass
Number of moles of KCl =
Molar mass

24
 1.49 g
= 74.5 g mol -1

= 0.0200 mol

Number of moles of KCl

Molarity of KCl solution=
Volume of solution

0.0200 mol
=
(250.0 / 1 000) dm 3

= 0.0800 mol dm-3 (M)

b) Molar mass of HCl = (1.0 + 35.5) g mol-1 = 36.5 g mol-1

Mass
Number of moles of HCl =
Molar mass

3.65 g
= 36.5 g mol -1

= 0.100 mol

Number of moles of HCl

Molarity of HCl solution=
Volume of solution

0.100 mol
=
(500.0 / 1 000) dm 3

= 0.200 mol dm-3 (M)

c) Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (2 x 23.0 + 12.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol-1 = 106.0 g mol-1

Mass
Number of moles of Na2CO3 =
Molar mass

10.6 g
= 106.0 g mol -1

= 0.100 mol

Number of moles of Na 2 CO 3
Molarity of Na2CO3 solution =
Volume of solution

0.100 mol
=
2.50 dm 3

= 0.0400 mol dm-3 (M)

17 a) (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity, V = Volume

25
 600.0
5.00 x = M x 20.0
1 000

M = 0.15

∴ Molarity of the diluted acid is 0.15 mol dm-3 (M).

b) Molar mass of H2SO4 = (2 x 1.0 + 32.0 + 4 x 16.0) g mol-1

= 98.0 g mol-1

Concentration of the diluted acid = 0.15 mol dm-3 x 98.0 g mol-1

= 14.7 g dm-3

18 H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

0.20 M ?M
25.0 cm3 22.7 cm3

Number of moles of H2SO4 in 25.0 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of

solution

25.0
= 0.20 mol dm-3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.0050 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of H2SO4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete
neutralization.

i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = 2 x Number of moles of H2SO4

= 2 x 0.0050 mol
= 0.010 mol

Number of moles of NaOH

Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution =
Volume of solution

0.010 mol
=
(22.7 / 1 000) dm 3

= 0.44 mol dm-3 (M)

19 -
20 -
21 a) -Put the tip of a pipette well below the solution surface. With a pipette filler, suck up
the
solution until the meniscus is 2 -3 cm above the graduation mark.

-Use the forefinger to control the flow. Release the solution until the meniscus
reaches the
graduation mark.

-Transfer the solution into a conical flask. Allow the tip of the pipette to touch the
side of the
flask. Do not blow out the last drop of solution in the pipette.

26
 b) Both of the following indicators are suitable:

-Phenolphthalein -changes from red to colourless

-Methyl orange -changes from yellow to red

c) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

0.180 M 0.200 M
25.0 cm3 ? cm3

Number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of

solution

25.0
= 0.180 mol dm-3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.00450 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of NaOH requires 1 mole of HCl for complete
neutralization.

i.e. Number of moles of HCl = 0.00450 mol

Number of moles of HCl

Volume of HCl required for complete neutralization =
Volume of solution

0.00450 mol
=
0.200 mol dm 3

= 0.0225 dm3
= 22.5 cm3

22 a) Distilled water

b) From colourless to red

c) HnA(aq) + nNaOH(aq)  NanA(aq) + nH2O(l)

0.36 g 0.20 M
24.0 cm3

Mass
Number of moles of HnA in the flask =
Molar mass

0.36 g
= 150.0 g mol -1

= 0.0024 mol

Number of moles of NaOH required for neutralization = Molarity of solution x Volume of

solution

24.0
= 0.20 mol dm-3 x dm 3
1 000

27
 = 0.0048 mol

Number of moles of acid 1

=
Number of moles of NaOH n

0.0024 mol
=
0.0048 mol

∴n =2

23 -
24 NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
0.400 g 0.200 M
21.5 cm3

Number of moles of HCl in 21.5 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of

solution

21.5
= 0.200 mol dm-3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.00430 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of NaHCO3 requires 1 mole of HCl for complete
reaction.

i.e. Number of moles of NaHCO3 in the tablet = 0.00430 mol

Molar mass of NaHCO3 = (23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol-1

= 84.0 g mol-1

Mass of NaHCO3 in the tablet = Number of moles x Molar mass

= 0.00430 mol x 84.0 g mol-1
= 0.361 g

0.361 g
∴ Percentage by mass of NaHCO3 in the tablet= 0.400 g x 100%

= 90.3%

25 a) Copper(II) sulphate

b) Filtration

c) -Heat the reaction mixture to evaporate about half of the water.

-Set the concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize.

d) CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

2.50 M
80.0 cm3

28
 Number of moles of H2SO4 in 80.0 cm3 solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of
solution

80.0
= 2.50 mol dm-3 x dm 3
1 000

= 0.200 mol

According to the equation, 1 mole of H2SO4 reacts with 1 mole of CuO to give 1 mole
of
CuSO4. CuO is in excess. The amount of H2SO4 limits the amount of CuSO4 obtained.

i.e. Number of moles of CuSO4H2O obtained = 0.200 mol

Molar mass of CuSO4H2O = (63.5 + 32.0 + 4 x 16.0 + 5 x 18.0) g mol-1

= 249.5 g mol-1

Mass of CuSO4H2O obtained = Number of moles of CuSO4H2O x Molar mass of

CuSO4H2O
= 0.200 mol x 249.5 g mol-1
= 49.9 g

26 First calculate the mass of solid ethanedioic acid required for the preparation. Then weigh
an empty
dry weighing bottle accurately. Add the solid acid to the bottle until we have approximately
the mass calculated. Weigh the weighing bottle and the solid accurately. Tip out the solid into a
beaker as much as possible. Reweigh the weighing bottle and any remaining solid accurately.

Add 100 cm3 of distilled water to the beaker containing the solid. Stir with a glass rod until
all
the solid dissolve. After dissolving, transfer the solution into a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask with the
aid of a filter funnel. Wash the beaker, the glass rod and the filter funnel with a little distilled water
several times. Pour all the washings into the flask.

Add distilled water to the flask until the meniscus is about 2 cm below the graduation
mark.
Add distilled water using a dropper until the meniscus reaches the graduation mark. Stopper the
flask. Turn it upside down several times to mix the solution well.

27 Potassium sulphate can be prepared by the reaction between dilute potassium hydroxide
solution and
dilute sulphuric acid.

First place a known volume of potassium hydroxide solution in a conical flask. Add a few
drops
of acid-alkali indicator. Run sulphuric acid from a burette into the flask until the indicator just
changes colour. At this point, just sufficient acid is added to neutralize the alkali. The reaction
mixture contains potassium sulphate with the indicator.

Repeat the experiment with the same volume of alkali. Do not use any indicator this time.
Add
the volume of acid required for neutralization. Heat the reaction mixture to evaporate about half of
the water. Set the concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize.
29
 Topic 4 Unit 17

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Check Your Understanding (page 112)

1 a) Magnesium hydroxide (Other reasonable answers are acceptable.)

b) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

c) i) Experiments 3 and 5

ii) Experiments 4 and 5

iii) Experiments 1 and 2

2 a) i) 40 cm3

ii) 5 minutes

b) Flask A
The slope of the curve for Flask A is steeper. / As magnesium is in excess, the amount of HCl
limits the amount of hydrogen produced. More hydrogen is given off from Flask A. Therefore the
concentration of the hydrochloric acid in Flask A is higher than that in Flask B.

Suggested answers to exercise

30
 2
Rate increases/remains the same/decreases
Using powdered calcium carbonate Rate increases
Using an acid of higher concentration Rate increases
Adding water to the reaction mixture Rate decreases
Adding more acid of the same concentration Rate remains the same
Raising the temperature of the acid Rate increases

3 a) Cutting whole potatoes into chips increases the surface area of potatoes, thus increases the
cooking rate.

b) Low temperatures slow down reactions that lead to the spoiling of food. Thus storing
food
products in refrigerators helps keep food from spoiling.

4 A Option B -Dilute hydrochloric acid is in excess. The reaction stops when all the
marble chips
are used up.
Option C -The reaction will be slower if marble lumps are used.
Option D -The rate of the reaction increases when the temperature is
increased.

5 D Option A -The pH value of the reaction mixture decreased as the reaction

proceeded.
Option B -The volume of hydrogen increased as the reaction proceeded.
Option C -The temperature of the reaction mixture increased as the reaction
proceeded.

6 C

7 B
31
 8 B Option A -The sulphuric acid is in excess. The amount of zinc limits the
volume of hydrogen
produced. Increasing the temperature does not affect the total volume of hydrogen
produced.
Option C -2 g of zinc gives the same volume of hydrogen as X and Y.
Option D -The initial rate of the experiment (20 oC with 1 g of zinc) should
be the same as Y
(20 oC with 2 g of zinc).

9 D Option A -A soluble gas should not be collected over water.

Options B and C -Poisonous gas should not be released into the laboratory.

10 B (2) Using zinc foil instead of zinc dust will decrease the rate of the
reaction.

11 a) The rate of the reaction will decrease due to the low temperature.

b) Porous concrete has a greater surface area and thus the rate of the reaction
will increase.

c) Dilution decreases the concentration of the reactant and thus the rate of the
reaction will
decrease.

12 a) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

b) Carbon dioxide gas escapes.

c) Point A represents the most rapid reaction because the slope of the curve at point A is
steepest.

d) 3g

e) The particle size is smaller. Comparing the slopes of the two curves at the beginning
of the
reactions, the dotted line curve is steeper. Therefore the initial rate of the reaction of the
experiment represented by the dotted line is higher.

13 a) -Mark a cross on a piece of paper.

-Put a beaker containing some sodium thiosulphate solution on top of the paper.
-Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the beaker.
-Start the stop watch at the same time. The cross gets fainter as the precipitate forms.
-Stop the stop watch when the cross can no longer be seen from above.

b) The reaction rate is inversely proportional to the time taken for enough sulphur
formed to make
the solution opaque.

c) i) To keep the total volume of each sample constant.

ii) To ensure that the only variable is the change in the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate
solution.
32
 d)

e) For 100 cm3 of 0.05 M sodium thiosulphate solution, 1/t is 0.025 s-1, i.e. t = 40 s.

14 a)

b) Comparing the slopes of the two curves at the beginning of the reactions, curve B is
steeper.
Therefore the initial rate of the experiment represented by curve B is higher.

c) Hydrochloric acid is in excess because all the barium dissolved in both cases (i.e. all
the barium
reacted).

d) Increasing the temperature.

33
 15 a) All the magnesium were used up.

b) The time required for the completion of reaction II was longer. Hydrochloric acid is a
strong
acid and ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Therefore hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of
hydrogen ions than ethanoic acid. Magnesium reacts with the hydrogen ions in the reactions.
Therefore the reaction rate for the hydrochloric acid is higher.

16 -Carrying out each experiment three times at each temperature to obtain an average time.

-Repeating the experiment at three or four different temperatures to see if any trend could
be
detected.

-More accurate temperature control -by heating the acid to the same starting temperature as the
contents of the beaker.

Other possible refinements may include:

-Stirring the solutions on mixing

-Insulating the reaction mixture

-Using data-logger with light sensor to obtain a more accurate reaction time.

17 To determine the rate of the reaction between magnesium and excess dilute hydrochloric acid,
we
can measure the volume of hydrogen produced.

Put dilute hydrochloric acid into a conical flask. Drop in the magnesium ribbon and insert
the
stopper plus syringe immediately. Start the stop watch at the same time. Record the volume of
hydrogen produced every 30 seconds until the reaction stops.

Repeat the experiment with the same volume of hydrochloric acid of different
concentrations.

Topic 5 Unit 18

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Discussion (page 124)

34
1 A torch
-Reliable
-Intermittent delivery of energy
-Light, small and portable
-Does not leak corrosive substances
-Inexpensive

2 A hearing-aid
-Reliable
-Very steady continuous delivery of energy for up to 12 -14 hours a day
-Light, small and portable
-Does not leak corrosive substances
-Does not corrode
-Non-toxic

3 A portable computer
-Reliable
-Very steady continuous delivery of energy for up to several hours at a time
-Rechargeable
-Light, small and portable
-Does not leak corrosive substances
-Does not corrode

4 A car
-Light
-Reliable intermittent or continuous use of energy
-Lasts for 2 -3 years or longer
-Rechargeable
-No tendency to leak corrosive substance or corrode, even when exposed to high temperatures,
severe jolting and vibrations
-Not too large

Internet Search and Presentation (page 128)

Type of cell Zinc-carbon Alkaline Silver oxide cell Nickel-cadmium cell

cell manganese
cell
Sizes available AAA, AA, AAA, AA, C, Button AAA, AA, C, D
C, D D
Maximum voltage 1.5 V 1.5 V 1.5 V 1.25 V
Voltage over Falls rapidly Falls slowly Constant voltage over Constant voltage over
discharge discharge discharge
Able to supply a   
steady current-
Able to supply a  
large current-
Shelf life (years) 1.5 3 2 1.7
Service life Short Long Long Long
Price Cheap Medium Expensive Expensive
Other Leakage of Leak proof; Light weight; small size Fast discharge;small
characteristics electrolyte small internal internal resistance;
occurs in resistance explodes if recharged
unsealed at a high current or
types overcharged at a high
35
 rate
Usage Torches, Cassette Quartz watches, Electric shavers,
small radios, players, calculators, hearing aids, electric toothbrushes,
calculators, Discmans, pacemakers, cameras, motorized toys,
remote motorized shavers portable telephones,
control units toys, flash portable tape recorders,
guns, other other heavy duty
appliances motor-driven
where there is appliances
heavy
continuous
use

Discussion (page 129)

1 Nickel-cadmium rechargeable cell

2 Zinc-carbon cells are unsuitable. Mobile phones are high-drained electrical devices, and zinc-carbon
cells cannot supply a large steady current.

Your Decision Making (page 130)

1 Zinc-carbon cell is suitable as only small current is needed in a torch.

2&5 Silver oxide cell should be used for hearing aid and watch. It is because long service life
and a
steady current is important in these two cases.

3, 4 & 6 Alkaline manganese cell can be used for the sake of convenience. This will save the
trouble of
replacing dry cells frequently.

Students may also choose to use nickel-cadmium cell as this type of cell can be recharged
over 500 times. However, there are two disadvantages:

 The voltage of nickel-cadmium cell is 1.25 V while most portable electrical appliances are
designed
to use1.5 V cells.

 It takes a long time to recharge a used cell.

There is no right or wrong decision when choosing the type of dry cell for torch, walkman, remote
control toy or heavy duty motor-driven appliance. The only important thing is that students are able to
give sensible rationale when making choices.

Suggested answers to exercise

36
 2
Type of cell Materials of electrodes Material of Rechargeable- An example of usage
electrolyte (Yes/No)
Zinc-carbon cell + Carbon Ammonium No Torches/ small radios/
- Zinc chloride calculators/ remote
control units
Alkaline + Manganese(IV) oxide Potassium No Motorized toys/
manganese cell - Zinc hydroxide cassette players/
Discmans/ flash guns
Silver oxide cell + Silver oxide Potassium No Quartz watches/
- Zinc hydroxide calculators/ hearing
aids/ pacemakers/
cameras/ shavers
Nickel-cadmium + Nickel (IV) oxide Potassium Yes Electric shavers/
cell - cadmium hydroxide electric toothbrushes/
motorized toys/
portable telephones/
portable tape
recorders/

3 Factors that determine the suitability of a particular type for a particular purpose include
 price;
 size;
 capacity;
 current delivered (steady/large);
 voltage;
 rechargeability;
 shelf life;
 risk of leakage.

4 D Option A -The mass of the magnesium strip decreases.

Option B -The mass of the copper strip increases because a deposit of copper forms on it.
37
 Option C -Electrons flow from the magnesium strip to the copper strip in the external circuit.

5 A Ethanol and sugar solution do not conduct electricity at all.

6 B

7 C A nickel-cadmium cell has cadmium as the negative electrode, nickel(IV) oxide as the positive
electrode.

8 A (3) The lifetime of a zinc-carbon cell is relatively short.

9 B (1) A silver oxide cell is not rechargeable.

(3) The voltage of a silver oxide cell remains constant over discharge.

10 C (2) The service life of a nickel-cadmium cell is quite long.

11 Desirable features for an ideal dry cell may include

 low cost;
 long service life for small size;
 able to cope with heavy discharge for extended periods;
 able to supply a steady current;
 able to maintain constant voltage over discharge;
 able to operate effectively in a large temperature range;
 long shelf life;
 no impact on the environment when discarded, etc.

12 a) In any aircraft or spacecraft.

b)  Life-support systems required during a power failure, in a remote area or in an
ambulance. Any
 Medical aids that cannot run from a normal power supply, such as heart one
pacemakers and
bionic ears.
 Other sensitive and medical instrumentation usedAny
in aone
remote area.
c)  Inside any computer or other electronic system.
 Inside the human body.

13 -

Topic 5 Unit 19

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Check Your Understanding (page 143)

1 X is a salt bridge. It serves two important functions:

 It completes the circuit by allowing ions to move towards one half-cell from the other.
 It provides ions that can move into the half-cells to prevent the build-up of excess positively or
negatively charged ions in the solutions which would cause the reaction to stop.

2 In the first two cells (Zn/Fe and Mg/Fe cells), electrons flow from the zinc and magnesium
38
 electrodes to the iron electrode in the external circuit. This is because zinc and magnesium form
ions more readily than iron.

In the Cu/Fe cell, electrons flow from the iron electrode to the copper electrode in the
external
circuit. This is because iron forms ions more readily than copper.

Suggested answers to exercise

2 a) W
b) Z

3 a) i) ions
b) ii) half-cells
iii) ions

4 B The farther apart the two metals are in the electrochemical series, the higher is the voltage of
the cell and the brightness of the bulb. Magnesium and copper are the farthest apart in the series
among the others.

5 D Option A -Electrons flow from metal X to metal Y in the external circuit.

Option B -Atoms of metal X lose electrons and form ions. These ions go into the
electrolyte.
Therefore the mass of metal X decreases.
Option C -Chemical energy is changed into electrical energy.

6 C Option A -The half-equation for the reaction occurred at the magnesium

electrode is
Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e-
Option B -Copper(II) ions migrate towards the copper electrode.

39
 Option D -Electrons flow from magnesium electrode to copper electrode in the
external circuit.

7 D The porous pot acts as a salt bridge. It completes the circuit by allowing ions to move
between
the two solutions through its small holes. A glass cylinder cannot serve this purpose.

8 B (1) Electrons flow from the electrode made of metal X to the silver electrode in the
external
circuit. This is because metal X is at a higher position in the electrochemical series than
silver. Metal X loses electrons more readily than silver.
(3) The mass of the silver electrode increases.

9 A

10 A (1) The zinc atoms lose electrons and form zinc ions. These ions go into the
zinc nitrate
solution.
(2) The mass of the lead electrode increases. This is because lead(II) ions near
to the lead
electrode gain electrons and form atoms. As a result, a deposit of lead forms on the lead
electrode.
(3) The salt bridge allows ions to move towards one half-cell from the other.

11 a)

b) Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)

c) There is a direct transfer of electrons from the magnesium electrode to the copper(II) ions
in the
solution. As a result, fewer and fewer electrons flow along the conducting wires. The voltage of
the cell falls quite quickly.

12 a) Mg(s) + X2+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + X(s)

b) From magnesium strip to strip made of X.
c) i) Direction of electron flow is opposite to that in (b).
ii) X(s) + Cu2+ (aq)  X2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

13 a) From the zinc strip to the copper container.

b) Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq)  Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s)
40
 c) It completes the circuit by allowing ions to move between the two solutions through
its small
holes.
d) i) The direction of electron flow in the external circuit will change.
ii) Aluminium is higher than zinc in the electrochemical series. Aluminium atoms
lose
electrons more readily than zinc atoms. Therefore electrons flow from the aluminium can
to the zinc strip in the external circuit.

14 -
15 Soak a piece of filter paper with sodium chloride solution. Place the filter paper on a
magnesium
strip. Put the filter paper and magnesium strip on a piece of plastic sheet. Connect the magnesium
strip to the negative terminal of the digital multimeter. Place the copper strip on the filter paper.
Connect the copper strip to the positive terminal of the digital multimeter. Record the voltage.
Repeat the experiment with silver and zinc replacing magnesium in turn.

Voltages of the Mg/Cu and Zn/Cu cells have a positive sign. This shows that copper is the
positive electrode. In these cells, electrons flow from the magnesium and zinc electrodes to the
copper electrode in the external circuit. This is because magnesium and zinc form ions more readily
than copper.

Among these two metal couples, the magnesium-copper couple gives a higher voltage
while the
zinc-copper couple gives a lower voltage. Therefore magnesium forms ions more readily than zinc.

The voltage of the Ag/Cu cell has a negative sign. This shows that copper is the negative
electrode. In the Ag/Cu cell, electrons flow from the copper electrode to the silver electrode in the
external circuit. This is because copper forms ions more readily than silver.

Therefore the relative tendency of the metals in forming ions in descending order is
magnesium,
zinc, copper and silver.

Topic 5 Unit 20

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Check Your Understanding (page 157)

1 a) Species being oxidized -Mg(s)

Species being reduced -Ag+(aq)
b) Species being oxidized -C(s)
Species being reduced -Fe3O4(s)

2 a) An oxidation process
b) A reduction process
c) A reduction process

Check Your Understanding (page 162)

41
Reaction A

1 The purple acidified potassium permanganate solution fades / becomes colourless, and a yellow
solution is formed.

2 Fe2+ (aq)  Fe3+(aq) + e-

MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e-  Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O(l)

3 Oxidizing agent -acidified potassium permanganate solution

Reducing agent -iron(II) sulphate solution

Reaction B

1 A brown colour develops in the potassium bromide solution.

2 Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq)

2Br-(aq)  Br2(aq) + 2e--
3 Oxidizing agent -chlorine gas
Reducing agent -potassium bromide solution

Check Your Understanding (page 164)

1 +6

2 +2

3 +4

4 +6

5 -

6 +4

Check Your Understanding (page 167)

1 a) Decrease
b) Increase

2 a) A redox reaction
Oxidizing agent -CuO
Reducing agent -NH3
b) A redox reaction
Oxidizing agent -Fe2(SO4)3
Reducing agent -KI

Check Your Understanding (page 177)

1 a) 2MnO4-(aq) + 5SO32-(aq) + 6H+(aq)  2Mn2+ (aq) + 5SO42-(aq) + 3H2O(l)

b) 2I-(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq)  I2(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq)

2 a) Acidified potassium dichromate solution

b) The reaction mixture is yellowish-green in colour.
42
 c) The oxidation number of iron changes from +2 to +3. Therefore iron(II) sulphate solution
acts
as a reducing agent, and itself is oxidized.
d) Cr2O72- (aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) + 14H+ (aq)  2Cr3+ (aq) + 6Fe3+ (aq) + 7H2O(l)

Problem Solving (page 179)

Students may suggest tests other than these described below.

43
Suggested answers to exercise

1 a) oxidizing
b) oxidizing
c) oxidizing
d) reducing
e) reducing
f) reducing

44
3 a) reduction
b) oxidized
c) reduced

4
Oxidizing agent Chemical change Ionic half-equation
Chlorine Cl2 (g)  2Cl-(aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-  2Cl- (aq)
Bromine Br2 (aq)  2Br- (aq) Br2 (aq) + 2e-  2Br- (aq)
Potassium MnO4- (aq)  Mn2+ (aq) MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e-  Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l)
permanganate in
acidic solution
Potassium Cr2O72- (aq)  2Cr3+ Cr2O72- (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6e-  2Cr3+ (aq) + 7H2O (l)
dichromate in (aq)
acidic solution
Iron(III) sulphate Fe3+ (aq)  Fe2+ (aq) Fe3+ (aq) + e-  Fe2+ (aq)
soluion

5
Reducing agent Chemical change Ionic half-equation
Sodium sulphite SO32- (aq)  SO42- (aq) SO3 2-
(aq) + H2O (l)  SO42- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e-
solution
Iron(II) sulphate Fe2+ (aq)  Fe3+ (aq) Fe2+ (aq)  Fe3+ (aq) + e-
solution
Potassium bromide 2Br- (aq)  Br2 (aq) 2Br- (aq)  Br2 (aq) + 2e-
solution
Potassium iodide 2I - (aq)  I2 (aq) 2I - (aq)  I2 (aq) + 2e-
solution

6
Dilute nitric acid Concentrated nitric acid
Reaction with Nitrogen monoxide gas given off Nitrogen dioxide gas given off
metals
Property shown by Oxidizing property Oxidizing property
the acid
Ionic half-equation NO3- (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 3e-  NO3- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + e-  NO2 (g) +
for the reaction NO (g) + 2H2O(l) 2H2O(l)
45
7 B In the reaction between bromine water and potassium sulphite solution, bromine is reduced to
bromide ions while sulphite ions are oxidized to sulphate ions. The resulting solution is
colourless.
Br2 (aq) + 2e-  2Br- (aq)
SO32- (aq) + H2O (l)  SO42- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e-
8 B

9 C Sodium reacts with water to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.

0 +1 +1 0
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
The oxidation number of Na increases from 0 to +1 while that of hydrogen decreases
from +1
to 0. Therefore the reaction is a redox reaction.

10 C

11 B

12 C

13 D (2) The acidified potassium dichromate solution oxidizes iron(II) ions to iron(III)
ions.
Fe2+ (aq)  Fe3+ (aq) + e-
(3) The acidified potassium dichromate solution oxidizes sulphite ions to sulphate ions.
SO32- (aq) + H2O (l)  SO42- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e-
14 D (1) Dilute nitric acid reacts with copper to give nitrogen monoxide.
(2) & (3) Dilute nitric acid shows typical properties of an acid in both cases.

15 D

16 A

17 a) +4
b) +7
c) +6
d) +4
e) +5
f) -
g) +2
h) +3
i) -
j) +2

18 a) Not a redox reaction

b) A redox reaction; potassium
c) A redox reaction; hydrogen
d) A redox reaction; magnesium
e) A redox reaction; hydrogen

19 a) Cr2O72- (aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) +14H+ (aq)  2Cr3+ (aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O (l)
The reaction mixture is yellowish-green in colour.
b) 2MnO4-(aq) + 5SO32-(aq) + 6H+(aq)  2Mn2+ (aq) + 5SO42-(aq) + 3H2O(l)
46
 The acidified potassium permanganate solution is decolourized.
c) Cl2(aq) + 2Br- (aq)  2Cl- (aq) + Br2(aq)
The bromide solution turns brown when chlorine water is added.
d) Zn(s) + 2NO3- (aq) + 4H+ (aq)  Zn2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A brown gas is given off.
e) 3Mg(s) + 2NO3-(aq) + 8H+(aq)  3Mg2+ (aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)
A colourless gas is given off. This gas gives a brown gas when mixed with air.

20 a) At the magnesium electrode

Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e-
At the silver electrode
Ag+ (aq) + e- Ag(s)
b) i) Oxidation occurs at the magnesium electrode. Magnesium atoms lose electrons
to form
magnesium ions.
ii) Reduction occurs at the silver electrode. Silver ions gain electrons to form
silver atoms.
c) From magnesium electrode to silver electrode.

21 -
22 -
23 -
24 -

Topic 5 Unit 21

Suggested answers to in-text activities

Check Your Understanding (page 203)

1 Sodium ions, iodide ions, hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions

2 a) A brown colour develops around electrode A.

The concentration of iodide ions in the solution is much greater than that of hydroxide ions.
Iodide ions are preferentially discharged to form iodine. The brown colour is due to the iodine
formed.
b) 2I - (aq)  I2 (aq) + 2e-
3 a) A colourless gas is given off.
b) 2H+ (aq) + e-  H2(g)

Discussion (page 207)

At the anode

The copper anode dissolves to form copper(II) ions.

At the cathode

Copper(II) ions are discharged to form a deposit of copper on the cathode.

47
 Changes in the solution

The net effect is the transfer of copper from the anode to the cathode. The concentration of
copper(II) ions in the electrolyte remains the same. The blue colour of the solution does not change.

Check Your Understanding (page 210)

1  The position of ions in the electrochemical series

 The concentration of ions in the solution
 The nature of the electrodes

2 a) X is the negative terminal of the battery.

Copper metal deposits on electrode A. Therefore electrode A is the cathode.
b) At electrode A
Cu2+(aq) + 2e-  Cu(s)
At electrode B
Cu(s)  Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-
At electrode C
2H+ (aq) + e-  H2(g)

c) The gas gives a ‘pop’ sound with a burning splint.

Check Your Understanding (page 213)

1 Y

2 The nickel electrode dissolves and it becomes thinner.

Ni(s)  Ni2+ (aq) + 2e-
3 Ni2+ (aq) + 2e-  Ni(s)

Suggested answers to exercise

48
2

3
Solution Materials of Products at Change in the solution
anode cathode anode cathode
Dilute sulphuric Platinum Platinum Oxygen Hydrogen Becomes more concentrated
acid
Very dilute Carbon Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Becomes more concentrated
sodium chloride
Dilute sodium Carbon Carbon Chlorine Hydrogen Becomes sodium hydroxide
chloride solution
Dilute Carbon Carbon Oxygen Copper Becomes sulphuric acid solution
copper(II)
sulphate
Dilute Copper Carbon Copper(II) Copper Remains the same
copper(II) ions
sulphate
Dilute Copper Copper Copper(II) Copper Remains the same
copper(II) ions
sulphate

49
 5 D A copper(II) ion is a stronger oxidizing agent. Hence copper(II) ions are preferentially
discharged.

6 B
Electrolysis of Product at the anode
Concentrated sodium chloride solution Chlorine
Dilute potassium sulphate solution Oxygen
Dilute potassium iodide solution Iodine
Dilute sodium bromine solution Bromine

7 C In dilute sodium chloride solution, there are four kinds of ions:

Cation Anion
From sodium chloride Na+ (aq) Cl- (aq)
From water H+ (aq) OH - (aq)

The sodium ions and hydrogen ions are attracted to the cathode.

50
 Hydrogen ions are preferentially discharged at the cathode. Thus there is an excess of hydroxide ions
near the cathode. The solution there becomes alkaline. The alkaline solution turns the phenolphthalein
pink.

8 A

9 D

10 B In copper(II) sulphate solution, there are four kinds of ions:

Cation Anion
From copper(II) sulphate Cu2+ (aq) SO42- (aq)
From water H+ (aq) OH - (aq)

The sulphate ions and hydroxide ions are attracted to the anode. The copper(II)
ions and
hydrogen ions are attracted to the cathode.
Option B -At the cathode, copper(II) ions are discharged to form a deposit of copper.
Therefore
the mass of the cathode increases.
Option C -At the anode, hydroxide ions are preferentially discharged to
form oxygen gas.

11 D

12 A

13 a) Sodium ions, hydrogen ions, chloride ions and hydroxide ions.

b) i) Chlorine gas
The concentration of chloride ions in the solution is much greater than
that of hydroxide
ions. Therefore chloride ions are preferentially discharged to form chlorine gas.
ii) 2Cl- (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-
c) i) Hydrogen gas
A hydrogen ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than a sodium ion. Therefore
hydrogen ions
are preferentially discharged (reduced) to form hydrogen gas.
ii) 2H+ (aq) + 2e-  H2(g)

d) The universal indicator turns blue/purple.

Hydrogen ions and chloride ions are consumed in the electrolysis. Sodium ions
and hydroxide
ions remain in the solution. Eventually, the solution becomes sodium hydroxide solution. The
sodium hydroxide solution turns universal indicator blue/purple.

14 -
15 -
16 a) The liquid around pencil A turns red.

b) Around pencil A, hydroxide ions are preferentially discharged to form oxygen gas.
4OH-(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e-
Water ionizes continuously to replace the hydroxide ions discharged.
H2O(l)  H+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

51
 Thus there is an excess of hydrogen ions near pencil A and the solution there becomes
acidic.
The solution turns the universal indicator red.

17 a) A and C

b) i) Bromine is liberated at electrode A.

2Br- (aq)  Br2 (aq) + 2e-
The concentration of bromide ions in the solution is much greater than that of hydroxide ions.
Therefore bromide ions are preferentially discharged.
ii) Hydrogen gas is liberated at electrode B.
2H+ (aq) + 2e-  H2(g)
A hydrogen ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than a sodium ion. Therefore
hydrogen ions
are preferentially discharged to form hydrogen gas.
iii) Oxygen gas is liberated at electrode C.
4OH-(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e-
A hydroxide ion is a stronger reducing agent than a nitrate ion. Therefore hydroxide ions
are preferentially discharged to form oxygen gas.

c) Hydrogen ions and bromide ions are consumed in the electrolysis. Sodium ions
and hydroxide
ions remain in the solution. Eventually, the solution becomes sodium hydroxide solution.

18 a) Electrons flow from the electrode made of metal A to electrode D and from electrode
C to the
electrode made of metal B. It is because hydrogen is collected above electrode D, therefore
electrode D is the cathode.

b) When hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are discharged, more water molecules
ionize. The net
effect is that water is decomposed. The number of hydrogen ions and sulphate ions from the
sulphuric acid remains the same. The concentration of sulphuric acid increases at the end as
water is consumed in the electrolysis.

c) It acts as a chemical cell.

d) Metal A forms ions more readily.

Electrons flow from the electrode made of metal A to electrode D and from electrode
C to the
electrode made of metal B. Therefore metal A has a greater tendency to lose electrons than
metal B.

19 -
20 -
21 During the copper refining process, the electrolytic cell contains a solution of copper(II)
sulphate and
sulphuric acid as the electrolyte. The impure copper becomes the anode. The cathode is a thin sheet
of very pure copper.

At the anode, iron and zinc form ions more readily than copper. When the cell is operating
at
the correct voltage, iron and zinc in the anode give up electrons first. Then copper gives up electrons
to form copper(II) ions. Impurities such as silver settle at the bottom of the container.
52
 At the cathode, copper(II) ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than zinc ion and iron(II) ion.
Therefore, copper(II) ions are discharged to form copper.

During the refining process, the copper is gradually transferred from the anode to the
cathode.

22 Which ions are preferentially discharged during electrolysis depends on a number of factors,
including:

 the position of ions in the electrochemical series;

 the concentration of ions in the solution; and

 the nature of the electrodes.

Consider the electrolysis of very dilute sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes.
A
hydrogen ion is below a sodium ion in the electrochemical series. A hydrogen ion is a stronger
oxidizing agent than a sodium ion. Therefore hydrogen ions are preferentially discharged at the
cathode. A hydroxide ion is higher than a chloride ion in the electrochemical series. A hydroxide ion
is a stronger reducing agent than a chloride ion. Therefore hydroxide ions are preferentially
discharged at the anode.

Consider the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes.
The
chloride ions and hydroxide ions move towards the anode. The concentration of chloride ions in the
solution is much greater than that of hydroxide ions. Chloride ions are preferentially discharged,
despite of the fact that a hydroxide ion is a stronger reducing agent than a chloride ion.

Consider the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution using a mercury

cathode. A
sodium ion is a weaker oxidizing agent than a hydrogen ion. However, if mercury is used as the
cathode, sodium ions are preferentially discharged to form sodium metal. The metal formed
dissolves in the mercury cathode to form an alloy called sodium amalgam.

53