STERILISATION OF WATER

USING BLEACHING
POWDER. CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT.

Project submitted by-

RACHIT VERMA
XII-A

To -
Dr. Sabina Riaz

Department of Chemistry JSBC Lucknow

 INDEX

1-Certificate
2-Acknowledgement
3-Theory
4-Introduction
5-Use of Bleaching powder in Sterilization of water
6- Experiment
7-Aim
8-Pre Requisite Knowledge
9-Requirements
11-Procedure
12-Observations
13-Result
14-Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Rachit Verma, a student of class XII has successfully completed the re-
search project on the topic "Sterilization of Water by using Bleaching Powder" under the
guidance of Dr. Sabina Riaz (Subject Teacher). This project is absolutely genuine and does
not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this project have been
declared at the end of this report.

(signature) (signature) (signature)

Dr. Sabina Riaz Examiner Mr. Subhash Joshi
(Subject Teacher) Principal
Deptt. Of Chemistry Seth M.R. Jaipuria School,
JSBC Bansal Campus
Lucknkow Lucknow
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in Chemistry on

the topic "Sterilization of Water using Bleaching powder" which
aims at using Bleaching powder as a disinfectant and purifier to
make water fit for drinking. This project wouldn't have been feasi-
ble without the proper and rigorous guidance of my Chemistry
teacher Dr. Sabina Riaz who guided me throughout this project
in every possible way. An investigatory project involves various
difficult lab experiments which have to be carried out by the stu-
dent to obtain the observations and conclude the report on a
meaningful note. These experiments are very critical and in the
case of failure, may result in disastrous consequences. Thereby, I
would like to thank both Dr. Sabina Riaz and Lab Asst. Mr.
Ashok for guiding me on a step by step basis and ensuring that I
completed all my experiments with ease. Rigorous hard work has
been put in this project to ensure that it proves to be the best. I
hope that this project will prove to be a breeding ground for the
next generation of students and will guide them in every possible
way.

Rachit Verma
Class XII
 THEORY
In 1854 it was discovered that a cho-
lera epidemic spread through water.
The outbreak seemed less severe in
areas where sand filters were instal-
led. British scientist John Snow found
that the direct cause of the outbreak
was water pump contamination by
sewage water. He applied chlorine to
purify the water, and this paved the
way for water disinfection. Since the
water in the pump had tasted and
smelled normal, the conclusion was
finally drawn that good taste and
smell alone do not guarantee safe
drinking water. This discovery led to
governments starting to install muni-
cipal water filters (sand filters and
chlorination), and hence the first gov-
ernment regulation of public water.
In the 1890s America started build-
ing large sand filters to protect pub-
lic health. These turned out to be a
success. Instead of slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration was now ap-
plied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with powerful jet
steam. Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration worked
much better when it was preceded by coagulation and sedimentation
techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne illnesses as cholera and ty-
phoid became less and less common as water chlorination won terrain
throughout the world. But the victory obtained by the invention of chlori-
nation did not last long. After some time the negative effects of this ele-
ment were discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water, and it
was linked to the aggravation and cause of respiratory disease. Water
experts started looking for alternative water disinfectants. In 1902 cal-
cium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were mixed in a drinking water
supply in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation and disinfection. The
treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of the greatest
achievements of the twentieth century. Before cities began routinely treat-
ing drinking water with chlorine (starting with Chicago and Jersey City in
US in 1908), cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A killed thou-
sands of U.S. residents annually. Drinking water chlorination and filtration
have helped to virtually eliminate these diseases in the U.S. and other de-
veloped countries. Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water requires
a multi-barrier approach that includes: protecting source water from con-
tamination, appropriately treating raw water, and ensuring safe distribu-
tion of treated water to consumers' taps.
 INTRODUCTION
Need of water
Water is an important and
essential ingredient in our
quest for survival on this
planet. It is very essential
for carrying out various
metabolic processes in
our body and also to carry
out Hemoglobin through-
out the body.

A daily average of 1 gallon

per man is sufficient for
drinking and cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks
about 11 gallons at a time. standing up, an average allowance of 5
gallons should be given for a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a
camel. An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8
gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum quanti-
ties.
One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs.).
In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be puri-
fied and supplied in a orderly and systematic way.
But with the increasing world population, the demand for drinking
water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is very es-
sential to identify resources of water from which we can use water
for drinking purposes. Many available resources of water do not
have it in drinkable form.
Need for a stable purification technique
Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used
anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any third par-
ty content and which is also economically feasible on both nor-
mal scale and large scale.
Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the
technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as
“Chlorination’’.
 EXPERIMENT
Aim/Objective-
To Determine the dosage of
bleaching powder required for
sterilization or disinfection of
different samples of water.

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 Requirements:

q Burette
q Titration flask
q 100ml graduated cylinder
q 250ml measuring flask
q Weight box
q Glazed tile
q Glass wool.
Bleaching powder
Glass wool
0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution
10% KI solution
Different samples of water
Starch solution
 Pre-Requisite Knowledge:
qA known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is
dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentra-
tion. This solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by
the action of bleaching powder with water.

« CaOCl2+H20 Ca(OH)2+Cl2

q The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is deter-

mined by treating a known volume of the above solution with
excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent
amount of Iodine is liberated. The Iodine, thus liberated is
then estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of
Sodium thiosulphate, using starch solution as indicator.

« Cl2+2KI 2KCl+I2

« I2+2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6+2NaI
q A known Volume of one of the given samples
of water is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder
solution. The amount of residual chlorine is determined by
adding excess potassium iodide solution and then titrating
against standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
q From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and
hence bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a gi-
ven volume of the given sample of water can be calculated.
 Procedure
Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh accurately
mPreparation
2.5g of the given sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to
a 250ml conical flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled water.
Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus
obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate is dilu-
ted with water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume
250ml. The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution.

Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered conical

mTake
flask and add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask
and shake it vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0.1N
Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the solution in the
conical flask becomes light yellow in color, add about 2ml
starch solution. The solution now becomes blue in color. Con-
tinue titrating till the blue color just disappears. Repeat the ti-
tration to get a set of three concordant readings.

Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered conical

mTake
flask and add it to 10ml of bleching powder solution. Then add
20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and
titrate against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution using starch solution as
indicator as described in step 2.

Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the
mRepeat
observations.
Objective
 Result

Amount of the given sample of bleach-

mAmount
ing powder required to disinfect one li-
tre of water
Sample I = ………g
Sample II= ………g
Sample III= ………g
 Bibliography

alcium Hypochloride
Calcium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleaching_powder

Bleach
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach

.Drinking Water Treatment:Continuous Chlorination

http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publica-
tionD.jsp?publicationId=358