Section 2.

Reading section

Part 5. Incomplete Sentences

Part 6. Text Completion
Part 7. Reading Comprehension

Reading Section
Part 5. Incomplete Sentences

Incomplete sentences are about word families, similar words, prepositions, conjunction,
adverbs of frequency, verbs tense, two word verb, pronoun etc

1. Word families: Word families are the various types of words that can be made from one
word. A word can go from noun to verb to adjective to adverb by changing the ending of
the word.

Example:

Finale (noun, thing) -> finalist (noun, person) -> finalize (verb) -> final (adjective) -> finally
(adverb)

2. Similar words : word that has the same meaning

Example

 Beautiful: attractive, pretty, lovely, stunning.

 Bossy: controlling, tyrannical.
 Fair: just, objective, impartial, unbiased.
 Funny: humorous, comical, hilarious, hysterical.
 Happy: content, joyful, mirthful, upbeat.
 Hardworking: diligent, determined, industrious, enterprising.

3. Preposition

Preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence.
They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence.  Prepositions are
usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases,
you’ll find prepositions in front of gerund verbs.

I prefer to read in the library.

He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.
Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.
Go down the stairs and through the door.
He swam across the pool.
 4. Conjunction

Conjunctions are words that join together other words or groups of words.

A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal importance. The main
coordinating conjunctions are and, or, and but.

They bought apples, pears, and oranges.

You can wait either on the steps or in the car.
The paintings are pleasant but bland.

When placed at the beginning of a sentence, a coordinating conjunction may also link two
sentences or paragraphs.

The preparations were complete. But where were the guests?

She told him that he would have to work to earn her trust. And he proceeded to do just that.

A subordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate clause (a clause that does not form a
simple sentence by itself) and joins it to a main clause (a clause that can be used as a simple
sentence by itself).

She waited until they were seated.

It had been quiet since the children left.

Some conjunctions are used in pairs. The most common pairs are either ... or, both ... and,
neither ... nor, and not only ... but (also).

They could either continue searching or go to the police.

Both Clara and Jeanette graduated from Stanford.
He could neither sing nor dance.
Not only the money but also the jewelry had been found.

Some adverbs, such as afterwards, consequently, for example, however, nonetheless, and
therefore, act like conjunctions by linking either two main clauses separated by a semicolon, or
two separate sentences. They express some effect that the first clause or sentence has on the
second one.

They didn't agree, however, each understood the other's opinion.

We'll probably regret it, still, we really have no choice.
The team has won its last three games. Thus, its record for the year is now 15-12.

5. Adverbs of Frequency

https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/blog/how-to-teach-adverbs-of-frequency-in-english/
 An adverb of frequency describes how often an action happens. There are six main adverbs of
frequency that we use in English: always, usually (or normally), often, sometimes, rarely, and
never

 Sara always goes out on Saturday evenings.

 Jane’s boyfriend usually picks her up and they drive into the city centre.
 Ben and Emma often go for lunch together.
 In the winter Sara sometimes goes Skiing in France.
 James and Stephen rarely go to the cinema in the summer because they prefer to stay
outside.
 As Marta is so busy, she never gets home from work before 7

With sentences using the verb ‘to be’, the adverb of frequency comes after the verb. For
example:

 There are always lots of people in the city center on Saturday nights.
 It’s often difficult to find a place to park.
 But our friends are never on time so it doesn’t matter if we’re late.

As is often the case in English, there are variations to this rule. For example, it’s possible to put
the adverbs ‘sometimes’ and ‘usually’ at the beginning of a sentence:

 Sometimes she does her homework with friends.

 Usually they study on their own.

Adverbs of Frequency with Modal Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs

Next we need to remind students that there is a modal auxiliary verb (can, could, may, might,
will, would, shall, should, must, ought to) in a sentence. We put the adverb of frequency after it
and before the main verb. For example:

 You must always try your best.

 We can usually find a seat on our train.
 They should never be rude to customers.  

The same rule applies for an auxiliary verb. Auxiliary verbs are verbs that appear before the
main verb in a sentence to modify the meaning of the main verb. Unlike main verbs, auxiliary
verbs do not have their own meaning. These auxiliary verbs consist of primary auxiliary verb
(be, do, have). The adverb of frequency goes between the auxiliary verb and the main verb. For
example:

 I have never visited Turkey. (have: primary auxiliary verb)

(visited: main verb)
 He’s always taking things from my desk. It’s really annoying. ( is: auxiliary verb)
(taking: main verb)
 You had rarely arrived late at work until yesterday.

The Question Form

To make questions about frequency, we normally use ‘How often…?’. For example:

 How often do you watch films?

 How often does he play tennis?
 How often do the trains arrive late?

But it’s also possible to ask questions simply with an adverb of frequency. For example:

 Do you often come here?

 Does she always work so hard?
 Do they ever pay on time? (‘ever’ instead of ‘never’ for questions

5.Verb Tense

There are 12 main tenses:

 Simple present: She writes every day.

 Present progressive: She is writing right now.
 Simple past: She wrote last night.
 Past progressive: She was writing when he called.
 Simple future: She will write tomorrow.
 Future progressive: She will be writing when you arrive.
 Present perfect: She has written Chapter 1.
 Present perfect progressive: She has been writing for 2 hours.
 Past perfect: She had written Chapter 3 before she started Chapter 4.
 Past perfect progressive: She had been writing for 2 hours before her friends arrived.
 Future perfect: She will have written Chapter 4 before she writes Chapter 5.
 Future perfect progressive: She will have been writing for 2 hours by the time her
friends come over.

6. Two word verbs (https://www.englishgrammar.org/verbs-prepositions-adverb-

particles)

Many English verbs can be followed by prepositions or adverb particles.

 Do sit down.
 Alice ran down the road without looking at anybody.
Some verbs and prepositions / particles are regularly used together. Examples are: look at, listen
to, stand up and switch off. These combinations are rather like two-word verbs. In grammars
these are often called phrasal verbs.

The meaning of a two-word verb can be very different from the meanings of the two-parts taken
separately.

 The meeting had to be put off. (The meaning of put off is not the same as the meanings
of put and off.)

Some verbs can be used with both an adverb particle and a preposition.
Examples are: get on with, put up with and look out for.

The two parts of a phrasal verb made with a verb + adverb particle are often separable. That
means the particle can go before or after noun objects.

 Can you switch off the light? OR Can you switch the light off?

7. Pronoun

The Seven Types of Pronouns

There are seven types of pronouns that both English and English as a second language writers
must recognize: the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the
relative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.

1. Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to a specific person or thing. Their form changes to indicate a person,
number, gender, or case.

 Subjective personal pronouns are pronouns that act as the subject of a sentence. They are
I, you, she, he, it, you, we, and they. For example: 
o "I walked directly to the party."
o "You showed up late; she was annoyed."
o "He thought you had forgotten; we know you were just behind."

 Objective personal pronouns are pronouns that act as the object of a sentence. They are
me, you, her, him, it, us, you, and them. For example:
o "The police officer told my brother and me to slow down."
o "He pointed to the pedestrians and said to be careful of them."
o "The police officer said there are a lot of speedy motorists like us."
  Possessive personal pronouns are pronouns that show possession. They define a person
(or a number of people) who owns a particular object. They are mine, yours, hers, his,
its, ours, and theirs. For example:
o "Is this book yours or his?"
o "All the books are mine."
o "Nobody's house has as many books as theirs, not even ours."

2. Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point to and identify a noun or a pronoun. This and these refer to things
that are nearby in space or time, while that and those refer to things that are farther away in
space or further away in time. For example:

 "This is the dress I will wear; that is the one I wore yesterday."
 "That is not true."
 Those are not true
 "Please pay for those."
 These are the dresses

3. Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are who, whom,
which, and what. If you are learning English as a second language, it is important to remember
that who and whom are used to refer to people, while which is used to refer to things and
animals. Who acts as the subject, while whom acts as the object. For example:

 "Which is the best restaurant?"

 "What did he tell you?" 
 "Whom should we invite?"

5. Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. An indefinite pronoun
conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. They are all, another, any, anybody, anyone,
anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some,
somebody, and someone. For example:

 "Everybody got lost on the way there."

 "Somebody forgot to bring the map."
 "No wonder so few showed up."

6. Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. The reflexive pronouns
used in writing English are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
themselves. For example:

 "She baked a cake for herself."

 "We decided to eat it ourselves."
 "We heard her say, 'They should be ashamed of themselves.'"

7. Intensive pronouns

Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize their antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in
form to reflexive pronouns. For example:

 "I myself find pronouns fascinating."

 "They themselves think everyone should know about pronouns."
 "You yourself should tell everyone how great pronouns are."

Antecedent: a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.

Example:

1. The newspaper editor, Mr. Lim has invited a distinguished architect to write about ___
famous building. (possessive pronoun)
a. He
b. Him
c. His
d. Himself

2. All employees are required to attend ___ the morning and the afternoon sessions of the
training workshop on Friday. (conjunction)
a. when
b. both
c. which
d. some

3. This course provides students with the tools for thinking about ways to enhance ___
among races, ethnic groups and social classes. (word family /Noun)
a. collaborative
b. collaborate
c. collaborated
d. collaboration
4. The new employee orientation will be held in one of the training facility classrooms and
it will begin ___ at 8:00 am. (Word family/adverb)
a. promptly
b. prompt
c. promptness
d. prompts

5. Employees who wish to participate in the FSA program must submit their ___ paper
work to the human resources department by Dec.16. (vocabulary)
a. conclusive
b. absolute
c. completed
d. exhausted

6. UPS guarantees the ___ of your important shipments from the U.S. to more than 580
international cities. (word family/noun)
a. deliverable
b. deliverer
c. deliver
d. delivery

7. Old magazines and important papers are stored ___ the top shelf in labeled files.
(Preposition)
a. out
b. on
c. to
d. for

8. The sharp hotel has decided to offer a free shuttle ___ to the beach every day from 8 a.m
to 9 p.m., leaving every hour. (word family/ noun)
a. service
b. serve
c. will serve
d. servings

9. The committee recommended ___ more systematic procedures for the management of
employee performance evaluations. (Vocabulary)
a. proceeding
b. remarking
c. developing
d. persuading
10. It will be ___ to develop an updated employee manual incorporating the many changes
that have occurred over the past twelve years.
a. necessity
b. necessitate
c. necessarily
d. necessary