SOUTH EAST-ASIA INSTITUTE TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Crownlink Center 1 Fairview, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines

IMPROVING SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH SIMULATION AS

THE COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES TO THE
GAS STUDENTS IN SEA-ITT, 2019-2020
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A Research
Presented to the Faculty of
Senior High School Department of
South East-Asia Institute of Trade and Technology
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In Partial Fulfillment
of Requirement for the
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
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Researchers:
CAJES, PRINCESS THAMARRAH L.
FLOR,SON LOUIS V.
LARA, DIANNE JHECELYN T.
MIARAL, VINCE P.
RAMIREZ, SHELLA MAE B.
VIRAY, MICHELLE ANDREA L.

Ms. Lyra Almeria

III TEACHER

SY. 2019-2020
 CHAPTER 1
Problem and Its Background

The chapter one includes the Introduction, Background of the Study, Statement

of the Problem, Significance of the Study, Scope and Delimitation and Definition of

Terms.

INTRODUCTION

Speak comes from the Old English specan, variant of sprecan which means "to

speak, utter words; make a speech; hold discourse (with others)".Speaking is the skill

that makes human beings different from and superior to the species of living beings.

Speaking is a complex cognitive and linguistic skill. A child learns to speak

through interaction with the people around him/her in their native language.Speaking

is a verbal skill that involves words and sounds. The more we are listening we are

enabling ourselves to speak.Without listening, speaking is not possible and the

relationship between these two skills is corresponding.

As we notice, most of the deaf people cannot speak because they also cannot hear

sounds they can only communicate through the use of sign languages wherein still

there is communication but with the use of their eyes and gestures alone which only

prove that speaking and listening is correlated.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Speaking is vital to human it is one of the skill that should be mastered aside from

reading, writing, and listening. Nowadays, your speaking skill best determine how
knowledgeable and credible you are enough to the society such as news casters, TV

hosts and anchors we believe them because we all know that they are good enough

when it comes to delivering information.The function of speaking skill are to express

an idea, someone feeling, thought, and it express spontaneously by orally. Speaking is

one of the language art of talk as communication interaction with someone, and it is

very difficult to master it. Speaking skill is have a closely relationship with listening

skill, in speaking act, the students must be listening and then speak up, because

speaking is not only remembering and memorizing the sentences in written but

speaking is spontaneous to show the students idea by orally.

According to Chaney (1998:3), “speaking is the process of building and sharing

meaning through the use of verbal and non verbal symbols in a variety of contexts.

Speaking is a crucial part of second language learning and teaching.” It means

students should be able to communicate with the others to get or to share information

and/or to express what they feel.

The ultimate goal of speaking as a communicative skill is to master it despite its

difficulty because the more we enhance our speaking skills the more we can share

information to others and we can also express what we feel.

In SMP Negeri 2 Gatak, where the research was taken, the students are faced

some problems in learning English speaking skill. The common problems faced by

students are difficulty to pronounce words, the students consider that learning English

is very difficult, they often speak their Javanese language, they easily bored and lazy

to learn, they also had difficult in understanding the material given by the teacher,
they have less confidence and often be shy and just keep silent during the teaching

learning process, because students are not familiar with English and it is totally

different from Indonesian.

Another difficulty is that the students are lack of English vocabulary because they

are passive users of English. They only use English in English class. It is also very

often that in the English class they do not use English as the main language. Moreover,

they are unwilling to open their dictionary. They prefer asking to their teacher or

friends to finding the words in dictionary.

In fact, the teacher has ordered them to bring it. Therefore, the teacher should to

have an appropriate technique in teaching speaking skill in 3 order to make students

more active in learning English speaking skill. One of the suitable technique is

numbered Heads. Numbered Heads is a cooperative learning technique that promotes

students to better learning English, improves student’s motivation, increase enjoyment

and English material more easy to understand because students will be given many

questions related to the material by the teacher. Besides that, this technique focuses on

team-works that can build students ability to communicate and share their idea or ask

questions to the teacher.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to examine the improvement of the speaking skills of

General Academic Strand (GAS) students.

Specifically, this research aims to answer the following questions:

1.Demographic Profile of the Respondents

A.Name(Optional)

B.Age

C.Gender

D.Grade/Section

2. What are the tasks that students use in developing their speaking skill?

3.What are the influential factors that related to the students' weakness level at in

speaking skill?

4.What is the extent of the speaking skills of GAS SHS students?

5.How can students overcome the weakness in speaking skill?

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study will focus on Improving Speaking Skills through Simulation as the

Communicative Activities to the General Academic Strand Students in South East

Asia Institute of Trade and Technology, 2019-2020.

This study will include Grade11 and 12 GAS Morning and Afternoon shift as

respondents. The study delimits the non-GAS students of South East-Asia Institute of
Trade and Technology.

This paper will only reflect acquired results coming from the survey to be

conducted by the researchers using stratified sampling technique. Further actions such

as giving a solution will be done by another research, and is not part of this study.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Different person has different speaking skills and different ways on how they are

using their verbal and non-verbal communication skills. This study will focus on

Improving Speaking Skills through Simulation as the Communicative Activities to the

General Academic Strand Students(GAS) in South East Asia Institute of Trade and

Technology(SEA-ITT), 2019-2020.

When the study is finished , the results may give benefits to the following:

STUDENTS. Students can accumulate information on this study that can be used for

them as a reference to much improve their speaking skills when having activities that

involves much with communication and to conquer their fears as well.

SCHOOL. The school will be using this study as a basis for measuring their learners

capacity and competencies towards subject areas that much required more of using

speaking skills and can be also trained to be a delegate of interschool’s competition

such as Extemporaneous Speech and Impromptu.

TEACHERS. The teachers can accumulate information on this study so that they
can accommodate their students who have speaking fright and help them towards

improving it step by step.

FUTURE RESEARCHER/S. Future Researcher/s will use the outcome of this study

which is beneficial. This study may be one of the bases of the new theory in learning

that will arise.

FOR THE COMMUNITY. Community can accumulate information on this study

that can be used as their reference to determine whether the community students

speaking skills is poor or not so they can immediately put an action to produce better

learners.

HYPOTHESIS

As stated by McLed (2018) Hypothesis is a precise, testable statement of what the

researchers predict will be the outcome of the study. This usually involves proposing

a possible relationship between two variables: the Independent and the Dependent

Variables.

Hypothesis is a proposition, condition or principle which is assumed, perhaps

without belief, in order to draw its logical consequences and by this method to test its

accord with facts which are known or maybe determined ( Webster’s New

International Dictionary of English)

The null and alternative hypothesis for this study is as follows:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

The speaking skills of the General Academic Strand (GAS) students do not improve.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:
The speaking skills of the General Academic Strand (GAS) students improved.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order for the readers to have an easy and better understanding, the researchers

define the following terminologies:

CONTEXT-the parts of something written or spoken that immediately precede and

follow a word or passage and clarify its meaning.

DESPITE-without being affected by.

SPONTANEOUS-performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or

inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus.

SUITABLE- way that fits, best

VITAL- essential/ important

 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes the review of Related Literature and Studies which the

researchers have perused to shed light on the topic under the study .

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Humans are social being who are in continuous communication and interaction

with each other For the reason, it is important to poster situations in which learners

can face real communication in a foreign language.An argument that supports this

view is found in Bygate (1987:1), who states that our learners often need to be able to

speak with confidence in order to carry out many of their most basic transactors It is

the skill by which they are most frequently judged , and through which they make or

have friends.

Interaction is the basis of human communication and all elements of

communicate and interactive competence ( grammar , discourse , sociolingustics ,

pragmatics ) are involved in human interaction “ In interaction students can use of

they possesses of the language , all they have learned or casually absorbed in real

life exchange” ( Rivers , cited in Brown 1994 , p. 159) This quotes addresses the

importance of real interaction which gives , the learners the opportunity to

demonstrate what they can do in the foreign language .

Nunan ( 1991:279) Says that tasked based learning views the learning process as

a set of communication tasks that the directly linked to the curricular goals they
serve.Tasked based teaching involved an approach where communicative tasks are

important because student need to engage in interaction inside and outside the

classrooms. The new change the approach or designing tasks to be developed in the

classroom. It means teachers ans student must be engaged in task when involved

meaningful context when learners use the foreign language in a real form not only for

a grade but for their daily life.

On the other hand , its important to create a positive environment to encourage

the learners interaction. As such they can enhance their speaking skills , they can

express their ideas , feelings , opinions without feeling afraid of making mistakes

Wills (1996) states that creating a communication or interaction learners have the

chance to acquire discourse skills. Willis also highlights the essential conditions for

effective language learning such as exposure, use, and motivation .

Speech is the prime means of communication and the structure of the society

itself would be substantially different it we had failed to develop oral

communication skills or speaking skills task – based teaching or communicate

activities are suggested.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Language is a formal system of signs governed by grammatical rules of

combination to communicate meaning. This definition stresses the fact that human

languages can be described as closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate

particular signs to particular meanings (Bloomfield, 1914).

 Language is basically speech. Its written form developed later on. It is universal

among human beings who use it for carrying out various activities of life. It is such a

common phenomenon that we always take it for granted. We never bother to think

about it: we never try to into the depth of the meaning of this word. Definition of

language is not difficult to find. Almost all well-known linguists have tried to define

language in their own way.

John Lyon (2002), in his famous book "Language and Linguistics" has discussed

five famous definitions of Language i.

According to E.Sapir (1921): “Language is u purely human and non-instinctive

method of communicating ideas, emotions unit desires by means of voluntarily

produced symbols”. ii.

B. Bloch and G.L. Trager (1942) write: “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal

symbols by means of which a social group co-operates”. iii. R.A. Hall (1968) tells us

that language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each

other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols".

iv. R.H. Robins (1979) does not give a formal definition of language but points

out certain facts related to language, saying that “languages are symbol systems,

almost wholly based on pure or arbitrary conventions". v. According to N. Chomsky

(1969) a language is “a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a

finite set of elements”.

 Most of them have taken the view that languages are systems of symbols

designed for the purpose of communication. So an operational definition of language

may by: “Language is a system of arbitrary symbols for human beings’

communication in speech and writing, that is used by the people of a particular

community”.

In this definition, the various components of language, or certain words need

explanation: System: Written words or spoken sounds arranged in a particular order.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Brown (2007) stated that listening is not a one-way street; it is not merely the

processes of a unidirectional receiving of audible symbols. He continued that one

facet-the first step-of listening comprehension is the psychomotor process of receiving

sound waves through the ear and transmitting nerve impulses to the brain.

Moreover, Tyagi (2013, p. 1) as cited by Afriani (2017) expressed that listening

skill is a key to receiving messages effectively. Likewise, according to Nuttal (2000:2)

in Novianto (2012), reading means a result of interaction between the writer's mind

and the reader's mind. He said that it is the way how the reader tries to get the

message or the intended meaning from the writer.

He continued saying that reading consists of two related processes: word

recognition and comprehension. Moreover, Grabe & Stoller (2001) as cited by Wu

(2008) emphatically said that of the four skills, reading can be regarded as especially

important because it is assumed to be the central means for learning new information;
however, the process is complex.

According to Sellers (2000) as cited by Wu (2008) the reading process is

cognitively demanding because learners need to coordinate attention, perception,

memory, and comprehension.

In short, these receptive skills of listening and reading are really important for

students to be equipped with as both are basic means of decoding and learning new

information. However, it does not necessarily happen in reality.

LOCAL STUDIES

There have been no local studies conducted on students’ listening skill, but there

were a few conducted in the tertiary level on reading. One of these was conducted by

Sicat (1992) which revealed that college students in a public university in Southern

Philippines obtained low scores in the reading comprehension test.

Another studies by Malbago (1995) and Olaer 107 (1998) showed that college

students obtained low rating in the inferential/interpretative level of reading skill. This

low reading proficiency level could be improved by working on some possible

correlates.

In this study, learning styles are classified as left brain dominant (deductive

learners) versus right brain dominant (inductive learners) which (Brown, 2000)

posited to be a possible correlate.

Munsakorn (2012, p.234) as cited by Afriani (2017) said that each student will

use a different style of learning to gain the most benefit from a course in English for
the workplace. The success of each student comes from the ability to provide a variety

of learning styles. Moreover, Vaishnav & Chirayu (2013); Gokalp (2013) and Abidin,

Rezaee, Abdullah & Sigh (2011) revealed that there was a significant relationship

between learning styles and academic performance.

SYNTHESIS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In order for the students to help improve their speaking skills, a cybernetic

feedback theory suggested by Nagoya University of Commerce Bulletin, v30

p697-725 Nov 1985 would help.

Cybernetic feedback theory sees the individual as a self-organizing feedback

control system that generates its own activity to control its own perceptions. Applying

the principle of feedback to language use, it appears that speaking as an overt public

behavior is controlled by an internally private listening capacity.

With that listening capacity, the transfer to speaking is greatly enhanced, though

not automatic, and without the listening capacity, spontaneous speech, internally

generated, does not occur.

Previous approaches had had the language teacher push the student toward speech,

with the teacher in control of the environment that controls the student's behavior. The

cybernetic approach has the internal language structure pulling out the performance

(speech) based on built-in expectations within the language structure learned through

listening guidance.
 The student does this when he feels ready. He is in control of his own behavior.

The teacher does not correct speech errors directly but notes them for further training

in careful listening. In this approach, the teacher's task is to enhance the student's

perceptual capacity. This technique could revolutionize foreign language teaching.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 CHAPTER 3

Research Design

This chapter the research design population and sampling techniques, Instruments

of the Study .Data Gather Procedures and Statistical Treatment of Data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Longitudinal survey method is the Quasi-Experimental design employed in this

study. This design was selected because the study aims to examine the improvements

of speaking skill of the General Academic Strand (GAS) students through simulation

as their communicative activities over a period of time. Therefore, the independent

variable is the improvement of speaking skill and the dependent variable is the GAS

students.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

A stratified sampling was used in this study by using stratified sampling

technique for the selection of representatives. The total number of General

Academic Strand (GAS) students from grade 11 and 12 students to get the

proportionate sampling .

The researchers created a total sample by selecting the appropriate proportion of

the participants form each year level. It is important that the total number of samples

is determined by first using the Slovin’s Formula.

INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY

The instrument used was researchers made questionnaire to gather the needed

data for the student profile composed of the five questions for the qualitative section

and question for the quantitative section.

The instrument is authorized to obtain valid responses of the students. In the end

it encouraged open response to sensitive issues at none. In addition the instrument was

validated by few consultant and before it laid on to the study.

DATA GATHERING PRODURE

In gathering the data, we first presented our survey letter to the teacher for us to

have a permission granted, allowing us to conduct a survey during their time. Next,we

introduced ourselves and started a short briefing with regards to our topic and

discussed the process/ way of answering our survey sheets.After that, we facilitated to

disseminate our survey questionnaires to our respondents, and lastly, retrieval of

survey sheets were done.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The researchers accumulated the data in answering the problem of the study. All

the data were based on the response of the respondents through the use of survey

questionnaires. The data assessed and tabulated using the Percentage formula and the

Slovin’s formula.
Percentage Formula

P=f/n

Where:

P=Percentage

f=Frequency

n= Number of Respondents

Slovin’s Formula

n=N/(1+Ne2)

Where:

n= Sample size

N= Number of Population

e=Error of Balance (0.5)