THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER JUNIOR VSESHAN THE AS. A IMATHEMATICS_TEACHERS_OF INDIANGEMS FROM THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER (JUNIOR LEVEL) Compiled and Edited by V. SESHAN THE ASSOCIATION OF MATHEMATICS TEACHERS OF INDIA B-19, Vijay Avenue, Old No. 37, New No. 85, Venkatarangam Street, Triplicane, Chennai - 600005. Phone: 2844 1523 E-Mail: [email protected]Between Us Dear Reader, It is matter of pleasure and satisfaction that one of the promised books has been ready for use now. The earlier book titled GEMS from the Mathematics Teacher has been popular which contained selected questions and solutions of all levels from our journal up to 199S. There was a demand for a similar one beyond that year with specified group —Junior, Inter and the like. Accordingly we planned one GEMS-Junior and one GEMS —Inter and the former is now ready. The problems were chosen, checked for the solutions and additional information as hints to plan solving such problems by Sri V.Seshan, who has a background of Mathematics teaching for the past 5 decades, besides directly associated with the INMO culture as Regional Coordinator in Bombay. He is also in demand from several institutions including the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, to guide their teachers and students for Olympiad culture. 1 take this opportunity to thank him on behalf of the AMTI for this book production, preparing the manuscripts, correcting proofs and editing the same. The prospective users will find the material useful for NMTC, Olympiads, IT and the like besides spending leisure time in problem solving. We hope and trust that the well wishers of The AMTI will make use of this material also. Suggestions for improvement are always welcome as ultimately quality products will stand the tests of time. With kind regards/best wishes, Yours sincerely, nie (M.MAHADEVAN)PREFACE This book ‘Gems from the Mathematics Teacher is an extremely useful compilation of problems set for various Olympiads organised by the Association of Mathematics Teachers of India and the National Board for Higher Mathematics (of Govt. of India) for the last ten years. Useful theorems, formulae, rules, ideas are added. Efforts have been made (to simplify solutions of some problems (ii) to give alternate solutions for some problems depending upon the ‘complexities’ of the problem / solution. Although this book is meant for competitors at Junior Level, set, a lot of problems, especially in Geometry (schoo! syllabus only) have been added with the view to give a wider exposure in problem solving strategies at slightly higher level also. This book is recommended for () beginners who will be motivated towards developing better mathematical abilities. (i) Advanced / talented students who want to deepen their interest in the subject and develop creative faculties in problem solving. (iii) Competitors (of Mathematical Olympiads) and Talent Nature Contests at various levels, organiséd by Professional organizations such as the National Board for Higher Mathematics (RMO / GMO / INMO). The Association of Mathematics Teachers of India (AMT!) and the like. Teachers, who desire to improve upon and further their skills and knowledge in problem solving as well as the subject and inculcate the same for teaching / learning activities as well as for Guidance to motivated students to prepare for the various Olympiads, will find this book a very valuable asset Suggestions for the improvement of this book are very welcome. V.Seshan © Presidemial Awardee (1987) + Rotary (Int) Awardee (1992 4 Fulbright Teacher Awardee (USA-I970) _& ‘Senior Principal AEES (Govt. of India) © Pee Vee National Awardee (2000) (1987-1993) % International Order of Mert © Director, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, (BC-UK-2000) Baroda % Advisor, National Scence Olympiad (1995-2002) Foundation ‘Treasurer, Association of Mathematics (Since 1989) ‘Teachers of India (Since 2003) + Advisor, American Biographical Insitute % Senior Associate in Academics (Aspire) (USA-2000) Old No.17/9, New No.2/9, Second Floor, Sankara Kripa Apartmemts, Subbarayan Nagar, 1" Street, Kodambakkam,. Chennai - 600024, Tamil Nadu. Ph-044-24849406 (Res.)Contents Page Between: Ua isis sic sis sis sais oe se tie o's au ote ote ssesinwioe cass 8 Prafaee o0:33- Stee cen erencccccncceseecssoreserees « i Some Hints Useful for Problems Solving at Olympiad ..... 1 PROBLEMS Unit 1: Algebra .......... seabsivivesswissapesiccrs shy Unit 2: Geometry ....... Puedren mates ce eee ee BB Unit 3: Number System .. Unit 4: Inequalities ...0.-0eseseceseeeseceaeeeeeees 57 SOLUTIONS Unit 1: Algebra ...sseeeseeeee Hecate Unit 2: Geometry ..scceseeeseseeeeeeee eens Unit 3: Number System .........- Unit 4: Inequalities .SOME HINTS USEFUL FOR PROBLEMS SOLVING AT OLYMPIAD (JUNIOR LEVEL) (1) Identities: (a) If a+b+c=0, a +840 = 3abe (b) Fa+b+c=0, att b+ =3(0? +P 42)? (2) Periodic Function: A function f is said to be periodic, with period k, if f(z +k) = f(z) for all x. (3) Pigeon Hole Principle: If more than n objects are distributed in n boxes, then, at least, one box, has more than one object in it. (4) Polynomial Equations: (a) Every polynomial equation of degree n(> 1) has exactly n roots. (b) If a polynomial equation with real coefficients has a complex root p+ iq(p,q € R, q #0, i? =—1) then, it also has a complex root p— iq. (c) Ifa polynomial equation with rational coefficients has an irrational root p+ /@ (p,q rational, q >0, ¢ not the square of any rational number), then it also has an irrational root p— /@. (d) If the rational number # (a fraction in its lowest terms so that p,q are integers, prime to each other, q #0), is a root of the equation leGems from the‘Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level) "ag a™ +a, 2°? +...+a, =0 where ao,1,@2,...,@, are integers and a, # 0, then, p is a divisor of a, and q is a divisor of ao. A number a is a common root of the polynomial equations f(z) =0 and g(z) =0 if and only if it is a root of h(x) =0 where A(z) is the G.C.D of f(z) and g(x). (f) A number a is a repeated root of a polynomial equation of f(z) = 0 if and only if it is a common root of f(x) =0 and f(z) =0. (g) If @,8,7 are the roots of the equation az + bx? + cx +d=0, then the following relations hold: (i) a+B+y (ii) B+ By+ye=% (iti) ay = =f If a, @,7,6 are the roots of the equation ax‘ + br} + cx? + dz+e=0, then, (i) a+ f+7+6= 2 (ie ca= 2) (ii) ob +ay+ad+By+B5+~65 = §£ (ie. caf = £) (iii) aBy + a6 + a5 + BS (iv) aBy = 5. (i) An equation containing (involving) an ‘unknown function is called a functional equation.Some Hints Useful for Problems Solving at Olympiad 3 (j) The greatest integer function: [ ] is defined by setting [x] = greatest integer not exceeding x for every real x. (5) Linearity Property: If a/b and a/c, then a/(pb-+qc) (ie, if a divides b and a divides c, then a divides (pb +qc)). (6) Euclid’s Algorithm: Let a and b be two non-zero integers. Then (a,b) exists and is unique. Also there exists m and n such that (a,b) = am-+bn (Note: (a,b) means g.c.d of (a, 6) ). (7) Congruencies: Let a,b,m be integers, m > 0. Then, we say that, a is congruent to 6 modulo m if m|(a—»). We denote this by a= b(mod m). (8) Let a= (mod m); c=d (mod in). Then (i) a+c=b+d (mod m) (ii) a—c=b—d (mod m) (iii) ac = bd (mod m) (iv) pa+qe = pb+qd (mod m) for all integers p and q (v) a" =" (mod m) for all positive integers n (vi) f(a) = f(b) (mod m) for every polynomial f with integer coefficients. (9) An integer 2 ‘satisfying the linear congruence azo = b(modm)4 Gems from the. Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level) has a solution. Furthermore, if 29 is a solution. then, the set of-all solutions is precisely (cg + km: kez). (10) Let N be a positive integer greater than 1. say. V = allie’... where a,by¢ are positive integers. ‘The number of ways in which N can be resolved into 2 factors is (p+ 1)(q + 1)(r +1). (11) Number of ways in which a composite mumber can be resolved into two factors, which a re prime to cach other 2"! where n is the munber of distinct prime factors in the expansion for NV (12) Let N be a positive integer greater than | and let NV =a?-b@-c"... where a,b,¢ are distinct primes and Piety. PO in the product is equal to ve integers. Then the sum of all the di aPttoy pth a-1 b-1 (13) The highest power of prime p which is contained in n is [2] + [3] + [4] +... where [] denotes the greatest integer function. ~ P (14) If ma,nm,m_ are the lengths of the medians of a triangle on the sides a,b.c, then (i) me+tmy+me AB. AD is the angle bisector of ZA and 2H is its orthocentre. Then ZDAH = 1(ZB~ ZC). (21) In AABC, ZA = 45° and H isits orthocentre. Then AH = BC. (22) If, in a triangle, one angle is 30°, its opposite side is equal to its circumradius in length.6 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level) (23) If the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral intersect at right angles, the line drawn through their point of intersection and perpendicular to a side, bisects the opposite side. (24) If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then AB-CD+AD-BC=AC-BD (Ptolemy’s Theorem) (25) In AABC, S$ is the circumcentre, H is its orthocentre and D is the mid point of BC. Then AH = 2SD. (26) If, from a point P on the circumcircle of AABC, perpendiculars are drawn to the sides of AABC, then, the feet of the perpendiculars are collinear (pedal line). (27) In AABC, the altitude AD from the vertex A to the opposite side BC’, is produced to meet the cicumcircle of the triangle at Q and if H is the orthocentre of the triangle, then HD = DQ. (28) If AE is a diameter of the circumcircle of AABC and AD is drawn perpendicular to BC, then AB-AC = AD: AE. (29) The vertical angle A of AABC is bisected internally by a straight line cutting the base BC at D. Then AB- AC = AD? + BD - DC. (30) The radical axes of three non-concentric circles, taken in pairs, are either all parallel or concurrent. (31) The radical axis of two non-concentric circles is a straight line perpendicular to the line of centers.Some Hints Useful for Problems Solving at Olympiad Hi (32) (a) If a transversal cuts the sides BC,CA,AB of AABC in D,E, F respectively, then Sa Pa ER = 71. (Menelau’s Theorem) (b) If D,E,F are three points on each of the sides BC,CA, AB of AABC or on their extension, such that, BD CE AF then, D, E, F are collinear. (33) (a) If three concurrent lines are drawn through vertices A,B,C of AABC to meet the opposite sides in D,E,F respectively, then BD OE AP _ 41. (Ceva's Theorem) then they are concurrent. Note: The concurrent lines AD,BE,CF are called Cevians. (34) In AABC, if AD is the internal bisector of ZA. Then 22 = 48. If AD’ is the external bisector of ZA meeting BC at D’, then 3% = 48. Conversely, if D and D’ are points on BC of AABC such that 22 = $7 = 48, then, D and D! represent the extremities of internal and externa! bisectors of ZA. (35) In any AABC,r = (s — a) tan(A/2), where ZA =90°; abe =4RA; A=rs8 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level) (36) 325 = 3g = fg = 2R (Sine rule) sinc pau os a7 @ i cosB = ere eee +h —2 oe = opt (87) sin(A/2) = (ae sin(B/2) = — ; sin(C/2) = 7 eae) oxa(a/2) = f2=9, cos(B/2) = j= i cos(C/2) = see9, tan(A/2) = goes ; tan(B/2) = foes) : (38) M =4Rsin(A/2) -sin(B/2) «sin(C/2). de 1 (39) A= zabsinc = plcsinA = jocsin B.Some Hints Useful for Problems Solving at Olympiad 9 (40) (Va — vb)? >0 = 244 > Vab ie, Arithmetic mean > Geometric mean (A.M > G.M). (41) Root Mean Square (RMS > A.M) Arithmetic mean f®+P a+b | (ab) , i oS =“ 20. ie., 2 > 2 a ae 0. (42) If x is real and Ax? + Br+C + B?-4AC >0. (43) If A>0 and is real, then Az? + Br+C>0 => 4AC — B?>0. (44) [Al - |B] < |A +B] c, b+c>a, ct+a>b are met simultaneously. (46) In any AABC, if a,b,c represent the sides of a triangle, then, a > |c—b|, b> la—c|, c> |b—al. (47) The area of the triangle A = ,/s(s—a)(s—b)(s—c) where s = SH, will be real. Thus ‘reality’ of the area (A) formed by the lengths a,b,c is the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the triangle. (48) Mean Inequalities: (i) RMS > AM >GM2>HM ay (@ +b +c2 at+btc «) yoy = (4+) i -1 1 -1\ 71 (iit) atites (: ae +c ) .10 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level) (49) Jenson’s Inequality: If a real function f(z) is positive and curves towards x-axis, then (242) > (Laei), (50) Weirstrass’ Inequalit, For positive numbers a1, 42,-..@n, (1+a1)(1+a9)...(L+a,) > 1+a,+a,+...+a@n- If a; are fractions (< 1), then (1 = @1)(1 — ag)... (1— ap) $1 = (a) +02 +... 4+an). (51) Cauchy Schwartz Inequality: (aib + agbg + agby +... + dnba)? S(ai+ajta3+...+02) (F++034+...402) (52) Tchebychev’s Inequality: ' Tf o> 2 > 03...%_ and yy > Yo > yg... Yn OF 2 StS 25...4%q and yr S yo < Ys..-Yn, SO to say both the sequences are either increasing or decreasing type, then iyi + Layo +--+. TnYn 7 > (ate +) (Rieti th) 2(aoon eee n If one of the sequence is increasing and the other decreasing type, then, the direction of the inequality changes. (53) If a; = {a1,a2...an} are positive numbers and b = {b;} are various permutations of a; , then, n . Yaa; => adj. i=l ok kkkUNIT 1: ALGEBRA. 1.01: A man drives from his house to the station. If he drives at the rate of 10Kms per hour, he reaches the station at 6p.m. If he drives at 15Kms per hour, he would reach the station at 4p.m. At what speed, in kilometers per hour, should drive so as to reach the station at 5p.m.? (AMTI-98)J 1.02: Find the smallest positive integer on such that vn-vn-1<0.01. (AMTI-98)J 1.03: In a farm, both men and women were working. Exactly one- third of the Staff brought one child each. One day, each male employee planted 13 trees and each women employee planted 10 trees and each child planted 6 trees. A total of 159 trees were planted on that day. How many women employees were there in that farm? (AMTI-98)J 1.04: For a real number z and a positive number n, =2) (2 (n=~ ape 4 define (2) = #E=ME=A-G=OM) What is (HE) + (ih)? (AMTI-98)J 1.05: In racing over a given distance d at uniform speed, A can beat B by 30 meters, B can beat C by 20 meters and A can beat C by 48 meters. Find ‘d’ in meters. (AMTI-98)J 1.06: Let « = 0,123456789101112---998999 where the digits are obtained by writing the integers 1 through 999 in order. The 1983” digit to the right of the decimal point is q. Findg. (AMTI-98)J 1112 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level) 1.07: For what values of ‘a’, the equations 1998234 az +8991 =0 and 89912" +ax+1998 = 0 have a common root? (AMTL98)J 1.08: Show that there are no integers x,y satisfying the equation 2x4 + 1987 = 3y*. (AMTE-98)3 a Find Positive integers x,y,z such that « b) are prime numbers, each containing at lest 2 digits, then a‘ —b* is divisible by 240. Also prove that, 240 is the greatest common divisor of all numbers which arise in this way. (AMTI-2000:F) 1.58: Let f(x) = 285. Evaluate the sum 595 + gagg + +++ + 3982 (AMTI-2000:F) 1.59: Arrange the numbers from 1 to 100 as a sequence such that any 11 terms in it (not necessarily consecutive) do not form an increasing or decreasing sequence. (AMTI-2000:F) 1.60: Find all integer solutions of the equation oy? + 2? = yz (AMTI-2000:F)Problems: Algebra 19 1.61: Two students from class X and several students from XI participated in a chess tournament.Each participant played once with every other. In each game, the winner has received 1 point, the loser zero and for a drawn game, both players got }. The two students from class X together scored 8 points and the scores of all participants in class XI are equal. How many students from class XI participated in the tournament? (AMTI-2000:F) 1.62: Consider the following sequences of natural numbers. So: 1,1 $y :1,2,1 S_:1,3,2,3,1 S3 : 1,4,3,5,2,5,3,4,1 and so on. S, is formed out of Sn—1 as follows: Between any two terms a and b in Sp1 insert the sum a+b. The new terms together with those of s, constitute S,. Consider Sio9. How many terms are there in So)? How many times the term 20 occurs in Sio0? (AMTI-2000:F) 1.63: Prove that, if n is a non-negative integer, then,it can be uniquely represented in the form aa (c+yP+30+y 2 where x,y are non-negative integers. (AMTI-2000:F) 1.64:. Find all real solutions of the system of equations: st+y=%ry-2=1 (AMTI:2000:F) 1.65: Let -p() be a polynomial with integer coefficients. Prove that, if p(z) = 7 for four distinct integral values of x, then, p(x) # 14 for any integral value of x. (AMTI-2000:F)