Special Shear and Bearing Load Fasteners

 Many special fasteners produce high strength with light weight and can be used in place
of conventional AN bolts and nuts.
 When AN bolts are tightened with the nut, the bolt stretches, narrowing the diameter and
then the bolt is no longer tight in the hole.
 Special fasteners eliminate this loose fit because they are held in place by a collar that is
squeezed into position.
 These fasteners are not under the same tensile loads as a bolt during installation.
 Special fasteners are also used extensively for Light Sport Aircraft (LSA).
 Always follow the aircraft manufacturer's recommendations.
Pin Rivets
 Pin (Hi-Shear) rivets are classified as special rivets but are not of the blind type.
 Access to both sides of the material is required to install this type of rivet.
 Pin rivets have the same shear strength as bolts of equal diameters.
 These Pin rivets are about 40 percent of the weight of a bolt.
 Pin Rivets require only about one-fifth as much time for installation as a bolt, nut, and
washer combination.
 They are approximately three times as strong as solid shank rivets.
 Pin rivets are essentially thread less bolts.
 The pin is headed at one end and. is grooved about the circumference at the other.
 A metal collar is swaged onto the grooved end effecting a firm, tight fit. (Figure 5-58)
 Pin rivets are fabricated in a variety of materials but should be used only in shear
applications.
 They should never be used where the grip length is less than the shank diameter.
 Part numbers for pin rivets can be interpreted to give the diameter and grip length of the
individual rivets.
 A typical part number breakdown would be:
 NAS177-14-17
 NAS = National Aircraft Standard
 177 = 100° Countersunk head rivet
 OR 178 = Flathead rivet
 14 = Nominal diameter in 32nds of an inch
 17 = Maximum grip length in 16ths of an inch
Taper-Lok
 Taper-Loks are the strongest special fasteners used in aircraft construction.
 The Taper-Lok exerts force on the walls of the hole because of its tapered shape.
 The Taper-Lok is designed to completely fill the hole, but unlike the rivet.
 It fills the hole without deforming the shank, Instead, the washer head nut squeezes the
metal with tremendous force against the tapered walls of the hole.
 This creates radial compression around the shank and vertical compression lines as the
metals are squeezed together.
 The combination of these forces generates strength unequaled by any other fastener.
(Figure 5-59)
Hi-Tigue
 The Hi-Tigue special fastener has a bead that encircles the bottom of its shank.
 The bead preloads the hole it fills, resulting in increased joint strength.
 At installation, the bead presses against the sidewall of the hole, exerting radial force that
strengthens the surrounding area.
 Because it is preloaded, the joint is not subjected to the constant cyclic action that
normally causes a joint to become cold worked and eventually fail.
 Hi-Tigue fasteners are made of aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel alloys.
 The collars are composed of compatible metal alloys and come in two types:
 Sealing and non-Sealing.
 Just like the Hi-Loks, they can be installed using an Allen wrench and a box-end wrench.
(Figure 5-60)

Dill Lok-Skrus and Dill Lok-Rivets

 Dill "Lok-Skru" and "Lok-Rivet" are trade names for internally threaded rivets.
 They are used for blind attachment of such accessories as fairings, fillets, access door
covers, door and window frames, floor panels, and the like.
 Lok-Skrus and Lok-Rivets are similar to the Rivnut in appearance and application;
 They come in two parts and require more clearance on the blind side than the Rivnut to
accommodate the barrel.(Figure 5-61)
 The Lok-Rivet and the Lok-Skru are alike in construction, except the Lok-Skru is tapped
internally for fastening an accessory by using an attaching screw.
 Whereas the LokRivet is not tapped and can be used only as a rivet.
 Since both Lok-Skrus and Lok-Rivets are installed in the same manner.
 The following discussions for the Lok-Skru also applies to the Lok-Rivet.
 The main parts of a Lok-Skru are-
 The barrel,
 The head,
 An attachment screw.
 The barrel is made of aluminium alloy and comes in either closed or open ends.
 The head is either aluminium alloy or steel, and the attachment screw is made of steel.
 All of the steel parts are cadmium plated, and all of aluminum parts are anodized to resist
corrosion.
 When installed, the barrel screws up over the head and grips the metal on the blind side.
 The attaching screw is then inserted if needed.
 There are two head types:
 The flathead and the countersunk head.
 The Lok Skru is tapped for 7-32, 8-32, 10-32, or 10-24 screws, and the diameters vary
from 0.230-inch for 6-32 screws, 0.292-inch for 10-32 screws.
 Grip ranges vary from 0.010-inch to 0.225-inch.

Deutsch Rivets
 This rivet is a high strength blind rivet used on late model aircraft.
 It has a minimum shear strength of 75 000 psi, and can be installed by one person.
 The Deutsch rivet consists of two parts:
 The stainless steel sleeve and the hardened steel drive pin. (Figure 5-62)
 The pin and sleeve are coated with a lubricant and a corrosion inhibitor.
 The Deutsch rivet is available in diameters of 3/16, ¼ or 3/8 inch.
 Grip lengths for this rivet range from 3/16 to 1 inch.
 Some variation is allowed in grip length when installing the rivet;
 For example, a rivet with a grip length of 3/16-inch can be used where the total thickness
of materials is between 0.198 and 0.228-inch.
 When driving a Deutsch rivet, an ordinary hammer or a pneumatic rivet gun and a
flathead set are used.
 The rivet is seated in the previously drilled hole and then the pin is driven into the sleeve.
 The driving action causes the pin to exert pressure against the sleeve and forces the sides
of the sleeve out.
 This stretching forms a shop head on the end of the rivet and provides positive fastening.
 The ridge on the top of the rivet head locks the pin into the rivet as the last few blows are
struck.

Installation of Nuts, Washers and Bolts

Bolt and Hole Sizes
 Slight clearances in bolt holes are permissible wherever bolts are used in tension and are
not subject to reversal of load.
 A few of the applications in which clearance of holes may be permitted are in pulley
brackets, conduit boxes, lining trim, and miscellaneous supports and brackets.
 Bolt holes are to be normal to the surface involved to provide full bearing surface for the
bolt head and nut and must not be oversized or elongated.
 A bolt in such a hole will carry none of its shear load until parts have yielded or
deformed enough to allow the bearing surface of the oversized hole to contact the bolt.
 In this respect, remember that bolts do not become swaged to fill up the holes as do
rivets.
 In cases of oversized or elongated holes in critical members, obtain advice from the
aircraft or engine manufacturer before drilling or reaming the hole to take the next larger
bolt.
 Usually, such factors as edge distance, clearance, or load factor must be considered.
 Oversized or elongated holes in noncritical members can usually be drilled or reamed to
the next larger size.
 Many bolt holes, particularly in primary connecting elements, have close tolerances.
 Generally, it is permissible to use the first lettered drill size larger than the normal bolt
diameter, except where the AN hexagon bolts are used in light drive fit (reamed)
applications and where NAS close tolerance bolts or AN clevis bolts are used.
 Light drive fits for bolts (specified on the repair drawings as 0.0015-inch maximum
clearance between bolt and hole) are required in places where bolts are used in repair, or
where they are placed in the original structure.
 The fit of holes and bolts cannot be defined in terms of shaft and hole diameters; it is
defined in terms of the friction between bolt and hole when sliding the bolt into place.
 A tight drive fit, for example, is one in which a sharp blow of a 12- or 14-ounce hammer
is required to move the bolt.
 A bolt that requires a hard blow and sounds tight is considered to fit too tightly.
 A light drive fit is one in which a bolt will move when a hammer handle is held against
its head and pressed by the weight of the body.

Questions

1. When AN bolts are tightened with the nut, the bolt stretches, narrowing the diameter.
2. Special fasteners are also used extensively for Light Sport Aircraft (LSA).
3. Pin (Hi-Shear) rivets are classified as special rivets but are not of the blind type.
4. Pin rivets have the same shear strength as bolts of equal diameters.
5. Pin rivets are about 40 percent of the weight of a bolt.
6. Pin Rivets require only about one-fifth as much time for installation as a bolt, nut, and
washer combination.
7. Pin Rivets are approximately three times as strong as solid shank rivets.
8. Pin rivets are essentially thread less bolts.
9. Pin rivets should never be used where the grip length is less than the shank diameter.
10. In Pin Rivets NAS177-14-17, 177 means 100° Countersunk head rivet.
11. In Pin Rivets NAS177-14-17, 14 means Nominal diameter in 32nds of an inch
12. In Pin Rivets NAS177-14-17, 17 means Maximum grip length in 16ths of an inch
13. The Taper-Lok exerts force on the walls of the hole because of its tapered shape.
14. The Taper-Lok creates radial compression around the shank and vertical compression
lines as the metals are squeezed together.
15. The Hi-Tigue special fastener has a bead that encircles the bottom of its shank.
16. The Hi-Tigue special fastener collars are composed of compatible metal alloys and come
in Sealing and non-Sealing types.
17. Dill "Lok-Skru" and "Lok-Rivet" are trade names for internally threaded rivets.
18. Lok-Skrus and Lok-Rivets are similar to the Rivnut in appearance and application;
19. The Lok-Rivet and the Lok-Skru are alike in construction, except the Lok-Skru is tapped
internally for fastening an accessory by using an attaching screw.
20. The LokRivet is not tapped and can be used only as a rivet.
21. Deutsch rivet is a high strength blind rivet used on late model aircraft.
22. Deutsch rivet has a minimum shear strength of 75 000 psi, and can be installed by one
person.
23. The Deutsch rivet grip lengths range from 3/16 to 1 inch.
24. Slight clearances in bolt holes are permissible wherever bolts are used in tension and are
not subject to reversal of load.
25. Many bolt holes, particularly in primary connecting elements, have close tolerances.
26. The fit of holes and bolts cannot be defined in terms of shaft and hole diameters;
27. The fit of holes and bolts can be defined in terms of the friction between bolt and hole
when sliding the bolt into place.
28. A tight drive fit, is one in which a sharp blow of a 12-14-ounce hammer is required to
move the bolt.
29. A bolt that requires a hard blow and sounds tight is considered to fit too tightly.
30. A light drive fit is one in which a bolt will move when a hammer handle is held against
its head and pressed by the weight of the body.