CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I) 3

ONE DAY
REVISION
Revise All the Chapters in a Day
Just Before the Examination...

UNIT 1 : INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD-II

● Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Concept of Nation State The Making of Nationalism in Europe
During the 19th century nationalism emerged as a force ● There were no nation-states in the mid-18th century
in Europe. It brought about sweeping changes in the Europe.
political and mental world of Europe which resulted in ● Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into

emergence of the nation-state. kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had
Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist drew a series of four their autonomous territories. They did not see
prints which depicted his dream of a world made up of themselves as sharing a collective unity or a common
‘Democratic and Social Republics’ in 1848. culture.
Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
The French Revolution ● Aristocracy, was a small group but it was the dominant
and the Idea of Nation class in the continent. They owned estates and
● The first idea of nationalism came with the French property.
Revolution in 1789. ● Due to industrialisation the new social groups of
● The French Revolutionaries introduced various working class and middle class population, including
measures and practices and introduced the ideas like, industrialists, businessmen, professionals came into
la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) existence.
amongst the French people.
Liberal Nationalism
● A centralised administrative system and a uniform law
● In the early 19th century, ideas of national unity were
for all citizens was introduced.
closely related to the ideology of liberalism.
Napoleonic Code ● For the new middle classes, liberalism meant freedom
● Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principle by for individual and equality of all before law.
introducing the Civil Code of 1804, which was known ● In France, the right to vote and to get elected was
as Napoleonic Code. granted exclusively to persons who owned property.
ONE DAY REVISION

● This civil code removed all privileges based on birth, ● In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the
established equality before law and secured the right freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed
to property. It abolished the feudal system and freed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. It ● In 1834, a Customs Union or Zollverein was formed by
simplified administrative divisions, removed guild
Prussia and accepted by most of the German state.
system, improved transport and communication
system, introduced standardised weights and ● The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the
measures and common national currency. number of currencies from over thirty to two.
 4 CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I)

A New Conservatism After 1815 ● The conditions of the workers in town was extreme. In
● Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European 1845, there was a revolt of weavers in Silesia village
governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. against the contractors.
● Conservatism stressed on the importance of tradition, ● In 1848, population of Paris revolted due to food
established institutions and customs and preferred shortage and widespread unemployment. Barricades
gradual development to quick change. were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
● The European powers like Britain, Russia, Prussia and
● As a result, a National Assembly proclaimed a republic
Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon met at and granted suffrage to adult males above 21 and
Vienna and signed up the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. guaranteed them the right to work. National workshop
were set-up to provide employment.
The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor
Duke Metternich and they drew up the Treaty of ● It was because the contractors supplied raw material
Vienna of 1815. to weaver and reduced their payments.
● The major outcomes of the treaty are the Bourbon ● As a result, suffrage (right to vote) was granted to
dynasty restored power, France lost all the territories, males above 21 by the National Assembly. This gave
annexed by Napoleon and a series of states were set them the right to work.
up on the boundaries of France to prevent its 1848 : The Revolution of the Liberals
expansion in future. ● In Germany, Italy, Poland and Austro-Hungarian
● The main intention of Congress was to restore the empire demanded for constitutionalism with national
monarchies that has been overthrown by Napoleon unification. The liberal took advantage of the growing
and create a new conservative order in Europe. popular unrest to push their demands for the creation
The Revolutionaries of nation-state.
● The liberal nationalists opposed monarchial forms that ● In 1848 France, Germany, Italy, Poland etc demanded
had been established after Vienna Congress and fight for a nation state based on Constitution, freedom of the
for liberty and freedom. press and freedom of association.
● In Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini became a May Revolution
member of Secret Society and founded two ● On 18th May, 1848, 831 elected representatives
underground societies, viz, Young Italy and Young assembled in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a
Europe. Constitution for German nation. According to this
● He was described as ‘the most dangerous enemy of Constitution, the nation was to be headed by a
our social order’. monarchy under a parliamentary control.
● The highest position was offered to Friedrich Wilhelm
The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848
IV (King of Prussia), but he rejected it and joined other
● Liberalism and nationalism was associated with the monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
revolution in many regions of Europe such as the ● The Parliament also lost its support as demands of
Italian and German states, the provinces of Ottoman
workers and artisans were ignored and the assembly
Empire, Ireland and Poland. These revolutions were
was disbanded.
led by liberal nationalists.
● The first upheaval took place in France in Issue of Political Rights to Women
July 1830. The Bourbon kings were overthrown by ● Women were not given any political rights so large
liberal revolutionaries, who installed Louis Philippe as number of women participated actively in the liberal
the constitutional monarch. movements to demand for their rights.
● There was a struggle for independence in Greece and ● They formed their own political associations, founded
the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised newspaper and took actively in political meeting and
Greece as an independent nation. demonstrations.

The Romantic Imagination The Making of Germany and Italy

ONE DAY REVISION

and National Feeling After 1848, nationalist sentiments were widespread in

● Romanticism was a cultural movement that tried to Germany and Italy which led to their unification.
create a sense of a shared collective heritage as a ● Otto von Bismarck aimed to achieve the unification

basis of a nation. with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.

● Some countries like Poland kept nationalist feeling alive
● Prussian victory in three wars with Austria, Denmark

through music and language. The clergies in Poland and France ended and completed the process of its
used Polish language for religious instruction. unification.
● Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck along with princes
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
● The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in
of German states, representatives of the army,
Prussian ministers declared the new German Empire
Europe. There was enormous increase in population all
on 18th January, 1871. It was headed by Kaiser
over the Europe. William I of Prussia.
CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I) 5

● Newly formed state, Germany emphasised on modernising the ● Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United
currency, banking, legal and judicial systems. Kingdom of Britain in 1801.
● Italy was divided into seven states of which only ● The symbols of the new Britain were the British

Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely state. flag (Union Jack), the National Anthem (God
● Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, Giuseppe save our Nobel King) and the English language.
Garibaldi took responsibilities to unite Italy. Due to their effort
Visualising the Nation
Italy was united in 1861.
● Artists in the 18th and 19th century started to
● In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of
personify nations as female figures.
United Italy.
● These female figures became known as allegory
● The states of Tuscany, Modena, Parma and the Papal were
of nations, viz in France, Marianne was the
joined with Sardinia.
allegory and in Germany, Germania was the
● The final unification of Italy was achieved in 1871 and Rome allegory.
became a part of Sardinia.
The Strange Case of Britain
Nationalism and Imperialism
● A large part of the Balkans was under the
● There was no British nation prior to the 18th century.
controls of the Ottoman Empire.
● In 1688, England was established as a Nation-state. English ● Each European power i.e. Germany, Russia,
Parliament seized power from Monarchy.
England, Austro-Hungary wanted to extend their
● The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland control over the Balkans. This led to series of
resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great war and finally the First World War.
Britain. By this Act, Scotland was incorporated in England.

UNIT 2 : CONTEMPORARY INDIA-II

● Resources and Development

Resource — Individual resources are owned privately by
Everything available in our environment that can be used individuals, e.g. plantation, pasture land,
to satisfy our needs, which is technologically accessible, farmland, etc.
— Community owned resources are equally
economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be
termed as resource. accessible to all the members of the community,
e.g. grazing ground, burial grounds, etc.
Types of Resource
— National resources are under the control of
Resources can be classified on the basis of origin, nation, e.g. canal, roadways, railways, etc.
exhaustibility, ownership and the status of development. — International resource are international
● On the basis of origin, resources are of two types,
institutions which regulate some resources like
viz., biotic resources and abiotic resources. the oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles
— Biotic resources are obtained from biosphere and
of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to
have life, i.e.; human beings, livestock, flora and open ocean which cannot be used by
fauna, fisheries etc. any country without the permission of
— Abiotic resources are composed of non-living international institutions.
things, e.g. rocks and metals. ● On the basis of the status of development,
● On the basis of exhaustibility, resources are resources are potential, developed, stocks and
renewable and non-renewable. reserves.
ONE DAY REVISION

— Renewable resources can be renewed or — Potential resources are those resources which

reproduced by applying physical, chemical or are found in a region, but not yet have been
mechanical process e.g. solar energy, wind energy, utilised.
forest, water, wildlife, etc. — Developed resources are surveyed and their

— Non-renewable resources are formed through quality and quantity is determined for utilisation
long geological time period and cannot be renewed e.g. coal and petroleum.
easily, e.g. minerals, metals and fossil fuels. — Stock Material in the environment which have the

● On the basis of ownership, resources are individual, potential to satisfy human need but human being
community owned, national and international do not have appropriate technology to access
resources. these are known as stock, e.g. hydrogen in
water.
 6 CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I)

— Reserves are subset of stock which can used by Conservation of Resources

technical know-how, but their use has not been ● Resources are vital for any developmental activity. To
started, e.g. river water. overcome the problems of irrational consumption and
Development of Resources over-utilisation of resources, resource conservation at
various levels is important.
● Resources are vital for human survival and for
maintaining quality of life. But over utilisation of ● At international level, resource conservation was
resources has led to the serious global problems like advocated in 1968 at Club of Rome and in 1987, the
global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental Brundtland Commission Report extensively
pollution and land degradation. mentioned the necessity of resources.
● An equal distribution of resources therefore, is Land Resources
essential for a sustained quality of life and global ● Land is a very important natural resource. It is limited,
peace. This can be achieved through sustainable
so, it needs to be used with careful planning.
development and resource planning.
● Indian’s geographical area compries of variety of relief
Sustainable Development features i.e. 43 per cent plain land area for agriculture
Sustainable economic development means and industries, 27 per cent plateau which source of
‘development should take place without damaging the mineral, fossil fuels and forest and 30 per cent of
environment, and development in the present, should mountains.
not compromise with the needs of the future
generations. Land Utilisation
Land resource are used for the many purposes such as
Rio De Janeiro Summit, 1992
Forests, Land not available for cultivation, Other
● The first International Earth Summit was held in Rio De
uncultivated land, Fallow lands, Net sown area.
Janeiro in June 1992.
● The summit addressed the problems of environmental
Land Use Pattern in India
protection and socio-economic development. ● The use of land is determined by physical factors like
climate, soil type, topography etc as well as human
Agenda 21 factors like population density, technological
● It is a declaration signed at the United Nations
capability and culture and traditions, etc.
Conference on Environment and Development ● Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km.
(UNCED) in 1992 at Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Out of this, the land under permanent pasture has
● It aims to combat environmental damage, poverty,
decreased.
disease through global co-operation, etc. It also aims ● In India, land use data is available for only 93 per cent
that every local government should draw its own local of total area.
Agenda-21.
● Between 1960-61 and 2014-2015 major changes took
Resource Planning place in land use pattern in India. For example,
— Most of the other than current fallow lands are of
● Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious
use of resources. poor quality and their cost of cultivation is very
● Resource planning is essential for sustainable high. The pattern of net sown area varies greatly
development in India because some regions are rich from one state to another.
— Forest area in India is far lower than the desired
in one resources but are deficient in other resources.
33% of geographical area.
Resource Planning in India — Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas

● Complex process of resource planning in India is and land put to other non-agricultural uses
divided into three stages, e.g. identification and includes settlements, roads, railways, industry, etc.
inventory of resources, planning for resource
Land Degradation and
development, matching the resource development
ONE DAY REVISION

Conservation Measures
plans with overall national development plans.
● It is a common problem associated with land
● India has made concerted efforts for achieving the
resources which is accelerated today because of
goals of resources planning right from the First Five
human activities like deforestation, overgrazing and
Year Plan launched after Independence.
mining.
Resources and Colonisation ● Natural factors like water and wind cause erosion of
● Rich natural resources of colonies were the main
top soil.
attractions for foreign invaders. ● Mineral processing is also responsible for land
● Technological development of the colonising countries
degradation.
helped them to exploit resources of the colonised ● Measures to reduce land degradation are
regions. afforestation, controlled grazing, stabilisation of sand
dunes etc.
CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I) 7

Soil as a Resource Laterite Soils

● Soil is a living system and supports different types ● Laterite soil develops in tropical and sub-tropical climate

of living organisms. with alternative wet and dry season.

● It is the most important renewable natural resource. ● It is found mostly in Western Ghats region of

Classification of Soils Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and

North-East regions.
On the basis of factors responsible for soil formation,
colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and Arid Soils
● Arid Soil is found in dry areas. In some areas, common
physical properties, the soils of India are classified
as follows salt is obtained in this soil due to evaporation of water.
● It can be useful for cultivation only with suitable irrigation
Alluvial Soils
● It has been deposited by three important
methods as in case of Western Rajasthan.
Himalayan river systems i.e. the Indus, the Ganges Forest Soils
and the Brahmaputra. ● Forest soil is found in hilly and mountainous areas where

● Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are

sufficient rain forests are available.
ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat, etc. ● It is found in lower parts of valleys particularly on the river
Black Soils terraces.
● Black soil is also known as black cotton soil or Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
regur soil.
Soil erosion is the removal of the soil cover and
● It is found in the Deccan trap (Basalt) region and is
subsequent washing down of top soil.
made up of lava flows. ● The process of soil formation and erosion go on
● It is well-known for their capacity in hold moisture.
simultaneously and there is a balance between the two
● Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and process.
lime. ● The balance is disturbed due to natural and human

Red and Yellow Soils causes.

● It is red in colour due to diffusion of iron particles ● Erosion through wind, glacier and water are natural
into crystalline and metamorphic rocks in low causes.
rainfall areas of the Deccan plateau (Eastern and ● Human has contributed more towards soil erosion due to

Southern parts). deforestation, faulty methods of agriculture, overgrazing,

● It is found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, construction and mining, etc.
Southern parts of Middle Ganga Plain and along ● Contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping,

the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. shelter belts can prevent soil erosion.

● Agriculture
Agriculture is a primary activity in which almost Cropping Pattern
two-third of India’s population is engaged. ● India has three cropping seasons such as Rabi,
Kharif and Zaid.
Types of Farming
● Some rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and
● There are various types of farming in India such as
mustard. Major kharif crops are paddy, maize, jowar,
primitive subsistence farming, intensive subsistence
bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and
farming, commercial farming, plantations etc.
soyabean. Some zaid crops are watermelon,
● Primitive subsistence farming is carried out by the muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
small farmers with the help of primitive tools. ● A variety of food and non food crops are grown
ONE DAY REVISION

● Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas indifferent parts of India. These depend upon the
where there is high population pressure on land. variations in soil, climate and cultivation practices.
● The agricultural practice on large scale by using
Major Crops
modern technology to earn good income from
agriculture is called Commercial Farming. ● Food crops include grains and leguminous crops like
● Commercial farming is done by using High Yielding rice, wheat, millets, maize, pulses.
Variety (HYV) seeds, good irrigation facilities, chemical ● Rice is the major staple food crop of a majority of the
fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, etc. people in India. Wheat is the second most important
cereal crop.
 8 CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I)

● Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown Contribution of Agriculture to the National
in India. Maize is a crop which is used both as food Economy, Employment and Output
and fodder. India is the largest producer and ● As per a survey done in 2010-11 around 52% of the

consumer of pulses in the world. Indian population is dependent on agriculture for

● India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses sustenance.
in the world. ● When share of agriculture declines in GDP, it leads to a

Food Crops Other than Grains decline in other spheres of the economy.
● To improve Indian agriculture, the Government of India
● Other food crops are sugarcane, oilseeds, beverage

crops like tea, coffee and horticulture crops. made efforts to modernise agriculture. For this the
● Sugarcane is a tropical crop. Main oil seeds
government established Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary
produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut,
services and animal breeding centres, horticulture
sesamum, soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds,
development, research and development in the field of
linseed and sunflower.
meteorology and weather forecast.
● Tea and coffee are example of plantation crops.

● Horticulture crops include the cultivation of both Food Security

fruits and vegetables. Important vegetable produces ● The government has designed National Food Security
in India are pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, System to ensure the food security to every citizen.
tomato, brinjal and potato. Important fruits grow in ● It consists of two components

India are mango, orange, banana, pineapple, grape, — Buffer stock and
lichi, guava, apple pear, apricot, walnut, etc. — Public Distribution System (PDS)

Non-Food Crops ● Food Corporation of India (FCI) is responsible for

● Non-food crops include fibre crops like cotton, jute. procuring and stocking foodgrains, whereas,
● Rubber is also a non-food crop. Rubber is an distribution is ensured by Public Distribution System
important industrial raw material and mainly grown in (PDS).
Kerala. ● PDS is a programme whch provides foodgrains and

● Fibre Crops cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are other essential ccommodities at subsidised prices in
the major fibre crops grown in India. rural and urban areas.
● Cotton is one of the major raw materials for cotton ● The primary objective of National Food Security are

textile industry. Its growth is good in drier parts of — Ensure availability of foodgrains to the common

deccan plateau. people at an affordable price.

● Jute is known as the golden fibre. It grows well in — Poor should have access to food.

well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains. — Growth in agricultural production.

— Fixing the support price for procurement of wheat

Technological and
and rice to maintain their stocks.
Institutional Reforms
● The Government of India in 1960s to 1970s Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture
introduced some agricultural reforms to improve ● Globalisation has also adversely impacted Indian

Indian agriculture like Green Revolution and White agriculture as the farmers in India are exposed to high
Revolution. competition from farmers of the developed countries.
● Major institutional reforms like land reforms and ● Our farmers are not able to compete with them on

collectivisation were introduced in India from the first prices of major commodities like rice, cotton, rubber,
Five Year Plan. tea, coffee, jute and spices.
● Government of India has initiated land development ● If India changes its cropping pattern i.e. if India imports
programmes and schemes like Kisan Credit Card cereals while exporting high value commodities, it
ONE DAY REVISION

(KCC), weather bulletins and programmes on radio will be following successful economics like Italy, Israel
and television, etc for the benefits of the farmers. and Chile.
● Government also announced Minimum Support ● Gene revolution and organic farming are new
Price (MSP), remunerative and procurement prices dimensions in Indian agriculture that is based on
for various agricultural products. innovative technology.
CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I) 9

UNIT 3 : DEMOCRATIC POLITICS-II

● Power Sharing
Power sharing among the three organs of state viz, Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
Legislature, Executive and Judiciary is very ● The Sinhala community of Sri Lanka dominated the
important for proper functioning of the democracy. minority Tamil people and practised majoritarian policy.
Belgium ● In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the
only official language.
● Belgium is a small federal state in Western Europe
having complex ethnic composition. ● The government followed preferential policies that
favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and
● The minority French speaking community (40%) was
government jobs.
relatively rich and powerful while the Dutch-speaking
community (59%) got the benefit of development ● The state protect and promote Buddhism.
and education much later. ● All these measures increased gradually the feeling of
● The capital of Belgium is Brussels, where 80% alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils.
people speak French, while 20% speak Dutch ● The Sri Lankan Tamils demanded regional autonomy
language. and equality of opportunity in securing education and
● The social disparity led to tensions between Dutch jobs and also to recognise Tamil as an official language.
and French speaking communities during the 1950s ● But their demand was repeatedly denied. By the 1980s
and 1960s. they organised many political organisation like LTTE
Accommodation in Belgium (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) and the conflict turned
into a Civil War.
● Between 1970s and 1993, the Constitution of
Belgium was amended four times. Why Power Sharing is Desirable?
● The Constitution suggests that the number of Dutch ● Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of

and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the the political order. It reduces the possibility of conflict
Central Government of Belgium. between social groups. This is termed as Prudential
● The State Governments are not subordinate to the reason.
Central Government. ● Power sharing is the spirit of democracy, people have a

● Brussels has a separate government, in which both right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
the Dutch and French-speaking people have equal This is termed as Moral reason.
representation. Forms of Power Sharing
● Apart from the State and Central Government, there is
● In modern democracy, power sharing arrangements can
a third kind of government; community government in
take many forms like horizontal distribution of power and
Belgium which has the power regarding cultural,
vertical distribution of power.
educational and language related issues.
● Horizontal distribution of power ensures that none of

Sri Lanka the organs, i.e. legislature, executive and judiciary can
Sri Lanka is an island nation in the Indian Ocean. It exercise unlimited power.
has a diverse population of about 2 crore people with ● In vertical division of power there are different levels of
74% Sinhala Speakers and 18% Tamil Speakers. government and the powers are divided among them. It
Tamils have two subgroups namely is also known as federal division of power. It is found
● Sri Lankan Tamils Tamil natives of Sri Lanka are both in India and Belgium but not in Sri Lanka.
● In Belgium, leaders took a different path of power
called Sri Lankan Tamils who constitute 13% of the
population and are concentrated in the North and sharing. After amending their Constitution, they
ONE DAY REVISION

East of Sri Lanka. developed the concept of community government apart

● Most of Sinhala Speaking people are Buddhist, from State and Central Government.
● Power is shared among different organs of government,
while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims.
● Indian Tamils The Tamilians whose forefathers among governments at different levels, among different
came from India as plantation workers during social groups and can also be seen in the way political
colonial rule and settled in Sri Lanka are called parties, pressure groups and movements control or
Indian Tamils. They constitute 5% of the population. influence those in power.
 10 CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I)

● Federalism
What is Federalism? — The Union List contains subjects of national
● Federalism is a system of government in which the importance. Like defence, foreign affairs, banking,
power is divided between a central authority and communications and currency.
— State List contains subjects of state and local
various constituent units of the country.
● A federal system is distinct from a unitary system. importance. Like police, trade, commerce,
Unitary system has either one level of government or agriculture and irrigation.
— Concurrent List has subject of common interest
sub units which are subordinates to the Central
Government. to both the Union and the State Government. Like
education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption
Key Features of Federations and succession.
● There are two levels of government in a federation and ● The subjects which do not include in any three lists
both enjoy independent power of each other. and subjects like computer software that came up
● Different tiers of government govern the same citizens,
after the Constitution was made are known as
but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters Residuary subject. Only Union Government can
of legislation, taxation and administration. make laws on the residuary subjects.
● The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot
Power Sharing Between
be changed by one level of government. Union and State Governments
● The jurisdictions of the respective levels of
● Our Constitution determines the extent of the sharing
government are specified in the constitution. Thus, the
of power between Union and State Government and it
existence and authority of each level or tier of
is the basic structures of the Constitution.
government is constitutionally guaranteed.
● Any change to it has to be first passed by both the
● Judiciary prevents conflic t between centre and
Houses of Parliament with at least two thirds majority.
regional government in the exercise of their powers.
Then it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least
● Sources of revenue for each level of government are
half of the total states.
clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy. ● The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the
● The federal system has dual objectives, i.e., to
implementation of constitutional provision and
safeguard and promote unity of the country and also procedures.
to accommodates regional diversity. ● In case of any dispute about the division of powers,

Types of Federations the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a
● Federations are of two types: coming together decision.
federations and holding together federations. How is Federalism Practised?
● USA, Switzerland and Australia has formed a
Our Constitution did not give the status of national
federation of ‘coming together’ type while India, Spain
and Belgium by ‘holding together’ type. language to any language, though Hindi and English
● In coming together federations, all the constituent
were identified as the official language.
states usually have equal power and are strong Linguistic States
vis-a-vis the federal government. ● The creation of linguistic states was the first and a

● In holding together federations, the Central Government

major test for democratic politics in our country.
tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states. ● Some states were created not on the basis of

What Makes India a Federal Country? language but to recognise differences based on
culture, ethnicity or geography.
India is a federal country. The Constitution declared
India as a union of states. The Indian Union is based on Language Policy
ONE DAY REVISION

the principles of federalism. ● Language Policy was the second test for the Indian

Two-Tier System of Government federation to any language.

● The Indian Constitution did not give the status of
The Constitution originally provides a two-tier system of
national languages to any language.
government : the Union and the State Governments.
● Hindi was identified as the official language and
Three-Tier System of Government besides it there are 22 scheduled languages in the
● Later a third-tier of federalism in the form of
Indian Constitution.
Panchayats and Municipalities was added.
Centre-State Relations
— The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold
● Restructuring the Centre-State Relations is one more
distribution of legislative powers between the
Union Government and the State Government. It way in which federalism has been strengthened in
contains three lists. practice.
CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I) 11

● Since, no single party got a clear majority in the Lok ● Each village or group of villages has a Gram Panchayat
Sabha, major national parties had to enter into an which consists of several ward members (Panchs) and
alliance with many parties including several regional a President (Sarpanch).
parties, to form a government at the centre. ● Panchayat works under the supervision of Gram Sabha.

● It led to a new culture of power sharing and respect

● A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form

for the autonomy of State Governments. a Panchayat Samiti.

● To follow the true spirit of federalism, respect for
Zilla Parishad
diversity in our country is very necessary.
● All the Panchayat Samitis in a district together

Decentralisation in India constitute the Zilla (district) Parishad.

● When power is taken away from Central and State ● The Chairperson of Zilla Parishad is its political head.

government and given to local government, it is Municipalities

called decentralisation. ● Municipalities are set up in towns. In big cities
● Decentralisation was done so that a large number of
Municipal Corporations are set up. Both are controlled
problems could be settled at the local level. by elected bodies consisting people’s representatives.
Local Government ● Municipal chairperson is the political head of the
● The local government includes panchayats in villages municipality. In a Municipal Corporation, the head is
and municipalities in urban areas. known as Mayor.
● The local government includes panchayats in villages Constitutional Status
and municipalities in urban areas whose election is for Local Government
carried out by the State Election Commission. ● Constitutional status for local government has helped to

Panchayati Raj System deepen democracy in our country as well.

● But most state governments have not transferred
● In India rural local government is popularly known as

Panchayati Raj. significant powers to the local government.

UNIT 4 : ECONOMICS
● Development
Meaning of Development National Development
● Development refers to the all round ● It refers to the ability of a nation to improve standard of
development of a country such as freedom, living of its citizens.
participative involvement, economic equality, ● The individuals have different goals and their motive of
security, life with dignity and good standard of national development is also likely to different. Their goals
living. can also be conflicting.
● Development involves desires or aspirations
Comparison of Countries or States
about what would we like to do or how would
like to live. Countries are compared on the basis of income earned.
Different People and Different Goals Comparison Through National Income
● Different persons can have different ● Simple method for comparing development of different
developmental goals which may not be similar nations is total income or national income.
or may even be conflicting. ● However it does not provide clear idea about the
● Development for one may not be development development of a country because the population of each
country is different. So, we use average income or per
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for another. It may be destructive to other.

capita income to compare different countries.
Income and Other Goals
Comparison Through Per Capita Income
● Income is considered as the most important ● Average or per capita income is obtained by dividing the
component of development as it can be material
total income by the population of the country to compare
goods and services. different countries.
● Earning high income is a goal for development. ● World Bank Publishes World Development Report (WDR)
But it is not the only goal. Apart from income, every year to compare the nations and the basis of per
people also consider other goals for capita income.
development like equal treatment, freedom,
security and respect of others. Thus, for
● World Bank classifies countries on the basis of per capita
development they look at a mix of goals. income.
 12 CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I)

— Rich countries except middle East countries are ● Human Development Report (HDR) compares
called developed countries. countries based on three criterias, viz, Living Standard
— India is in category of low middle income country. (per capita income), Health Status (life expectancy)
and Educational levels of people (Literary rate and
Income and Other Criteria years of schooling).
● Human Development Index (HDI) is considered as
the best criteria to compare the level of development Sustainability of Development
in different countries. ● Overuse and excessive exploitation of natural
● Various aspects of developments are per capita resources for development has created the
income, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net degradation of environment and forced us to think
attendance ratio of students in schools. about sustainable development. This means careful
use of resources so that they are available for the
Public Facilities future generation also.
● States where adequate public facilities are provided ● Some region of Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh,
have more progress. Public facilities include good Central and South India overuse ground water which
basic health and educational facilities, good Public will create problem in future.
Distribution System (PDS). ● Scientists, economists, philosophers and social
● Body Mass Index (BMI) is an international standard scientists are working together to find ways of
used to determine whether an adult person is sustainable development.
undernourished or not.

● Sectors of Indian Economy

Sectors of Economic Activites ● Goods and services are of two types
— Final goods and services mean those goods and
● The activities which are undertaken with the objective to
earn money are called Economic activities. services that are directly consumed by the
● On the basis of nature of activity, primary, secondary consumers and are not meant for further
and tertiary are sectors of economic activities. production and processing.
— Intermediate goods and services mean those
Primary Sector goods and services that are used for further
● Primary sector includes activities which are associated production on processing.
with the extraction and production by directly using ● GDP is the sum of the value of final goods and
natural resources. services produced by these three sectors during a
● This includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and particular year.
extraction of oil and gas. It is also called agricultural
and related sector. Historical Change in Sectors
In the initial stages of development, Primary sector
Secondary Sector becomes important for a country, later it is replaced by
● Secondary sector includes activities which are Secondary and finally by Tertiary.
associated with processing and manufacturing.
Whereas tertiary activities provide services. Primary, Secondary
● For example, Yarn and cloth weaving from cotton fibre, and Tertiary Sector in India
sugar or gur from sugarcane, etc. During last 40 years, Tertiary sector in India emerged as
● The development in secondary sector becomes an important sector as its contribution in GDP has
associated with different kinds of industries, thus it is increased to many folds.
called industrial sector. Rising Importance of the
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Tertiary Sector Tertiary Sector in Production

● Tertiary sector includes those activities which help in ● Tertiary sector has replaced the primary sectors as
the development of primary and secondary sectors. largest producing sector.
● For example, transport service, storage service, ● The main reasons for this are
communication banking service and so on. — Demands for basic services have increased like

hospitals, educational institutions, postal services,

Comparing the Three Sectors banks etc.
● These primary, secondary and tertiary activities are — Greater development in Primary and Secondary

interdependent on each other, as the goods and sectors has induced demand for service sector
services produced in one is used in the other sectors growth like transport, trade, storage etc.
also.
CBSE Sample Paper Social Science Class 10th (Term I) 13

— Due to globalisation, certain new services have ● These enterprises and registered by government and
entered Indian market like information technology follow the rules set by the government.
and communication technology.
Unorganised Sector
● However, not all of the service sector is growing ● This sector is characterised by small and scattered
equally. Services that employ highly skilled and
units which are unregistered and do not follow
educated people are growing.
government rules and regulations.
Employment of People in Different Sectors ● A large fraction of India’s working population is
● The data of 40 years i.e. 1977-78 to 2017-18 show’s engaged in unorganised sector. They are deprived of
that still the primary sector is the largest employer as various facilities enjoyed by organised sector such as
compared secondary and tertiary sectors. proper wages, healthy working conditions, etc.
● The share of employment for primary sector, Protection of Workers
secondary sector and tertiary sector is 44%, 25% in Unorganised Sector
and31% respectively. ● There are many groups of vulnerable people who
● Underemployment or disguised unemployment is need protection in the unorganised sector.
largely prevalent in India, particularly in agriculture. ● In rural areas farmers can be supported through
Creating More Employment adequate facilities for timely delivery of seeds,
agricultural inputs, credit, storage etc.
● Some important steps can be taken to reduce
unemployment. These are providing bank loans to the ● In urban areas the small scale industries can be
agriculturists, creating employment by constructing protected by governments support for procuring raw
dams, roads and canals. materials and marketing of output.
● Setting up small scale industries (rice, mill, dal mill, ● Protection and support to farmers and workers are
honey collection centres, food processing industries, necessary for economic and social development.
cold storage etc.), improvement in education, health
Sectors in Terms of Ownership
and tourism sector.
In terms of ownership, there are public and private
● To solve this problem, employment generation has
sectors.
always been a major goal of government. MGNREGA
2005 was one of the major steps taken in this regard. Public Sector
● Public sector enterprises are owned by government.
Division of Sectors as
Organised and Unorganised
● The public sector has welfare motive so it provides
essential goods and services at cheap prices to the
On the basis of the working conditions or how people are poor people.
employed, sectors of economy are divided into
organised and unorganised sectors. Private Sector
● Private sector enterprises are owned by individual and
Organised Sector
groups of individuals.
● It covers those enterprises or places of work where
● The private sector has profit motive.
workers are given regular employment.
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