NON- FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS- COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES &

APPLICATIONS

• Aluminium and it’s alloys

• Copper and it’s alloys
• Magnesium and it’s alloys
• Titanium and it’s alloys
• Zinc and it’s alloys
• Nickel and it’s alloys
• Bearing alloys
• Super alloys
 IMPORTANT NON- FERROUS METALS & THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTIC Aluminium Copper
Raw Material
Physical properties • Silvery white metal • Reddish brown colour
• Density= 2.54g/cm3, • Density= 8.93g/cm3,
• Melting point= 6600C • Melting point= 10830C
• Good reflectivity, electrical & thermal • Good electrical & thermal conductivity
conductivity

Mechanical • Powerful deoxidiser • Powerful deoxidiser

Properties • Corrosion resistant • Corrosion resistant
• Good ductility, malleability, formability • Good ductility, malleability
• Low strength & Hardness.

Effects of Alloying Cu- ↑ machinability, refines grain • Arsenic—0.3%--↑ corrosion resistance( Arsenal
elements structure copper)
Si- ↑ fluidity, ↓ solidification shrinkage • Tellurium—0.6%- ↑ machinability( free cutting
Mg- ↑ strength & Hardness copper)
Mn-- ↑ductility & impact strength. • Zn—up to 45%-- Brasses, Sn– up to 10%-- Bronzes
• Ni--- Cupronickels, Si--- Silicon Bronzes
• Be--- Beryllium Bronzes, P– Phosphor bronzes
• Al– Aluminium Bronzes
CHARACTERISTIC MAGNESIUM TITANIUM
Raw material
Physical • Silvery white metal • Silver colour metal
Properties • Density= 1.74g/cm3 • Density= 4.5g/cm3
• Melting Point= 6510 C • Melting point= 1,6080 C
Mechanical • E= 45 GPa • E= 107GPa
Properties • Alloys have good corrosion resistance, resistant to
atmospheric, marine & industrial environments
Effects of alloying • Al— ↑ strength • Al—↑ strength , creep resistance
elements • Zn—↑ strength • Sn— ↑ ductility
• Mn— ↑ corrosion resistance, refines • Mn—
grain structure • Mo—
• Si---↑ casting properties( fluidity) • V—
• Sn— ↑ ductility • Zr—
• Ce-- ↑ high temperature properties. • Si—
• Cr—
• Fe--
Miscellaneous • Alloys are generally used for high • Ti changes from HCP structure to BCC structure at > 8850
strength to weight ratio applications. C. Alloys have high strength, easily forged, machined.
• Alloys are made by casting and Hot • These alloys are used in aviation, rocket engg, ship
working( difficult to deform them at building, and chemical processing Ex: Gas turbine casings,
room temperature) Jet engine parts
CHARACTERISTIC ZINC NICKEL
Raw material
Physical properties • Density= 7.14g/cm3 • Density= 8.9 g/cm3
• Melting point= 370-4800 C • Melting point= 1,455C
• Bluish-silver colour • Silvery White in colour
• Brittle at room temperature but • Ductile, malleable, resistant to
malleable above 100C corrosion and oxidation
• It is a fair conductor of • Good electrical conductivity( not
electricity as high as Copper or Aluminium)
Mechanical properties • Alloys do not have definite
young’s modulus.
• They do not behave elastically
under any stress.
• They creep at all stresses and
temperatures.
Effects of alloying elements • Cu—
• Ti—
• Al– develops superplasticity
Miscellaneous • Has limited solubility with other • Can be easily alloyed with many
elements other metals.
• Zn alloys are soft
• They can be made by casting &
 NON-FERROUS METALS/ALLOYS – CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES AND
APPLICATIONS, EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS

Aluminium Composition Applications

alloys
Duralumin 4Cu, 0.5Mg, 0.7Si +Al Used in aircraft industry
For frames, ribs, propeller blades & in automobiles
Y- Alloy 4Cu,1.5Mg,2Ni,0.6Fe, +Al Used for aircraft wheel frames, crank cases, fly wheels,
aircraft pump parts, pistons, cylinder heads of diesel &
petrol engines.
Silumins Al +12 Si Used in automotive and aircraft applications.

Al- Li alloys Have low density, high specific moduli excellent fatigue
strength, & low temperature, toughness. Used in aircraft
structures, cryogenic tanks, damage tolerant aircraft
structure parts.
Magnalium Al, 5-10Mg Has good strength, suited to marine applications, aircraft &
automobile parts.
Hinduminium 5Cu, 1.5Ni, +Al It is superior to Y-alloy for high temperature service. Used
in aero engines.
COPPER ALLOYS COMPOSITION APPLICATIONS

Gilding Metal 5Zn, 95Cu Coins, medals, tokens, decorative items.

Red Brass 15Zn, 85Cu Condenser, heat exchanger tubes radiator cores.

Cartridge Brass 30Zn, 70Cu Headlamp reflectors, fasteners, springs, plumbing accessories.

Admiralty brass 29Zn, 1Sn, 70Cu Condenser tubes, heat exchanger tubes

Yellow brass 35Zn, 65Cu Headlight reflectors, automobile tanks, springs, fasteners, rivets

Naval Brass 38Zn,1Sn, 61Cu Propeller shafts, nuts, valve stems, (Naval applns)

Muntz metal 40Zn, 60Cu Condenser tubes, heads, brazing rods, architectural parts.

Gun Metal 10Sn, 2Zn, 88Cu Valves, fittings in corrosive environments.

Manganin 13Mn, 87Cu Resistors

Constantan 40Ni, 60Cu Strain guage wire

ETP copper 99.6% Cu Electrical wires, screening gaskets

Phosphor bronze 5Sn,0.2P, 94.8Cu Bellows, diaphragms, clips, clutch disks

German silver 17-42Zn, 10 – 20Ni, +Cu Silver plated articles

• MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

NAME OF THE ALLOY COMPOSITION APPLICATIONS

AZ81 8Al, 1Zn, + Mg Gives leak tight castings for use
as crank cases in cars.
• TITANIUM ALLOYS

NAME OF THE ALLOY COMPOSITION APPLICATIONS

Ti-Al alloys Ti, 5Al, 2.5 Sn Have good strength, ductility, good creep
resistance, Good Resistance to atmosphere, marine
and industrial environments.
Used in aviation, rocket engineering, ship building
& chemical processing applications, gas turbine
casings, jet engine parts
• NICKEL ALLOYS
NAME OF THE COMPOSITION APPLICATIONS
ALLOY
Hastelloy 10Si, 3Cu + Ni Possess Good strength, hardness, toughness, excellent corrosion
resistance. Used for evaporators, reaction vessels, pipelines, & fittings
in chemical industry.
Invar 36Ni + Fe Has lowest coefficient of thermal expansion. Used for length standards,
measuring tapes, tuning forks, instrument parts.
Nichrome 80Ni, 20Cr Used as electric heater elements for furnaces, toasters, hair driers, water
heaters.
Inconel 15Cr, 8Fe, +Ni Possess good corrosion and oxidation resistance, good hot strength,
good ability to withstand repeated heating and cooling cycles in the
range of 0-8750C. Used for exhaust manifolds of aeroengines,
thermocouple protection tubes, jet engine tail pipes etc.,
Alnicos 8-12Al, 14-28Ni, Possess outstanding magnetic properties. Used as permanent magnets
5-35Co, +Fe in motors, generators, radio speakers, telephones etc.,
Monel 70Ni, 30 Cu Possess high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Used for
strainers, rivets with stainless steel.
Hastelloy 10Si, 3Cu + Ni Possess Good strength, hardness, toughness, excellent corrosion
resistance. Used for evaporators, reaction vessels, pipelines, & fittings
in chemical industry.
• BEARING ALLOYS:
• Required properties: Minimum friction, minimum wear of shaft, high
melting point, Good corrosion resistance, good thermal conductivity,
high fatigue resistance, good load bearing capacity.

NAME OF THE ALLOY COMPOSITION APPLICATIONS

Tin Babbit 80Sn, 12 Sb, 8Cu High speed bearing bushes

Lead babbit 85Pb, 10Sb, 5Sn Railway wagon bearings

Silver bearing alloys 95Ag, 4Pb, 1Sn Antifriction bearings in

instruments
Copper bearing alloys 80Cu, 10Pb, 10Sn Heavy duty bearings

Ni-Cd bearing alloys 97Ni, 3Cd Bearings for high temperature

service.
 SUPER ALLOYS
• They are used for high temperature applications, have high strength, high hardness, wear resistance,
creep resistance, oxidation resistance at elevated temperature. Their melting point is > 20000 C

• They are alloys of Cobalt, Nickel and Iron containing refractory metals( Nb, Mo, W, Ta), Cr and Ti.

• They are at least 5 times stronger than steels used for making bridges and large buildings.

• They can withstand enormous strains, exhibit remarkable resistance to fatigue, creep and erosion at
elevated temperatures and possess high impact strength.

• They are probably the toughest materials ever produced. They are used in aircraft turbine components,
for better resistance to oxidizing environment and high temperature.

• They are also used in nuclear reactors and petrochemical equipment. Major applications are in jet
engines, gas turbines, rocket engines, tools and dies for hot working of metals. Common alloys in this
group are Hastealloy, Inconel, Nimonics, Waspaloy etc.,
NAME OF THE SUPER ALLOY COMPOSITION APPLICATION
Iron Base super alloys: Contain W, Mo, V, Cr as alloying Used for tools and dies
elements.
 High Speed Steel
 Super high speed steel
Nickel Base super alloys:
 Incoloy 15Co, 1.4Ti, 0.7Al, 4Mo, 3Nb, Exhibit enormous resistance to fatigue, creep,
0.05C, +Ni impact and erosion at high temperatures. Used
 Inconel 15Cr, 8Fe, +Ni in aircraft turbine parts for better resistance to
oxidation, nuclear reactors, petrochemical
equipment, jet engines, rocket engines, tools
 Hastelloy 10Si, 3Cu + Ni and dies for hot working of metals.

 Nimonics 14.5Cr, 13.5Co, 3.8Ti, 5Al, 3.3Mo,

0.04Zr, 0.15C, 0.01B, +Ni

 Waspalloy 19Cr, 13Co, 3Ti, 1.4Al, 0.06Zr,

0.08C, + Ni

Cobalt base super alloys: Contain Mo, Cr, Ni as alloying Used for Gas turbine blades, milling cutters.
elements.
 Stellites