Chapter 2.

2 The Fourier Transform

◊ sinc function

sin (πλ )
sinc ( λ ) ≡
πλ

◊ As the pulse duration T is decreased,

decreased the first zero-crossing
zero crossing of the
amplitude spectrum |G( f )| moves up in frequency.
◊ The relationship between the time
time-domain
domain and frequency
frequency-domain
domain is
an inverse one.
◊ A pulse, narrow in time, has a significant frequency description over
a wide range of frequencies, and vice versa.
13 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
 Chapter 2.2 The Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.2] Exponential Pulse

◊ A ttruncated
t d form
f off a decaying
d i exponential
i l pulse
l isi shown
h iin the
th
following figure

(a)Decaying exponential pulse. (b)Rising exponential pulse.

14 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

 Chapter 2.2 The Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.2] Exponential Pulse(cont.)

◊ It iis convenient
i t tto mathematically
th ti ll define
d fi the
th decaying
d i
exponential pulse using the unit step function.
◊ An unit step function is defined as:

⎧1, t > 0
⎪⎪ 1
u (t ) = ⎨ , t = 0
⎪2
⎪⎩0 t < 0

◊ D
Decaying
i exponential
i l pulse
l off fi
figure ((a)) can bbe expressed
d as

g (t ) = exp(− at )u (t )

15 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.2 The Fourier Transform
the Fourier transform of this pulse is
∞
G ( f ) = ∫ exp ( − att ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
0
∞
∞ eexpp ⎡⎣ −t ( a + j 2π f ) ⎤⎦
=∫ exp ⎡⎣ −t ( a + j 2π f ) ⎤⎦ dt = −
0
( a + j 2π f ) 0

1
=
a + j 2π f

the Fourier-transform pair for the decaying exponential pulse of

figure (a) is therefore
1
exp ( − at ) u ( t ) U
a + j 2π f
16 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.2 The Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.2] Exponential Pulse(cont.)

◊ Ri i exponential
Rising ti l pulse
l off Fi
Fig. (b)
1
g ( t ) = exp ( at ) u ( −t ) expp ( at ) u ( −t ) U
a − j 2π f
0
G( f ) = ∫ exp ( at ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
−∞
0 1
= ∫ exp ⎡⎣t ( a − j 2π f ) ⎤⎦ dt =
−∞ a − j 2π f
◊ The decaying and rising exponential pulses are both
asymmetric functions of time t .
◊ Th i Fourier
Their F i transformsf are therefore
h f complex
l valued.
l d
◊ Truncated decaying and rising exponential pulses have the
same amplitude spectrum,
spectrum but the phase spectrum of the one is
the negative of that of the other.
17 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Fourier--transform Pairs
Fourier

18 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Summary of properties of the Fourier transform

Property Mathematical Description

1 Linearity
1. ag1 ( t ) + bg 2 ( t ) U aG1 ( f ) + bG2 ( f ) ,
a and b are constants.
2. Time scalingg 1 ⎛ f ⎞
g ( at ) U G ⎜ ⎟ where a is constant
a ⎝a⎠
3. Duality If g ( t ) U G ( f ) then G ( t ) U g ( − f )
4. Time shifting g ( t − t0 ) U G ( f ) exp ( − j 2π ft0 )
5. Frequency shifting exp ( j 2π f c t ) g ( t ) U G ( f − f c )
∞
6 A
6. Area under
d g(t)
()
∫ g ( t ) dt = G ( 0 )
−∞
20 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

Property Mathematical Description

7. Area under G ( f ) ∞
g ( 0 ) = ∫ G ( f ) df
−∞

88.Differentiation
Diff i i iin d
g ( t ) U j 2π fG ( f )
the time domain dt
9. Integration
teg at o in tthee t 1 G ( 0)
∫ g (τ ) dτ U G( f )+ δ(f)
time domain −∞ j 2π f 2
10. Conjugate If g ( t ) U G ( f ) then g ∗ ( t ) U G ∗ ( − f )
f ti
functions
11. Multiplication in ∞

the time domain

g1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) U ∫ G1 ( λ )G ( f − λ ) d λ
∞
−∞
∞
12. Convolution in
∫ g1 (τ )g 2 ( t − τ ) dτ U G1 ( f ) G2 ( f )
the time domain −∞
∞ 2 ∞
13. Rayleigh’s
g ( t ) dt = ∫ G ( f ) df
2
energy theorem ∫−∞ −∞
21 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 1：Linearity (Superposition)

Lett g1 (t ) U G1 ( f ) andd g 2 (t ) U G2 ( f ). Then
L Th for
f all
ll constants
t t c1
and c2, we have

c1 g1 ( t ) + c2 g 2 ( t ) U c1G1 + c2G2 ( f )

◊ Proof: the proof of this property follows simply from the

linearity of the integrals defining G( f ) and g(t).

22 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.3] Combinations of Exponential Pulses

Consider a double exponential pulse
⎧exp ( − at ) , t>0
⎪
g ( t ) = ⎨1, t =0
⎪exp ( at ) , t<0
⎩
= exp ( − a t )
Symmetric in time domain.
Spectrum is real and symmetric.

This pulse
Thi l may be b viewed
i d as the
th sum off a truncated
t t d ddecaying
i
exponential pulse and a truncated rising exponential pulse.
1 1 2a
G( f ) = + = 2
a + j 2π f a − j 2π f a + ( 2π f )2
2a
2 a
exp ( − a t ) U 2
a + ( 2π f )
2

23 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.3] Combinations of Exponential Pulses(cont.)

⎧exp ( − at ) , t >0
⎪
g ( t ) = ⎨0,
0 t =0
⎪− exp ( at ) , t<0
⎩

⎧+1, t>0
⎪
sgn ( t ) = ⎨0, t =0
⎪−1, t<0
⎩

g ( t ) = exp ( − a t ) sgn ( t )

24 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.3] Combinations of Exponential Pulses(cont.)

1 1
F ⎣exp ( −a t ) sgn ( t ) ⎦ =
⎡ ⎤ −
a + j 2π f a − j 2π f
− j 4π f
=− 2
a + ( 2π f )
2

− j 4π f
exp ( − a t ) sgn ( t ) U
a + ( 2π f )
2 2

The Fourier transform is odd and purely imaginary.

◊ In general, a real odd-symmetric time function has an odd and
purely
l imaginary function
f as its Fourier transform.
f
25 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 2：Time Scaling Compression of a function in

the time domain is equivalent
1 ⎛ f ⎞
Let g (t ) U G ( f ) . Then g ( at ) U
to the expansion of its Fourier
G⎜ ⎟ transform in the frequency
a ⎝a⎠ domain, or vice versa.

Proof：F ⎡ g ( at ) ⎤ = ∞ τ
◊
⎣ ⎦ ∫ g ( at ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt τ = at → t =
−∞ a
1 ∞ ⎡ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎛ f ⎞
For a > 0 : F ⎡⎣ g ( at ) ⎤⎦ = ∫ g (τ ) exp ⎢ − j 2π ⎜ ⎟τ ⎥ dτ = G ⎜ ⎟
a −∞ ⎣ ⎝a⎠ ⎦ a ⎝a⎠
1 −∞ ⎡ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎤
For a < 0 : F ⎣⎡ g ( at ) ⎦⎤ = ∫ g (τ ) exp ⎢ − j 2π ⎜ ⎟τ ⎥ dτ
a ∞ ⎣ ⎝a⎠ ⎦
1 ∞ ⎡ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎛ f ⎞
= − ∫ g (τ ) exp ⎢ − j 2π ⎜ ⎟τ ⎥ dτ = − G ⎜ ⎟
a −∞∞ ⎣ ⎝a⎠ ⎦ a ⎝a⎠
Q.E.D.
26 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 3：Duality
◊ If g ( t ) U G ( f ), then G ( t ) U g ( − f )
∞
◊ Proof G ( f ) = ∫−∞ g (t )e− j 2π ft dt
∞
g (t ) = ∫ G ( f )e j 2π ft df
−∞
∞
7 t→ f f → t g ( f ) = ∫ G (t )e j 2π ft dt
−∞
∞
g (− f ) = ∫ G (t )e − j 2π ft dt = F{G (t )}
−∞

⎛t ⎞
◊ [Example 2.4] A rect ⎜ ⎟ U AT sinc ( fT ) (2.10)
⎝T ⎠
A ⎛−f ⎞ A ⎛ f ⎞
A sinc ( 2Wt ) U rect ⎜ ⎟ = rect ⎜ ⎟
2W ⎝ 2W ⎠ 2W ⎝ 2W ⎠
27 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 4：Time Shifting

◊ If g ( t ) U G ( f ) , then g ( t − t0 ) U G ( f ) exp ( − j 2π ft0 )

◊ Proof ： Let τ = ( t − t0 )
∞
F ⎡⎣ g ( t − t0 ) ⎤⎦ = ∫ g ( t − t0 ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
−∞
∞
= exp ( − j 2π ft0 ) ∫ g (τ ) exp ( − j 2π f τ ) dτ
−∞

= expp ( − j 2π fft0 ) G ( f )

◊ The amplitude of G( f ) is unaffected by the time shift, but

its phase is changed by the linear factor -2πft0.
28 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 5：Frequency Shifting (Modulation Theorem)

◊ If g ( t ) U G ( f ) , then exp ( j 2π f c t ) g ( t ) U G ( f − f c )
where f c is a real constant
◊ Proof： ∞
F ⎡⎣exp ( j 2π f c t ) g ( t ) ⎤⎦ = ∫ g ( t ) exp ⎡⎣ − j 2π t ( f − f c ) ⎤⎦ dt
−∞
∞

= G ( f − fc )

◊ Multiplication of a function by the factor exp(-2πfct) is

equivalent
q to shifting
g its Fourier transform in the positive
p
direction by the amount fc.

29 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.5] Radio Frequency (RF) Pulse

Consider
C id the
th pulse i l g ( t ) shown
l signal h in
i figure
fi (a)
( ) which
hi h consists
i t off
a sinusoidal wave of amplitude A and frequency f c , extending in
duration from t = -T/2
T/2 to t = T/2.
T/2 This signal is sometimes referred to
as an RF pulse when the frequency f c falls in the radio-frequency
band. The signal g ( t ) of figure (a) may be expressed mathematically
as follows

⎛t ⎞
g ( t ) = A rect ⎜ ⎟ cos ( 2π f c t )
⎝T ⎠

30 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.5] Radio Frequency (RF) Pulse (cont.)

we note that
1
cos ( 2π f c t ) = ⎡⎣exp ( j 2π f c t ) + exp ( − j 2π f c t ) ⎤⎦
2
applying the frequency-shifting
frequency shifting property to the Fourier-transform
Fourier transform
pair, we get the desired result

G( f ) =
AT
2
{ }
sinc ⎡⎣T ( f − f c ) ⎦⎤ + sinc ⎡⎣T ( f + f c ) ⎦⎤

in the special case of fcT>>1,

T>>1 we may use the approximate result
⎧ AT
⎪ 2 sinc ⎡⎣T ( f − f c ) ⎤⎦ , f >0
⎪
G ( f )  ⎨0, f =0
⎪ AT
⎪ sinc ⎣⎡T ( f + f c ) ⎦⎤ , f <0
⎩ 2
31 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.5] Radio Frequency (RF) Pulse (cont.)

The amplitude
Th lit d spectrum
t off the
th RF pulse
l isi shown
h in
i figure
fi (b).
(b) This
Thi
diagram, in relation to figure in page 12, clearly illustrates the
frequency-shifting
frequency shifting property of the Fourier transform.
transform

32 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 6：Area Under g(t)

∞
If g ( t ) U G ( f ) , then ∫−∞ g ( t ) dt = G ( 0 ) Physical meaning for G(0)?
That is, the area under a function g(t) is equal to the value of its
Fourier-transform G( f ) at f =0. This result can be obtained by
putting f =0 in the formula of Fourier transform.
∞
G ( f ) = ∫ g ( t ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
−∞

◊ Property 7：Area Under G( f )

∞
If g ( t ) U G ( f ), then g ( 0 ) = ∫−∞ G ( f ) df
That is,
is the value of a function g(t) at t =0 0 is equal to the area
under its Fourier-transform G( f ). This result can be obtained by
putting t =0 in the formula of inverse Fourier transform.
∞
g ( t ) = ∫ G ( f ) exp ( j 2π ft ) df
−∞

33 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 8：Differentiation in the Time Domain

Lett g ( t ) U G ( f ) , andd assume that
L th t th
the fi
firstt derivative
d i ti off g(t)
( ) iis
Fourier transformable. Then
d
g ( t ) U j 2π f G ( f ) (2.31)
dt
Th t is,
That i differentiation
diff ti ti off a timeti function
f ti g(t) (t) hhas th
the effect
ff t off
multiplying its Fourier transform G( f ) by the factor j2πf. If we
assume that the Fourier transform of the higher higher-order
order derivative
exists, then dn
() ( ) G( f )
n
n
g t U j 2π f
dt
◊ Proof：This result is obtained by taking the first derivative of both
sides of the integral
g defining g the inverse Fourier transform.
∞
g ( t ) = ∫ G ( f ) exp ( j 2π ft ) df
−∞

34 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.6] Gaussian Pulse

◊ We will
W ill derive
d i the th particularti l form f off a pulse
l signal
i l that
th t has
h the
th
same mathematical form as its own Fourier transform.
◊ By differentiating the formula for the Fourier transform G( f )
with respect to f, we have d
∞
G ( f ) = ∫ g ( t ) exp
p ( − j 2π fft ) dt − j 2π tg ( t ) U G ( f )
−∞ df
d d
◊ Add (2.31) g ( t ) U j 2π f G ( f ) plus j times − j 2π tg ( t ) U G( f )
dt dff
dg ( t ) ⎡ dG ( f ) ⎤
+ 2π tg ( t ) U j ⎢ + 2π fG ( f ) ⎥
dt ⎣ df ⎦
dg ( t ) dG ( f )
◊ If = −2π tg ( t ) , then = −2π fG ( f )
dt df

35 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.6] Gaussian Pulse (cont.)

◊ Since the
Si th pulse
l signal
i l g(t)( ) andd it
its F
Fourier
i transform
t f G( f ) satisfy
ti f
the same differential equation, they are the same function, i.e.
G( f ))= g( f ),
) where g( f ) is obtained from g(t) by substituting f
for t.
dg ( t )
◊ Since
dt
= −2π tg ( t ), we can obtain g ( t ) = exp ( )
−π t 2

◊ Thi pulse
This l iis called
ll d a Gaussian
G i P Pulse.
l

exp ( −π t 2 ) dt = 1 exp ( −π t 2 ) U exp ( −π f 2 )

∞
∫−∞

36 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 9：Integration in the Time Domain

◊ L t g ( t ) U G ( f ) . Then
Let Th provided
id d that
th t G(0)=0,
G(0) 0 we have
h
t 1
∫−∞ g (τ ) dτ U j 2π f G ( f ) (2 39)
(2.39)

Proof: d ⎡ t ⎤
g (t ) = ( )
dt ⎢⎣ ∫−∞
◊ g τ dτ
⎥⎦

◊ Applying the time-differentiation property of the Fourier

transform d
x ( t ) U j 2π f X ( f )
d
dt

{
F ⎡⎣ g ( t ) ⎤⎦ = G ( f ) = j 2π f F ∫ g (τ )dτ ⎤
⎡ t

⎢⎣ −∞ }
⎥⎦
37 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.7] Triangular Pulse

◊ consider the doublet pulse g1(t) shown in Fig
Fig. (a).
(a) By
integrating this pulse with respect to time, we obtain the
triangular pulse g2(t).

◊ The doublet pulse of figure (a) is real and odd-symmetric and

its Fourier transform is therefore odd and purely imaginary.
◊ The
h triangular
i l pulse
l off fi
figure (b) iis reall and
d symmetric
i andd its
i
Fourier transform is therefore symmetric and purely real.
38 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.7] Triangular Pulse (cont.)

◊ g1(t)
( ) consists
i t off two
t rectangular
t l pulse:
l
◊ amplitude A, defined for the interval −T ≤ t ≤ 0
◊ Fourier transform: ATsinc( fT ) exp( jπ fT )
◊ amplitude –A, defined for the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T
◊ Fourier transform: − ATsinc( p(− jπ fT
( ffT ) exp( f )
◊ Invoking the linearity property of the Fourier transform of g1 ( t )
G1 ( f ) = AT sinc ( fT ) ⎡⎣exp ( jπ fT ) − exp ( − jπ fT ) ⎤⎦
= 2 jAT sinc ( fT ) sin (π fT ) G1 ( 0 ) = 0
1 i (π fT )
sin
G2 ( f ) = G1 ( f ) = AT sinc ( fT )
j 2π f πf
= AT 2sinc 2 ( fT )
39 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 10：Conjugate Functions

◊ If g ( t ) U G ( f ) , then
th for
f a complex-valued
l l d time
ti function
f ti g(t)
( ) we
have
g ∗ ( t ) U G∗ ( − f )
∞
◊ Proof： g ( t ) = ∫ G ( f ) exp ( j 2π ft ) df
−∞
◊ taking the complex conjugates of both sides yields
∞
g ( t ) = ∫ G ∗ ( f ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) df
∗
−∞
◊ Replacing f with –f gives
−∞ ∞
g ( t ) = − ∫ G ( − f ) exp ( j 2π ft ) df = ∫ G ∗ ( − f ) exp ( j 2π ft ) df
∗ ∗
∞ −∞

◊ Corollary:
y g ∗ ( −t ) U G ∗ ( f )

40 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.8] Real and Imaginary Parts of a Time Function

g ( t ) = Re ⎡⎣ g ( t ) ⎦⎤ + j Im ⎣⎡ g ( t ) ⎦⎤
◊

g ∗ ( t ) = Re ⎡⎣ g ( t ) ⎤⎦ − j Im ⎡⎣ g ( t ) ⎤⎦

1 1
Re ⎣⎡ g ( t ) ⎦⎤ = ⎡⎣ g ( t ) + g ( t ) ⎤⎦
∗
Im ⎡⎣ g ( t ) ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ g ( t ) − g ∗ ( t ) ⎤⎦
2 2j
1
Re ⎡⎣ g ( t ) ⎤⎦ U ⎡⎣G ( f ) + G ∗ ( − f ) ⎤⎦
2
1
Im ⎡⎣ g ( t ) ⎤⎦ U ⎡⎣G ( f ) − G ∗ ( − f ) ⎤⎦
2j
(Im[g(t)]=0)
◊ If g(t) is a real-valued time function, we have G( f )= G*(- f ).
In other words, G( f ) exhibits conjugate symmetry.
41 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 11：Multiplication in the Time Domain

◊ L t g1 ( t ) U G1 ( f ) andd g 2 ( t ) U G2 ( f ).Then
Let Th
∞
g1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) U ∫ G1 ( λ ) G2 ( f − λ ) d λ
−∞

◊ Proof：Let’s denote g1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) U G12 ( f )

∞
G12 ( f ) = ∫ g1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) exp ( − j 2π ft ) dt
−∞

g 2 ( t ) = ∫ G2 ( f ' ) exp ( j 2π f 't ) df '

∞
◊ For g2(t),
) we have:
−∞

g1 ( t ) G2 ( f ' ) exp ⎡⎣ − j 2π ( f − f ' ) t ⎤⎦df ' dt

∞ ∞
G12 ( f ) = ∫ ∫
−∞
∞ −∞
∞

◊ Define: λ= f − f'

G12 ( f ) = ∫ G2 ( f − λ ) ∫ g1 ( t ) exp ( − j 2πλt ) dt ⎤ d λ

⎡
∞ ∞

−∞ ⎢
⎣ −∞ ⎥⎦
42 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ The inner integral is recognized as G1(λ)

∞
G12 ( f ) = ∫ G1 ( λ ) G2 ( f − λ ) d λ Q.E.D.
−∞
◊ This integral is known as the convolution integral expressed in
the
h ffrequency ddomain,i and d the i G12( f ) iis referred
h ffunction f d to as
the convolution of G1( f ) and G2( f ).
◊ Th multiplication
The lti li ti off two
t signals
i l in i th
the ti
time ddomain
i iis
transformed into the convolution of their individual Fourier
transforms in the frequency domain
domain. This property is known as
the multiplication theorem.
Notation:
G12 ( f ) = G1 ( f ) ∗ G2 ( f )
◊

g1 ( t ) g 2 ( t ) U G1 ( f ) ∗ G2 ( f )
G1 ( f ) ∗ G2 ( f ) = G2 ( f ) ∗ G1 ( f )
43 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 12：Convolution in the Time Domain

◊ L t g1 ( t ) U G1 ( f ) andd g 2 ( t ) U G2 ( f ), then
Let th
∞
∫ g1 (τ )g 2 ( t − τ ) dτ U G1 ( f ) G2 ( f )
−∞

◊ Proof： ∞
g12 (t ) = ∫ G1 ( f )G2 ( f )e j 2π fft df
−∞

= ∫ G1 ( f ) ∫ g 2 (u )e − j 2π uf du ⎤e j 2π ft dff
⎡
∞ ∞

−∞ ⎢⎣ −∞ ⎥⎦
Let λ = t − u

= ∫ g 2 ( t − λ ) ∫ G1 ( f )e j 2π f λ df ⎤d λ
⎡
∞ ∞

−∞ ⎢
⎣ −∞ ⎥⎦
∞
= ∫ g1 ( λ ) g 2 ( t − λ )d λ
−∞ Q.E.D.
44 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ We may thus state that the convolution of two signals in the time
domain is transformed into the multiplication of their individual
Fourier transforms in the frequency domain.
◊ This pproperty
p y is known as the convolution theorem.

◊ Property 11 and property 12 are the dual of each other.

◊ Shorthand notation for convolution:

g1 ( t ) ∗ g 2 ( t ) U G1 ( f ) G2 ( f )

45 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Property 13：Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem

(
(Parseval's
l' or Plancharel’s
l h l’ theorem)
h )
◊ Let g(t) be defined over the entire interval -∞<t<∞ and assume its
F i transform
Fourier f G( f ) exists.
i If the
h energy off the
h signal
i l satisfies
i fi
∞ 2
E = ∫ g ( t ) dt < ∞
－∞
then ∞ ∞
∫ g ( t ) dt = ∫ G ( f ) df
2 2

−∞ −∞
◊ |G( f )|2 is defined as the energy spectral density (valid for energy
signal).
◊ For power signal,
signal we define power spectral density S( f ):

∞ 1 T 2
P＝∫ S ( f ) df = lim ∫ g ( t ) dt ( deterministic signal )
−∞ T →∞ 2T −T
46 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Proof: ∞ 2 ∞
E=∫ g ( t ) dt = ∫ g * ( t ) ⋅ g ( t )dt
－∞ －∞

= ∫ g * ( t ) ∫ G ( f ) e j 2π ft df ⎤ dt
⎡
∞ ∞

−∞
∞ ⎢⎣ −∞∞ ⎥⎦

= ∫ G ( f ) ∫ g * ( t ) e j 2π ft dt ⎤ df
⎡
∞ ∞

−∞ ⎢⎣ −∞ ⎥⎦
*
= ∫ G ( f ) ⎡ ∫ g ( t ) e − j 2π ft dt ⎤ df
∞ ∞

−∞ ⎢⎣ −∞ ⎥⎦
∞
= ∫ G ( f ) G * ( f ) df
−∞
∞
= ∫ G ( f ) df
2

−∞

47 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ [Example 2.9] Sinc Pulse (continued)

◊ Consider
C id th
the sinc
i pulse
l A sinc(2Wt).
i (2W ) Th The energy off this
thi pulse
l
equals ∞
E = A ∫ sinc 2 ( 2Wt ) dt
2
−∞

◊ The integral in the right-hand side of this equation is rather

difficult to evaluate.
evaluate
◊ From example 2.4, the Fourier transform of the sinc pulse A
sinc(2Wt) is equal to (A/2W)rect( f /2W). Applying Rayleigh
Rayleigh’ss
energy theorem 2
⎛ A ⎞ ∞ 2⎛ f ⎞
E =⎜ ⎟ ∫−∞ rect ⎜ ⎟df
⎝ 2W ⎠ ⎝ 2W ⎠
2
⎛ A ⎞ W A2
=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2W ⎠
∫−W df = 2W
48 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018
Chapter 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform

◊ Summary of Properties for Fourier Transform

g(t) Real Symmetric Asymmetric Real Valued Real Valued and
Valued and Symmetric Odd Symmetric
G( f ) Conjugate Real Complex Real Valued and Odd and Purely
Spectrum Symmetry Valued Valued Symmetric Imaginary

◊ Compression of a function in the time domain is equivalent to the

expansion of its Fourier transform in the frequency domain, or vice
versa.

49 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018

Marc Ph. Stoecklin — TABLES OF TRANSFORM PAIRS — v1.5.3 2

Table of Continuous-time Frequency Fourier Transform Pairs

R +∞ F R +∞
f (t) = F −1 {F (f )} = −∞ f (t)ej2πf t df ⇐==⇒ F (f ) = F {f (t)} = −∞ f (t)e−j2πf t dt

F
transform f (t) ⇐==⇒ F (f )
F
time reversal f (−t) ⇐==⇒ F (−f ) frequency reversal
F
complex conjugation f ∗ (t) ⇐==⇒ F ∗ (−f ) reversed conjugation
F
reversed conjugation f ∗ (−t) ⇐==⇒ F ∗ (f ) complex conjugation
F
f (t) is purely real ⇐==⇒ F (f ) = F ∗ (−f ) even/symmetry
F
f (t) is purely imaginary ⇐==⇒ F (f ) = −F ∗ (−f ) odd/antisymmetry
F
even/symmetry f (t) = f ∗ (−t) ⇐==⇒ F (f ) is purely real
F
odd/antisymmetry f (t) = −f ∗ (−t) ⇐==⇒ F (f ) is purely imaginary
F
time shifting f (t − t0 ) ⇐==⇒ F (f )e−j2πf t0
F
f (t)ej2πf0 t ⇐==⇒ F (f −
 f0) frequency shifting
F
time scaling f (af ) ⇐==⇒ 1
|a|
F fa
 
1 f F
|a|
f a
⇐==⇒ F (af ) frequency scaling
F
linearity af (t) + bg(t) ⇐==⇒ aF (f ) + bG(t)
F
time multiplication f (t)g(t) ⇐==⇒ F (f ) ∗ G(f ) frequency convolution
F
frequency convolution f (t) ∗ g(t) ⇐==⇒ F (f )G(f ) frequency multiplication
F
delta function δ(t) ⇐==⇒ 1
F
shifted delta function δ(t − t0 ) ⇐==⇒ e−j2πf t0
F
1 ⇐==⇒ δ(f ) delta function
F
ej2πf0 t ⇐==⇒ δ(f − f0 ) shifted delta function
F 2a
two-sided exponential decay e−a|t| a>0 ⇐==⇒ a2 +4π 2 f 2
2 F 2
e−πt ⇐==⇒ e−πf
2 F 1 2
ejπt ⇐==⇒ ejπ( 4 −f )
F j
e−jφ δ (f + f0 ) − ejφ δ (f − f0 )
 
sine sin (2πf0 t + φ) ⇐==⇒ 2
F 1
e−jφ δ (f + f0 ) + ejφ δ (f − f0 )
 
cosine cos (2πf0 t + φ) ⇐==⇒ 2
F j
sine modulation f (t) sin (2πf0 t) ⇐==⇒ 2
[F (f + f0 ) − F (f − f0 )]
F 1
cosine modulation f (t) cos (2πf0 t) ⇐==⇒ 2
[F (f + f0 ) + F (f − f0 )]
F 1
sin2 (t) 2δ(f ) − δ f − π1 − δ f + 1



squared sine ⇐==⇒ 4 π
F 1
cos2 (t) 2δ(f ) + δ f − π1 + δ f + 1



squared cosine ⇐==⇒ 4 π

t

1 |t| 6 T F
rectangular rect T
= 0 |t| > T
2 ⇐==⇒ T sinc T f
2

1 − |t| |t| 6 T

t F
triangular triang T
= T ⇐==⇒ T sinc2 T f
0 |t| > T

1 t > 0 F 1
step u(t) = 1[0,+∞] (t) =  ⇐==⇒ j2πf
+ δ(f )
0 t<0

1 t>0 F 1
signum sgn (t) =  ⇐==⇒ jπf
−1 t<0
 
F 1 f 1
sinc sinc (Bt) ⇐==⇒ B
rect B
= 1
B [− B ,+ B ]
(f )
  2 2
F 1 f
squared sinc sinc2 (Bt) ⇐==⇒ B
triang B

dn F
n-th time derivative dtn
f (t) ⇐==⇒ (j2πf )n F (f )
F 1 dn
n-th frequency derivative tn f (t) ⇐==⇒ (−j2π)n df n
F (f )
1 F −2π|f |
1+t2
⇐==⇒ πe
Chapter 2.4 The Inverse Relationship between
Time and Frequency
◊ The time-domain and frequency-domain description of a
signal are inversely related:
◊ If the time-domain description of a signal is changed, then the
frequency domain description of the signal is changed in an
frequency-domain
inverse manner, and vice versa.
◊ If a signal is strictly limited in frequency,
frequency then the time-domain
description of the signal will trail on indefinitely.
◊ A signal
g is strictlyy limited in frequency
q y or strictlyy band limited if its
Fourier transform is exactly zero outside a finite band of frequencies.
◊ If a signal is strictly limited in time, then the spectrum of the
signal
i l iis infinite
i fi i in i extent.
◊ A signal is strictly limited in time if the signal is exactly zero outside a
finite time interval.

51 Jameel Ahmad Fall 2018