LEIA ET ed PHYSICS B. Bukhovtsev, V. Krivchenkov, G. Myakishev, V. Shalnov v—<~ ce cBs liesas CBS Publishers & Distribut ributors JE DITION Ty eye5. B. Byxosyes, B Kpusvenxos, T. A. Maxuwes, B. 1. Wascnoe CBOPHHK 3AAU MO S3VIEMEHTAPHOA ®H3HKE MSATEADCTBO «HAYKA> MOCKBA This collection of 816 problems is based on the textbook “Elementary Physics” edited by Academician G. S. Landsberg. For this reason the content and nature of the problems and their arrangement mainly conform with this textbook. There is no section devoted to “Atomic Physics”, however, since the exercises in Landsberg’s book illustrate the relevant material in sufficient detall. Some problems on this aubject have been included in other chapters. The problems, most of which are unique, require a funda- mental knowledge of the basic laws of physics, and the ability to apply them in the most diverse conditions. A number of prob- lems in the book have been revised from those used at the annual contests organized by the Physics faculty of the Moscow Uni- versity. The solutions of all the difficult problema are given in great detail. Solutions are also given for some of the simpler ones. The book is recommended for self-education of senior pupils of general and special secondary and technical schools. Many problems will be useful for first and second year students of higher schools. Ha anzsullcxom asuxePROBLEMS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSICS B. BUKHOVTSEV, V. KRIVCHENKOV, G. MYAKISHEV, V. SHALNOV Translated from the Russian by A. Troitsky Translattun edited by G. Leb CBS CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS NEW DELHI » BANGALOREFirst published 1971 Second printing 1978 ISBN : 81-239-1014-2 Translated from the Russian by A. Troitsky Translation edited by G. Leib First Edition : 1971 Second Printing : 1978 First Indian Reprint : 2003 6g This edition has been published in India by arrangement with Mir Publishers, Moscow Copyright © English translation, Mir Publishers, 1978 For sale in India only All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by : Satish Kumar Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1-A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 10 002 (India) E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://www.cbspd.com Branch Office : Seema House, 2975, 17th Cross, K.R. Road, Bansankari 2nd Stage, Bangalore - 560070 Fax : 080-6771680 * E-mail : [email protected] Printed at : Asia Printograph, Shahdara, Delhi - 110 05:CONTENTS Chapter !. Mechanics. 2. 6... 2. ee eee eee 1-1, Kinematics of Uniform Rectilinear Motion 1-2. Kinematics of Non-Uniform and Uniformly Rectilinear Motion ....... 1-3. Dynamics of Rectilinear Motion - 1-4. The Law of Conservation of Momentum 15. Statics 2... ee ee oe . 1-6. Work and Energy. 2 1. ee ee ee ee 1-7, Kinematics of Curvilinear Motion. .......- 1-8. Dynamics of Curvilinear Motion ....-...- 1-9. The Law of Gravitation»... 2... ee eee 1-10. Hydro- and Aerostatics 2.2... ee ee eee I-l, Hydro- and Aerodynamics... ....2--4- Chapter 2. Heat. Molecular Physics... 1... ee ee 2-1. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids... . . 2-2, The Law of Conservation of Energy. Thermal Con- ductivity 2-3, Properties 2-4, ties of Liquids . 2.5. Mate Conversion of Liquids and Solids . 2-6. Elasticity and Strength... .. see 2-7, Properties of Vapours . 2... ...----- Chapter 3. Electricity and Magnetism... 6... 2506 31. Electrostatis. 2.2... 22 nee 3-2. Direct Current». 2-21 eee ee eee 33. Electric Current’ in Gases and a Vacuum . 34. Mos metic Field of a Current. Action of a Magnetic id on a Current and Moving Chi te 3-5. Electroma etic Induction. All eenating C Current: 3-6, Electrical Machines. 2.1... ee ee ee ee Chapter 4, Oscillations and Waves ........ eee 4-1, Mechanical Oscillations... .....---2-4- 4-2. Electrical Oscillations. ©... 66. ee ee eee 133 = Answers 3766 CONTENTS Prob- lems Chapter 5. Geometrical Optics ..........226- 135 5-1. Photometry .-. 22. 2 ee ee ee ee ee 135 5-2. Fundamental Laws of Optics ........... 136, 5-3. Lenses and Spherical Mirrors 2... 2. 7 ee 142 5-4. Optical Systems and Devices ...-.------ 146 Chapter 6 Physical Optics... .. meee elle 151 61. Interference of Light... 26... 22 eee o 151 62. Diffraction of Light... 1... 1... ee ee 156 63. Dispersion of Light and Colours of Bodies... . . 158 Answers ‘and solutionsPROBLEMS CHAPTER 1 MECHANICS 1-1, Kinematics of Uniform Rectilinear Motion 1. A motor-boat travelling upstream met rafts floating down- stream. One hour after this the engine of the boat stalled. It took 30 minutes to repair it, and during this time the boat freely floated downstream. When the engine was repaired, the boat travelled downstream with the same speed relative to the current as before and overtook the rafts at a distance of s=7.5 km from the point where they had met the first time. Determine the velocity of the river current, considering it constant. 2. A man walking with a speed v constant in magnitude and direction passes under a lantern hanging at a height H above the ground. Find the velocity which the edge of the shadow of the man’s head moves over the ground with if his height is A. 3. The distance between a town and a mill is 30 km. A man started to walk from the mill to the town at 6:30 a.m., while a cyclist left the town for the mill at 6:40 a.m., riding at a speed of 18 km/h. The man met the cyclist after walking 6 km. Determine at what time they met and the man’s speed. Also find the place where the man was when he met the twelfth bus coming from the town and the number of buses which overtook the cyclist if bus traffic begins at 6 a.m. The buses leave their terminals every 15 minutes and their speed is 45 km/h. 4. Two trains left Moscow for Pushkino at an interval of t= 10 minutes and with a speed of v= 30 km/h. What was the speed u of a train bound for Moscow if it met these two trains at an interval of t=4 minutes? 5. An engineer works at a plant out-of-town. A car is sent for him from the plant every day that arrives at the railway station at the same time as the train he takes. One day the8 PROBLEMS engineer arrived at the station one hour before his usual time and, without waiting for the car, started walking to work. On his way he met the car and reached his plant 10 minutes before the usual time. How long did the engineer walk before he met the car? Give a graphical solution. 6. Two landing-stages M and K are served by launches that all travel at the same speed relative to the water. The distance between the landing-stages is 20 km. It is covered by each launch from M to Rin one hour and from K to M in two hours. The launches leave the two landing-stages at the same time at an interval of 20 minutes and stop at each of them also for 20 minutes. Determine: (1) the number of launches in service, (2) the num- ber of launches met by a launch travelling from M to K, (3) the number of launches met by a launch travelling from K to M. 7. Two tourists who are at a distance of 40 km from their camp must reach it together in the shortest possible time. They have one bicycle which they decide to use in turn. One of them started walking at a speed of v,=5 km/h and the other rode off on the bicycle at a speed of vu, =15 km/h. The tourists agreed to leave the bicycle at intermediate points between which one walks and the other rides. What will the mean speed of the tourists be? How long will the bicycle remain unused? 8. Two candles of equal height A at the initial moment are at a distance of a from each other. The distance between each candle and the nearest wall is also a (Fig. !). With what speed will the shadows of the candles move along the walls if one candle burns down during the time ¢, and the other during the time t,? 9. A bus is running along a highway at a speed of v, = 16 mys. A man is at a distance of a=60 metres from the highway and 6=400 metres from the bus. In what direction should the man tun to reach any point of the highway at the same time as the bus or before it? The man can run at a speed of v,=4 m/s. 10, At what minimum speed should the man run (see Problem 9) to be able to meet the bus, and in what direction? 11. A man is on the shore of a lake at point A, and has to get to point B on the lake in the shortest possible time (Fig. 2). The distance from point B to the shore BC =d and the distance AC=s. The man can swim in the water with a speed of v, and run along the shore with a speed of v,, greater than v,. Which way should he use—swim from point A straightMECHANICS 9 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 to B or run a certain distance along the shore and then swim to point B? 12. A motor-ship travelling upstream meets rafts floating downstream. Forty-five minutes (¢,) later the ship stops at a landing-stage for f,=! hour. Then the ship travels downstream and overtakes the rafts in ¢,=1 hour. The speed of the ship telative to the water is constant and equal to v,=10 km/h. Determine the river current velocity v,, considering it constant. Consider both graphical and analytical methods of solution. 13. Mail is carried between landing-stages M and K by two launches. At the appointed time the launches leave their landing- stages, meet each other, exchange the mail and return. If the launches leave their respective landing-stages at the same time, the launch departing from M spends 3 hours both ways and that from K—1.5 hours. The speeds of both launches are the same telative to the water. Determine graphically how much later should the launch depart from M after the other one leaves K for the two to travel the same time. 14. Use the conditions of the previous problem to determine the speed of the launches with respect to the water, the velo- city of the river current and the point where the launches will meet if they leave their respective landing-stages simultaneously. The distance between the stages is 30 km. 15. A rowboat travels from landing-stage C to T at a specd of v, =3 km/h with respect to the water. At the same time a launch leaves T for C at a speed of v,=10 km/h. While the boat moves10 PROBLEMS B between the landing-stages the launch covers this distance four times and reaches T at the same time as the boat. Find the direction of the cur- tent. 16. A man in a rowboat must get from point A to point B on the op- posite bank of the river (Fig 3). The distance BC =a. The width of the ri- ver AC=6. At what minimum speed Fig. 3 utelative to the water should the boat travel to reach point B? The current velocity is u,. 17. A man must get from point A on one bank of a river to point B on the other bank moving along straight line AB (Fig. 4). The width of the river AC=1 km, the distance BC =2 km, the maximum speed of the boat relative to the water u=5 km/h and the river current velocity u=2 km/h. Can the distance AB be covered in 30 minutes? 18. A launch travels across a river from point A to point B on the opposite bank along a straight line AB forming an angle « with the bank (Fig. 5). The wind blows with a velocity of u at tight angles to the bank. The flag on the mast of the launch forms an angle 6 with the direction of its motion. Determine the speed of the launch with respect to the bank. Can the data in this problem be used to find the river current velocity? 19. To find the speed of an airplane it is necessary to de- termine how long it takes it to fly around a closed loop of a known length. How long will it take a plane to fly around a square with a side a, with the wind blowing at a velocity u, in two cases: (1) the direction of the wind coincides with one of the sides of & a ls | 8 8 — ye | Fig. 4 Fig. 5MECHANICS u the square, (2) the direction of the wind coincides with the dia- gonal of the square? With no wind the speed of the plane is v, greater than u. 20. Two motor vehicles run at constant speeds v, and v, along highways intersecting at an angle a. Find the magnitude and direction of the speed of one vehicle with respect to the other. In what time after they meet at the intersection will the distance between the vehicles be s? 21. Two intersecting straight lines move translationally in oppo- site directions with velocities v, and v, perpendicular to the corresponding lines. The angle between the lines is a. Find the speed of the point of intersection of these lines. 1-2. Kinematics of Non-Uniform and Uniformly Variable Rectilinear Motion 22. A motor vehicle travelled the first third of a distance s at a speed of v, = 10 km/h, the second third at a speed of vu, =20km/h and the last third at a speed of v,=60 km/h. Determine the mean speed of the vehicle over the entire distance s. 23. Determine the mean velocity and the mean acceleration of a point in 5 and 10 seconds if it moves as shown in Fig. 6. 24. A man stands on a steep shore of a lake and pulls a boat in the water by a rope which he takes up at a constant speed of v. What will the speed of the boat be at the moment when the angle between the rope and the surface of the water is a? 25. A point source of light S is at a distance / from a vertical screen AB. An opaque object with a height A moves translatio- nally at a constant speed uv from the source to the screen along Zom/s12 PROBLEMS Se 4 bef ———___i Fig. 7 straight line SA. Determine the instantaneous velocity with which the upper edge of the shadow of the object moves along the screen (Fig. 7). 26. The coordinate of a point moving tectilinearly along the x-axis changes in time according to the law x=11+435¢+4 410 (x is in centimetres and ¢ is in seconds). Find the velocity and acceleration of the point. 27. Figures 8 and 9 show the velocity of a body and the change in its coordinate (parabola) with time. The origin of time reading coincides on both charts. Are the motions shown in the charts the same? 28. Two motor vehicles left point A simultaneously and reached point B in ¢,=2 hours. The first vehicle travelled half of the distance at a speed of v,=30 km/h and the other half at a speed of v,=45 km/h. The second vehicle covered the entire distance with a constant acceleration. At what moment of time were the speeds of both the vehicles the same? Will one of them overtake the other en route? ” t, swans Fig. 8MECHANICS 13 {em 70 A U 7 a5 10 Lewos Fig. 9 29. A ball freely drops from a height H onto an elastic hori- zontal support. Plot charts showing the change in the coordinate and velocity of the ball versus the time neglecting the duration of the collision. The impact is absolutely elastic. 30. Two steel balls freely drop onto an elastic plate, the first one from a height of h, = 44 cm and the second in t > 0 seconds after the first from a height of h,=11 cm. After a certain time the velocities of the balls coincide in magnitude and direction. Find the time + and the interval during which the velocities of the two balls remain the same. The balls do not collide. 31. How long will a body freely falling without any initial velocity pass the n-th centimetre of its path? 32. Two bodies are thrown one after the other with the same velocities v, from a high tower. The first body is thrown verti- cally upward, and the second one vertically downward after the time t. Determine the velocities of the bodies with respect to each other and the distance between them at the moment of time >t. 33. At the initial moment three points A, B and C are ona horizontal straight line at equal distances from one another. Point A begins to move vertically upward with a constant ve- locity v and point C vertically downward without any initial4 PROBLEMS velocity at a constant acceleration a. How should point B move vertically for all the three points to constantly be on one straight line? The points begin to move simultaneously. 34. Two trucks tow a third one by means of a pulley tied to it (Fig. 10). The accelerations of the trucks are a, and a,. Find the acceleration a, of the truck being towed. 35. A lift moves with an acceleration a. A passenger in the lift drops a book. What is the acceleration of the book with respect to the lift floor if: (1) the lift is going up, (2) the lift is going down? 36. A railway carriage moves over a straight level track with an acceleration a. A passenger in the carriage drops a stone. What is the acceleration of the stone with respect to the car- riage and the Earth? 37. A man in a lift moving with an acceleration a drops a ball from a height H above the floor. In ¢ seconds the accele- ration of the lift is reversed, and in 2¢ seconds becomes equal to zero. Directly after this the ball touches the floor. What height from the floor of the lift will the ball jump to after the impact? Consider the impact to be absolutely elastic. 38. An overhead travelling crane lifts a load from the ground with an upward acceleration of a,. At the same time the hook of the crane carrying the load moves in a horizontal direction with an acceleration a, relative to the crane. Besi- des, the crane runs on its rails with a constant speed v, (Fig. 11). The initial speed of the hook relative to the crane is zero. Find the speed of the load with respect to the ground when it reaches the height Ah. 39. Body A is placed on a wedge forming an angle a with the horizon (Fig. 12). What accele- Fig 10 Fig. itMECHA? ICS 15 Fig. 12 Fig. 18 ration should be imparted to the wedge in a horizontal direction for body A to freely fall vertically? 1-3. Dynamics of Rectilinear Motion 40. A_force F is applied to the centre of a homogeneous spheré (Fig. 13). In what direction will the sphere move? 41. Six forces lying in one plane and forming angles of 60° relative to one another are applied to the centre of a homoge- neous sphere with a mass of m=4 kg. These forces are consecu- tively 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 kgf (Fig. 14). In what direction and with what acceleration will the sphere move? ae cw much does a body with a mass of one kilogram weigh? 3. The resistance of the air causes a body thrown at a cer- tain angle to the horizon to fly along a ballistic curve. At what angle to the horizon is the acceleration of the body directed at16 PROBLEMS the highest point of the trajectory A, if the mass of the body is m and the resistance of the air at this point is F? 44. A disk arranged. in a vertical plane has several grooves directed along chords drawn from point A (Fig. 15). Several bo- dies begin to slide down the respective grooves from point A simultaneously. In what time will each body reach the edge of the disk? Disregard friction and the resistance of the air (Gali- leo’s problem). 45. What is the minimum force of air resistance acting on a parachutist and his parachute when the latter is completely ope- ned? The two weigh 75 kgf. 46. What is the pressure force N exerted by a load weighing G kgf on the floor of a lift if the acceleration of the lift is a? What is this force equal to upon free falling of the lift? 47. A puck with an initial velocity of 5 m/s travets over a distance of 10 metres and strikes the boards. After the impact which may be considered as absolutely elastic, the puck travelled another 2.5 metres and stopped. Find the coefficient of friction between the puck and the ice. Consider the force of sliding friction in this and subsequent problems to be equal to the maximum force of friction of rest. 48. The path travelled by a motor vehicle from the moment the brakes are applied until it stops is known as the braking distance. For the types of tyres in common use in the USSR and a normal air pressure in the tubes, the dependence of the braking distance on the speed of the vehicle at the beginning of braking and on the state and type of the pavement can be tabulated (see Table 1). Find the coefficient of friction for the various kinds of pave- ment surface to an accuracy of the first digit after the decimal point, using the data in this table. 49. Determine the difference in the pressure of petrol on the opposite walls of a fuel tank when a motor vehicle travels over a horizontal road if its speed increases uniformly from v,=0 to o during ¢ seconds. The distance between the tank walls is I. The tank has the form of a parallelepiped and its side walls are vertical. It is completely filled with petrol. The density of pet- Tol is p. 50. A homogeneous rod with a length L is acted upon by two forces F, and F, applied to its ends and directed oppositely (Fig. 16). With what force F will the rod be stretched in the cross section at a distance J from one of the ends?MECHANICS 17 Table 1. Braking Distance In Metres Speed, km/h Pavement surface 0 100. 1.3] 5.2] 11.7}20.9]32.7] 47.1] 64.2] 83.8 | 106.0] 131 0 28.2] 38.5} 50.3] 63.6] 78.6 7.0 slice 0.97) 3.9 98.2 8.8] 15.7) 24.5] 35.3 | 62.9] 79.5 Dry asphalt 0. 24 s.[104[16s ms| 2 | ss 65.5 Dry concrete 0.. s| 9.0714.0) 20.2] 27.5 159] wal 56.1 51. A light ball is dropped in air and photographed after it covers a distance of 20 metres. A camera with a focal length of 10 cm is placed 15 metres away from the plane which the ball is falling in. A disk with eight equally spaced holes arran- ged along its circumference rotates with a speed of 3 rev/s in front of the open lens of the camera. As a result a number of images of the ball spaced 3 mm apart are produced on the film. Describe the motion of the ball. What is the final velocity of another ball of the same radius, but with a mass four times greater than that of the first one? Determine the coefficient of <= —_—_—— 2 ——— 1 L | nn ———_———<——. J. ——_____»1 Fig. 16 2 -204218 PROBLEMS friction if the weight of the first ball is 4.5 gf. At high velo cities of falling, the resistance of the air is proportional to the square of the velocity. 52. Two weights with masses m,=100 g and m,=200 g are suspended from the ends of a string ped over a stationary pulley at a height of H=2 metres trom the floor (Fig. 17). At the initial moment the weights are at rest. Find the tension of the string when the weights move and the time during which the weight m, reaches the floor. Disregard the mass of the pul- ley and the string. 53. A weight G is attached to the axis of a moving pulley (Fig. 18). What force F should be applied to the end of the rope passed around the second pulley for the weight G to move upwards with an acceleration of a? For the weight G to be at rest? Disregard the mass of the pulleys and the rope. 54. Two weights are suspended [rom a string thrown over a stationary pulley. The mass of one weight is 200 g. The string will not break if a very heavy weight is attached to its other end. What tension is the string designed for? Disregard the mass of the pulley and the string. 55. Two pans with weights each equal to G=3 kgf are sus- pended from the ends of a string passed over two stationary pulleys. The string between the pulleys is cut and the free ends are connected to a dynamometer (Fig. 19). What will the dyna- mometer show? What weight G, should be added to one of the pans for the reading of the dynamometer not to change after a weight G,=1! kgf is taken off the other pan? Disregard the masses of the pans, pulleys, thread and dynamometer. Fig. 19MECHANICS 19 Fig. 20 56. A heavy sphere with a mass m 1s suspended on a thin rope. Another rope as strong as the first one ts attached to the bottom of the sphere. When the lower rope is sharply pulled it breaks. What acceleration will be imparted to the sphere? 57. Two weights with masses m, and m, are connected by a string passing over a pulley. The surfaces on which they rest form angles a and 6 with the horizontal (Fig. 20). The right- hand weight is A metres below the left-hand one. Both weights will be at the same height in + seconds after motion begins. The coefficients of frietion between the weights and the sur- faces are k. Determine the relation between the masses of the weights. 58. A slide forms an angle of a=30° with the horizon. A stone is thrown upward along it and covers a dist nu of 1= 16 metres in /, =2 seconds, after which it slides down. What time f, is tequived for the return motion? What is the coeffi- cient of friction between the slide and the stone? 59. A cart with a mass of M = 500 g is connected by a string to a weight having a mass m= 200 g. At the initial moment the cart moves to the left along a horizontal plane at a speed of u,=7 in/s (Fig. 2!). Find the magnitude and direction of Fig 20 Fig. 2220 PROBLEMS SSISS @ Fig. 23 Fig. 24 the speed of the cart, the place it will be at and the distance it covers in ¢=5 seconds. 60. Can an ice-boat travel over a level surface faster than the wind which it is propelled by? 61. The fuel supply of a rocket is m=8 tons and its mass (including the fuel) is M=15 tons. The fuel burns in 40 seconds. The consumption of fuel and the thrust F = 20,000 kgf are constant. (1) The rocket is placed horizontally on a trolley. Find its acceleration at the moment of launching. Find how the accele- ration of the rocket depends on the duration of its motion and show the relation graphically. Use the graph to find the velocity acquired by the rocket in 20 seconds after it begins to move. Disregard friction. (2) The rocket is launched vertically upward. Measurements show that in 20 seconds the acceleration of the rocket is 0.8 g. Calculate ‘the force of air resistance which acts on the rocket at this moment. Consider the acceleration g to be constant. (3) The acceleration of the rocket is measured by an instru- ment having the form of a spring secured in a vertical tube. When at rest, the spring is stretched a distance of [,=1 cm by a weight secured to its end. Determine the relation between the stretching of the spring and the acceleration of the rocket. Draw the scale of the instrument. 62. A bead of mass m is fitted onto a rod with a length of 2l, and can move on it without friction. At the initial mo-MECHANICS 21 ment the bead is in the middle of the rod. The rod moves translationally in a horizontal plane with an acceleration a in a direction forming an angle « with the rod (Fig. 22). Find the acceleration of the bead relative to the rod, the reaction force exerted by the rod on the bead, and the time when the bead will leave the rod. 63. Solve the previous problem, assuming that the moving bead is acted upon by a friction force. The coefficient of fric- tion oe the bead and the rod is &. Disregard the force of Tavity. 7 64, A block with the mass M rests on a smooth horizerffal surface over which it can move without friction. A body with the mass m lies on the block (Fig. 23). The coefficient of fric- tion between the body and the block is k. At what force F applied to the block in a horizontal direction will the bod: begin to slide over the block? In what time will the body fall from the block if the length of the latter is /? 65. A wagon with the mass M moves without friction over horizontal rails at a speed of uv). A body with the mass m is placed on the front edge of the wagon. The initial speed of the body is zero. At what length of the wagon will the body not slip off it? Disregard the dimensions of the body as com- pared with the length / of the wagon. The coefficient of friction between the body and the wagon is k. 66. A weightless string thrown over a stationary pulley is passed through a slit (Fig. 24). As the string moves it is acted upon by a constant friction force F on the side of the slit. The ends of the string carry two weights with masses m, and m,, respectively. Find the acceleration a of the weights. 67. A stationary pulley is secured to the end of a light bar. The bar is’placed onto a balance pan and secured in a vertical direction. Different weights are attached to the ends of a string passed over the pulley. One of the weights slides over the bar with friction and therefore both weights move uniformly (Fig. 25). Determine the force which the pulley acts on the bar with and the readings of the balance when the weights move. Disregard the masses of the pulley, bar, string and the friction in the pulley axis. Consider two cases: (1) m,=1 kg, m,=3 kg, and (2) m,=3 kg, m,=1 kg. 68. A system consists of two stationary and one movable pulleys (Fig. 26). A string thrown over them carries at its ends weights with masses m, and m,, while a weight with a mass8 PROBLEMS SI =) i Fig. 25 d Fig. 7 Fig. 26 m, is attached to the axis of the movable pulley. The parts of the string that are not on the pulleys are vertical. Find the acceleration of each weight, neglecting the masses of the pulleys and the string, and also friction. 69. Two monkeys of the same weight are hanging at the ends of a rope thrown over a stationary pulley. One monkey begins to climb the rope and the other stays where it is. Where will the secondMECHANICS 23 monkey be when the first one reaches the pulley? At the initial moment both monkeys were at the same height from the floor. Disregard the mass of the pulley and rope, and also friction. 70. Determine the accelerations of the weights in the pulley system depicted in Fig. 27. Disregard the masses of the pulleys and string, and also friction. In what direction will the pulleys rotate when the weights move? 71. A table with a weight of G,=15 kgf can move without friction over a level floor. A weight of G,=10' kgf is placed on the table, and a rope passed over two pulleys fastened to the table is attached to it (Fig. 28). The coefficient of fric- tion between the weight and the table = 0.6. What acceleration will the table move with if a constant force of 8 kgf is applied to the free end of the rope? Consider two cases: (1) the force is directed horizontally, (2) the force is directed vertically upward. 72. An old cannon without a counter-recoil device rests on a horizontal platform. A ball with a mass m and an initial velocity v, is fired at an angle of a to the horizon. What velo- city 0, will be imparted to the cannon directly after the shot if the mass of the cannon is M and the acceleration of the ball in the barrel is much greater than that of free fall? The coeffi- cient of friction between the cannon and the platform is &. 1-4, The Law of Conservation of Momentum 73. A meteorite burns in the atmosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface. What happens to its momentum? 74. Does a homogeneous disk revolving about its axis have any momentum? The axis of the disk is stationary. 75. The horizontal propeller of a helicopter can be driven by an engine mounted inside its fuselage or by the reactive forces of the gases ejected from special nozzles at the ends of the propeller blades. Why does a propeller-engine helicopter need a tail rotor while a jet helicopter does not need it? 76. A hunter discharges his gun from a light inflated boat. What velocity will be imparted to the boat when the gun is fired if the mass of the hunter and the boat is M=70 kg, the mass of the shot m=35 g and the mean initial velocity of the shot 0,=320 m/s? The barrel of the gun is directed at an angle of a=60 to the horizon. 77. A rocket launched vertically upward explodes at the highest point it reaches. The explosion produces three fragments. Prove24 PROBLEMS that the vectors of the initial velocities of all three fragments are in one plane. 78. A man in a boat facing the bank with its stern walks to the bow. How will the distance between the man and the bank change? 79. A boat on a lake is perpendicular to the shore and faces it with its bow. The distance between the bow and the shore is 0.75 metre. At the initial moment the boat was stationary. A man in the boat steps from its bow to its stern. Will the boat reach the shore if it is 2 metres long? The mass of the boat M= 140 kg and that of the man m=60 kg. 80. Two identical weights are connected by a spring. At the initial moment the spring is so compressed that the first weight is tightly pressed against a wall (Fig. 29) and the second weight is reti..ned by a stop. How will the weights move if the stop is rem ved? 81. A massive homogeneous cylinder that can revolve without friction around a horizontal axis is secured on a cart standing on a smooth level surface (Fig. 30). A bullet flying horizontally with a velocity v strikes the cylinder and drops onto the cart. Does the speed of the cart that it acquires after the impact depend on the point where the bullet strikes the cylinder? 82. At the initial moment a rocket with a mass M had a velocity uv. At the end of each second the rocket ejects a portionMECHANICS 5 of gas with a mass m. The velocity of a portion of gas differs from that of the rocket before the given portion of gas burns by a constant value u, i.e., the velocity of gas outflow is constant. Determine the velocity of the rocket in n seconds, disregarding the force of gravity. . 83. Will the velocity of a rocket increase if the outflow velo- city of the gases with respect to the rocket is smaller than the velocity of the rocket itself, so that the gases ejected from the nozzle follow the rocket? 84. Two boats move towards each other along parallel paths ‘with the same velocities. When they meet, a sack is thrown from one boat onto the other and then an identical sack is thrown from the second onto the first. The next time this is done simultane- ously. When will the velocity of the boats be greater after the sacks are thrown? 85. A hoop is placed on an absolutely smooth level surface. A beetle alights on the hoop. What trajectory will be described by the beetle and the centre of the hoop if the beetle begins to move along the hoop? The radius of the hoop is R, its mass is M and the mass of the beetle m. . 86. A wedge with an angle @ at the base can move without friction over a smooth level surface (Fig. 31). At what ratio between the masses m, and m, of the weights, that are connected by a string passed over a pulley, will the wedge remain statio- nary; and at what ratio will it begin to move to the right or left? The coefficient of friction between the weight of mass m, and the wedge is k. 1-5. Statics 87. A homogeneous chain with a length / lies on a table. What is the maximum length J, of the part of the chain hanging over the table if the coefficient of friction between the chain and the table is k? 88. Two identical weights are suspended from the ends of a string thrown over two pulleys (Fig. 32). Over what distance will a third weight of the same mass lower if it is attached to the middle of the string? The distance between the axes of the pulleys is 2/. The friction in the axes of the pulleys is negligible. 89. An isosceles wedge with an acute angle @ is driven into a slit. At what angle @ will the wedge not be forced out of the slit if the coefficient of friction between the wedge and the slit is k?