3

FIELD STUDY 2 UNDERSTANDING

FS 2 AR CONCEPTS,
PROCESSES, AND
Learning Episode
MODELS
To have a meaningful and successful accomplishment in this FS episode, be
sure to read through the whole episode before participating and assisting in your FS
2 Resource Teacher’s class. Note all the information you will need and tasks you will
need to do before working on this episode.

Target Your Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this Learning Episode, I must be able to:
 use concepts and processes of action research.
 identify sample models of AR such as DepEd 2017; McNiff and Whitehead, 2006, and Nelson,
2014

Clarify Your Task

Understanding and Using Action Research Concepts and Processes
The definition of action research evolved over time. There is no singular definition of
action research. Anchored on the idea of inquiry by John Dewey, several other authors have
advanced the concept of action research. Action research is a type of inquiry that is:
 practical as it involves making changes to practice.
 theoretical as it is informed by theory and can generate new insights.
 concerned with change and improvement.
Action research has been embraced in education for its value in transforming school
practices by the practitioners themselves. It is used to address practical problems in the
classroom. It is a process that allows teachers to study their own classroom and school
setting to improve their effectiveness. Teacher Action Research (TAR) is a method for
educational practitioners (teachers, school leaders) to engage in the assessment and
improvement of their own practice. It is a tool to help classroom teachers consider their
teaching methods or to adopt a strategy in order to solve everyday problem in the school
setting.
Here are some questions and answers that you need to know.
1. What are the Core Characteristics of AR (Tuchen, 2015?)
 Systematic – Like any form of research, it follows a system.
 Rigorous – It has rigor, meaning a strict adherence to the rules of
empirical studies.
 Reflective – It follows a continuous reflection and action.
  Situational – it is more specific to the location (school) circumstances
(teaching and learning, etc.).
 Participative – AR can be participative where teachers and learners are co-
researchers.
 Future-oriented – it seeks solution to the current problem for future
improvement.
2. Why is Action Research useful to me as a Teacher Researcher?
 AR can help to learn how to improve my practice as a teacher in terms of
teaching methods, classroom management, preparation of the learning
environment, developing instructional materials and assessment.
 AR can help me learn more about a wider range of research methods that I
can use in the future.
 AR can provide me more space to think deeply about the issues that
confront teaching and learning.
 AR can help me engage with my mentor and peers to enable me to
improve my teaching practices through action research.
 AR can help me develop new knowledge which is directly related to my
area of specialization.
3. What types of classroom action studies that can I engage in?
 Creating changes in the classroom practices. Example: What changes will
daily writing have on my students?
 Establishing effects of curriculum restructuring. Example: Will the use of
mother tongue enhance the reading skills of my learners?
 Enhancing new understanding of learners. Example: What happens when
students get demotivated?
 Teaching a new process to the students. Example: How can I teach third
graders to do reflection?

MODELS and GUIDE in CONDUCTING ACTION RESEARCH

McNiff and Whitehead, 2006 (Adaptation)
Action Research Cycle The Action Research Process
OBSERVE Identify the problem
1. Based on the observation and noticing, what
problematic situations prevail in the classroom or
teaching learning environment?
2. Which of these problems should I focus on?
3. What does literature say about this problem? On what
theories or principles I learned before is the problem
anchored?

REFLECT Reflect (Reflection continues all throughout the process.)

1. What do I hope to achieve? What do I intend to change
for the better?
2. Is doing the action research important to improve my
practice?
 3. Can I do this alone? Or should I collaborate?
PLAN Plan an Action Research Strategy
1. What type of research will I use? Quantitative?
Qualitative?
2. How will I describe my innovation? Intervention?
Strategy?
3. Is my plan doable within the given period of time?
ACT Take Action
1. How do I put my plan into action? How long?
2. How will I gather data or information?
3. What sense or meaning do I get out of the data?
EVALUATE Use Findings
1. Where do I apply results to improve practice?
2. Are my findings worth sharing?
MODIFY Move to Another Cycle
1. Is there a need to modify intervention to get new
results?
2. Should I move to another cycle of action research?
Nelson, O 2014 Model
OBSERVE Identify the Problem
1. Based on the observation and noticing, what
problematic situations prevail in the classroom or
teaching learning environment?
2. Which of these problems should I focus on?
3. What does literature say about this problem? On what
theories or principles I learned before is the problem
anchored?
REFLECT Reflect (Reflection continues all throughout the process.)
1. What do I hope to achieve? What do I intend to change
for the better?
2. Is doing the action research important to improve my
practice?
3. Can I do this alone? Or should I collaborate?
PLAN Plan an Action Research Strategy
1. What type of research will I use? Quantitative?
Qualitative?
2. How will I describe my innovation? Intervention?
Strategy?
3. Is my plan doable within the given period of time?
ACT Take Action
1. How do I put my plan into action? How long?
2. How will I gather data or information?
3. What sense or meaning do I get out of the data?

Department of Education (DO 16) 2017 Model

 Action Research Key Components Action Research Process
I. CONTEXT AND Identifying the Problem
RATIONALE 1. Why am I doing this?
II. ACTION RESEARCH 2. What is the background of my action
QUESTIONS research?
3. What problem/question am I trying to
solve?
4. What do I hope to achieve?
III. PROPOSED Proposed Plan
INNOVATION, 1. What do I plan as a solution to the
INTERVENTION, AND problem I identified? (Describe.)
STRATEGY 2. What innovation will I introduce to solve
the problem? (Describe.)
3. What strategy should I introduce?
(Describe.)
IV. ACTION RESEARCH Plan of Action Research
METHODS 1. Who are to participate? (my students,
a. Participants and/or peers, myself)
other Sources of Data 2. What are my sources of information?
and Information (participants)
b. Data Gathering 3. How should I gather information?
Methods 4. How will I analyze my data/information?
c. Data Analysis Plan
V. ACTION RESEARCH Action Research Work Plan
WORK PLAN AND 1. What should my work plan contain?
TIMELINES (targets, activities, persons involved,
timeline, cost)
2. How long will I conduct my
intervention? (For reliable results 8 to 12
weeks)
VI. COST ESTIMATES Action Research Cost – (Consider also the
maximum cost if externally funded like DepEd,
LGUs, NGO or personal)
VII. PLANS FOR Sharing Results
DISSEMINATION AND 1. How will share the results of my action
UTILIZATION research? (Publish, Present, Flyers, LAC
sessions)
2. Can I collaborate with other teachers to
continue or replicate my study?
VIII. REFERENCES References
1. What reading materials and references
are included in my review of literature?

Both Action Research Processes above are supported by the two AR Models which will
be presented next.
Revisit the Infographic/s
Action Research is a dynamic process anchored on the Reflection Action Cycle of
Observing, Reflecting, Evaluating, and Modifying

Figure 1. An Action-Reflection Cycle as Basis for Action Research

Source: McNiff and Whitehead, 2006

Action research is a cyclical, recursive process of observe >> reflect >> act >> evaluate
>> modify move in new direction is known as action-reflection (McNiff & Whitehead, 2006). In
2011, McNiff defined action research as a form of inquiry that enables practitioners to
investigate and evaluate their work. Before that, Corey, in 1953 viewed action research as a
recursive or repeated process, proceeding through spiraling cycle of planning, actions,
reflections, and change.
In a similar vein, Nelson, 2014 proposed an action research cycle that starts with Observe
followed by Reflect, Plan, and Act which can also go through evaluation and modification. It also
follows a cyclical process
 Source: Nelson, O. 2014

Participate and Assist

You are now ready to participate and assist!
Understanding fully the concept and the process of Action Research will enable you to
learn and provide the needed assistance to your teacher mentor in doing Action Research.

Name: Mikee Marvida

BSED-SOCSTUD 4-1

Notice
What concepts have been emphasized in the task and infographics? Give at least four.
1. _Observing_________________________________________________________
2. _Reflecting_________________________________________________________
3. _Evaluating_________________________________________________________
4. _Modifying_________________________________________________________
 Since the 3 models are all for action research, what are the common elements of the
three?
The common elements of the three models of AR are:
 Observe
 Plan:
 Act.
The three models of action research that  include the same elements are: observe, plan,
and act. To get the desired outcome, all Action Research models require observations
prior to conducting the research, planning on how to conduct the research, and finally
putting the planned plan into action.

Analyze
Choose the AR sample Abstract that you submitted in Episode 2.
Analyze the components vis-à-vis only one model out of the 3 presented.
If you choose compare with Model A-McNiff and Whitehead, 2006, here are the components.
Title and Author of the Action Research:

Key Components Entry from your Sample AR

OBSERVE The Problem

REFLECT Reflection

PLAN Plan of Action

ACT Implementation

EVALUATE Findings

MODIFY Recommendation
If you choose compare with Model B-Nelson, O. 2014, here are the components.
Title and Author of the Action Research:

Key Components Entry from your Sample AR

OBSERVE The Problem
 This study aimed to evaluate the
effectiveness of blended learning
approach using a flipped classroom
environment.
 This study also aimed to help other
teachers especially in the subject of Social
Studies (Araling Panlipunan) to make a
strategy using one of the best examples of
Blended Learning, the Flipped Classroom.
REFLECT Reflection
 The study considered comparing the
efficiency of a flipped classroom
environment with the efficiency of
conventional classroom settings.
Comparison of the approach being studied
to normal setting determines if flipped
classroom causes a significant
improvement to students’ output.
PLAN Plan of Action
 The conducted AR utilized the quasi-
experimental design.
 Two groups undergone of pre-test and
posttest. Focus Group Discussion with
classroom observation was implemented
as part of the triangulation in data
gathering.
ACT Implementation
 The plan put into action by utilizing set of
pre-test and post-test. Flipped Classroom
Class was conducted in the classroom
 Researcher collected observation notes
and conducted separate focus group
discussions for the Blended groups.
 The data result is that the flipped
classroom strategy gives helpful ways for
students on how they can learn and
explore their lessons. There are also
limitations and challenges that should be
considered in using the Flipped Classroom.
Or if you choose the DepEd Model, 2017, here are the components.
Title and Author: (the same as your entry in model A)
The Effectiveness Of Flipped Classroom Environment In Improving Learners’ Academic
Achievement In Araling Panlipunan By Mariel Gia GojoCruz
Key Components Action Research Process
I. Context And Rationale Study Background
II. Action Research Questions AR Questions
III. Proposed Innovation, Describe Innovation/Intervention/Strategy
Intervention, And Strategy
IV. Action Research Methods Describe Action Research Methods
a. Participants and/or other
Sources of Data and
Information
b. Data Gathering Methods
c. Data Analysis Plan
V. Action Research Work Plan Summarize Action Research Work Plan
VI. Cost Estimates Write cost estimate
VII. Plans For Dissemination And Describe how the results will be shared
Utilization
VIII. References Write at least 3 references

What have you understood about the concept of Action Research and how will these be
utilized in your practice?
The concept of Action Research is about seeks to bring together action and reflection
about solving to a problem in teaching and learning. With this I can utilized and apply the
pursuit of practical solutions to issues that pressing concern in learning and teaching in way to
practice as a future educator.

Reflect
As a future teacher, is conducting an Action Research worth doing?
Yes, as a future teacher conducting such research and putting some actions on it hits the
different. It could have some impacts or viable solution to a problem.
Why?
It is worth doing for some positive reasons it could promote professional growth,
collaboration, sense of efficacy, willingness to share and communicate, and attitudes towards the
process of change.
How can AR be useful for every classroom teacher?
 AR can be useful for every classroom teacher it will serve as a reflection on what they
would like to change. Teachers may enhance classroom experiences, teach new skills, encourage
student minds, and get students enthused about pursuing new academic interests by utilizing the
engagement and experimentation that AR provide.

Write Action Research Prompts

OBSERVE

Remembering my classroom observations in FS 1, I noticed that there are many questions

that I raised in my mind. These include:
a. How can teacher improve the online learning environment?
b. What is the problem met by the teacher and students in online teaching and
learning?
c. What is the best method to consider in online teaching?
d.
REFLECT

Thinking deeply about those problems, perhaps something must have been done to solve
the problem or answer the question, like:
a. The teachers consider the new mode of teaching especially in taking discussion,
making quizzes and examination.
b. The problems met by teachers and students were the technological issues and
other concerns about online class.
c. The teacher should look for methods that will ensure to have a healthy online
teaching.

PLAN

Now that I am in FS 2, I plan to make a plan for my solution to problem (choose from a,
b, c) because
Problem A because we must see what teacher must consider another way or
method in teaching especially this online teaching some students faced problems and
uncertainties that makes feel them unmotivated and by that affect its performance.
Therefore we must look for another way to stay them motivated and learning.

ACT

My action will come later, given enough time in FS 2 or during my Teaching Internship.
Work on my Artifacts
Your artifact will be a full blown Action Research
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341151722