DRUG EDUCATION & VICE CONTROL

Jonas A. Gonzales, M.S.C.J

Drug education
 is teaching and communicating to help people avoid harm caused by the abuse of various drugs.
Drug
 is a chemical substance that affects the way you feel and function.
 It is a substance used as a medicine or in making medicines, which affects the body and mind and
has potential for abuse.
 For a physician, drugs are agents that cure or prevent illness by altering or enhancing some
physiological processes.
Drug abuse
 generally refers to chronic, excessive and inconsistent use of a drug, such that physical or other
personal harm is very likely to occur.
 It is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of drug.
Drug misuse
 refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for the purpose other than, those
prescribed by a physician.
 It is taking of a drug by a person for the purpose other than that for which it was medically intended.
 Borrowing a friend’s prescription for a certain drug when you have fever is an example of drug
misuse.
Deviant drug use
 is the use of drugs that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved by the majority,
causing members of the group to take some corrective action when it occurs.
Addiction
 is uncontrolled compulsion to use drugs.
 It is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in respect to a drug.
 It is also characterized by physical dependence, tolerance and withdrawal syndrome.
Drug addiction
 refers to a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug.
 A person is addicted if he or she is unable to stop craving for using a drug.
Dependency
 may be physical or physiological.
Physical dependence
 occurs when the user’s physiological functioning is altered.
 The body becomes sick, inactive and incapable of carrying out useful activity in the absence of the
drug.
Physiological dependence
 occurs when emotional and mental discomfort exists in the individual.
 The drug user feels he cannot do his task without using the drug.
 Consequently if he does not take the drug, his mental processes are affected. He cannot carry out his
work efficiently.
Tolerance
 is the failure of the drugs to cause the usual effect or the need for a higher dose to bring about the
desired effect.
Withdrawal
 consists of a variety of physical and emotional symptoms that occur when an accustomed dose level
of a drug is abruptly cut off.
 The nature and magnitude of withdrawal vary with the drug and the user.
Self-medication
 is another term found in users and would-be users of drugs whose sources of information are people
or literature other than physicians, pharmacists, and health workers.

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ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:

A. ENTERAL
1. Oral:
 Giving a drug by mouth is the most common route of administration. It is the most convenient
and economical route whenever possible. However, drugs taken orally don’t reach the
bloodstream as quickly as drugs introduced by other means.
2. Sublingual:
 Placement under the tongue allows the drug to diffuse into the capillaries and enters the blood
circulation directly.
3. Rectal:
 This includes the placement of the drug via the anus to be absorbed at the rectal mucosa. The
rectal route is useful if the drug induces vomiting when given orally or if the patient is already
vomiting.
B. PARENTERAL
1. Intravenous injection:
 It is the most common parenteral route. It makes use of the needle or other device to deliver
directly the drug into the veins. Intravenous injection gets the drug into the bloodstream
immediately (within seconds in most cases).
2. Intramuscular injection:
 Drugs are injected directly into the muscle tissue, which is richly supplied with blood vessels.
Intramuscular injection is moderately fast (within a few minutes).
3. Subcutaneous Injection:
 Drugs are injected directly beneath the skin. This route of administration works more slowly
(within 10 minutes).
C. OTHERS
1. Inhalation:
 This route of administration is used for gases or those that can be dispersed in an aerosol.
Inhalation provides the rapid delivery of a drug, producing an effect almost as rapidly as the
intravenous route.
2. Intranasal:
 This involves the introduction of the drug via the nasal mucosa. The abused drug cocaine is
generally taken by sniffing.
3. Intrathecal/Intraventricular:
 Introduction of drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.
4. Topical:
 This refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous
membrane. Topical application is used when a local effect of the drug is desired.
5. Transdermal:
 Application of drug to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch. This route is most often used for
the sustained delivery of drugs.
6. Iontophoresis:
 The introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of electric
current for local effect.

DOSAGE
1. Minimal dose
 the amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a
therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose
 the largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose
 the amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.
4. Abusive dose
 the amount needed to produce the side effects and the action desired by an individual who
improperly uses it.
5. Lethal dose
 the amount of drug that will cause death.

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Individual Differences:
 Each person responds differently to different drugs, depending on circumstances or setting.

OTC DRUGS:
 Drugs available at the counter anytime and without a doctor’s prescription are called the OTC-drugs.

PRESCRIPTION DRUGS:
 These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase.
 They are prescribed according to the individual’s sex, age, weight and height and should not be taken
by anyone else.

The Placebo Effect:

 Drug experts have learned that many people can experience typical drug effects when they believe
they have taken a drug but actually have not.

MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS:

1. Analgesic
 are drugs that can relieve pain.
 However, they may produce the opposite effects on somebody who suffers from ulcer or gastric
irritation.
2. Antibiotics
 are drugs that combat or control infectious organisms.
 Ingesting the same drug for a long time can result in allergic reaction and cause resistance to
drugs.
3. Antipyretics
 those drugs that can lower the body temperature or fever due to infection.
4. Antihistamines
 those drugs that control or combat allergic reactions.
 A person who is on antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicle since these drugs can
cause drowsiness.
5. Contraceptives
 drugs that prevent the meeting of the sperm cell and the egg cell or prevent the ovary from
releasing the egg cells.
 Pregnant women must not take birth control pills to avoid congenital abnormalities.
6. Decongestants
 drugs that can relieve congestion of the nasal passages.
 Prolonged use of these decongestants might include nasal congestion upon withdrawal.
7. Expectorants
 those that ease the expulsion of mucous and phlegm from the lungs and throat.
 They are not drugs of choice for the newborn that does not know to cough the phlegm out.
8. Laxatives
 drugs that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movements.
 These drugs should not be given to pregnant women and those suffering from intestinal
obstructions.
 Taking purgatives (stronger laxatives) unnecessarily might result in the rupture of the intestines or
appendix if there is an obstruction.
 Constant use might make the intestine sluggish.
9. Sedatives and Tranquilizers
 drugs that can calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without causing depression and
clouding of the mind.
 Precautions must be taken in the use of tranquilizers since they can cause impairment of judgment
and dexterity.
10. Vitamins
 substance necessary for normal growth and development and proper functioning of the body.
 Proper dosage must be considered in taking vitamins.
 Excessive dosage can be harmful to the body health.

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DRUG ABUSE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Book of Genesis

 recounts Noah’s drunkenness shortly after emerging from the ark.
 Alcohol use has been part of most civilizations since ancient times.

The Book of Judges of the Old Testament

 revealed that the mighty Samson was put to sleep by Delilah by means of a drug-laced wine before
cutting his hair, the source of his strength, and subsequently gouged his eyes before the feasting
Philistines already “high spirited” with narcotics mixed with intoxicants.
 There are also many allusions of drug abuse in the old cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, which might
have led to the widespread adultery, bestiality, and incest.

DANGEROUS DRUGS AND THEIR ORIGIN

Marijuana – Cannabis Sativa Lima

 World’s oldest cultivated plants being a source of dangerous drugs(more than 9000BC).
 Known as the Sacred Tree by the Assyrians
 Historians credited that marijuana (Cannabis Sativa Lima) is the world’s oldest cultivated plant
started by the
 The term marijuana is a Spanish-Mexican term used to refer to the Indian Hemp plant that can grow
in a tropical region and attain an approximate height of 1.8 meter or 6 feet.
 Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops also known scientifically as Cannabis
Sativa Lima, smoked or eaten for its pleasure-giving effects.
 Its leaves formed a finger-like look-odd in numbers from 3 up to 5 fingerlike leaves.
 The psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is concentrated in the
flowering tops; hashish, a drug prepared from the plant resin, is about eight times stronger than plain
marijuana.

Opiates
 Opium Poppy – Papaver Somniferum
 Opium – a principal drug in narcotics category
 Morphine – derived from opium discovered by Frederich Serturner of Germany in 1806
 Opiate drugs have derived from the name morphium after Morpheus – the god of dreams
 Codeine – (Greek word for poppy head) second important alkaloid of opium discovered in 1832.
 Heroin – the most potent among opiates developed in 1874 and placed on the market in the year
1898 by Bayer Laboratories.

 Opium Wars
 It began when Chinese government stop the illegal importation of opium by British
merchants.
 First Opium War (1839-1843)
 It started in 1839 when the Chinese government confiscated opium warehouses in Guangzhou
(Canton).
 The Great Britain responded by sending an expedition of warships to the city in February
1840. The British won and the conflict ended by the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) on August
29, 1842.
 The treaty was finalized on October 8, 1843 and China cede Hong Kong to Great Britain.
 Second Opium War (1856-1860)
 In October 1856, Guangzhou police boarded the British ship Arrow and charged its crew with
smuggling. Eager to gain more trading rights, the British used the incident to launch another
offensive, precipitating the Second Opium War. British forces, aided by the French, won
another quick military victory in 1857.
 When the Chinese government refused to ratify the Treaty of Tientsin, which had been signed
in 1858, the hostilities resumed. In 1860, after British and French troops had occupied Beijing
and burned the Summer Palace, the Chinese agreed to ratify the treaty. The treaty opened
additional trading ports, allowed foreign emissaries to reside in Beijing, admitted Christian
missionaries into China, and opened travel to the Chinese interior. Later negotiations
legalized the importation of opium.

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Coca Bush – Erythroxylon Coca
 Cocaine or Cocaine Hydrochloride – The most potent stimulant drugs.
 500kg of coca leaves = 1kg of cocaine
 Crack or Rock – cocaine is mixed with some household chemicals including baking soda and then
drying it resulted in a lump of cocaine in a smokable form.
 Coca Paste – coca leaves are mixed with organic solvent, such as kerosene or gasoline. After
thorough soaking, mixing and mashing, the excess liquid is filtered out to form a paste often mixed
with tobacco and smoked.
 Ephedra – (Ma Huang – Chinese Herbs)
 Ephedrine – the active ingredients of Ma Huang. It is use to dilate the bronchial passage in asthma
patients.
 Amphetamine – (Speed) drugs synthesized by researchers in 1920 and patented in 1932 having
similar structure to ephedrine. The first use of amphetamine was a replacement for ephedrine in the
treatment of asthma. Branded as BENZEDRINE inhaler, it was introduced as an OTC drugs in 1932
for treating the stuffy noses caused by colds. Amphetamine was used for the treatment of narcolepsy
in 1935.

Narcolepsy
 is a condition in which the individual spontaneously falls asleep more than five times daily.
Soldiers Disease
 It was also noted that soldiers at times of war used amphetamine and became addicted to it.

In 1989,
 methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals or ICE/shabu (street name) was claimed by most media
men as the next drug epidemic.
 Along with the scare of potential new menace came the unsubstantiated report that Ice or shabu
produced effects lasting for a day or more.

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

 Developed by Dr. Albert Hoffman, it is the most potent hallucinogen drugs derived from the ergot
fungus (Claviceps Purpurea), a molds that grows on grain especially rye.
 Eating infected grain results in illness called ergotism.

Psilocybin
 derived from the psilocybe mushroom, the magic mushroom of Mexico that have a long history of
religious and ceremonial uses.
 The real breakthrough of psilocybin was in 1955 when a New York banker-turned-ethno-botanist
and his wife established rapport with a native group still using mushrooms in religious ceremonies.
 Gordon Wasson became the first outsider to participate in the ceremony and to eat of the magic
mushroom. According to Wasson, “it permits you to travel backward and forward in time, to enter
other planes of existence even (as the Indians say), to know God….”

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
 Another substance considered the most important naturally occurring hallucinogen compound.
 It is an active agent in Cohoba snuff, which is used by some South American and Caribbean
Indians in hunting rituals.
 DMT was synthesized in 1930s.
 Its discovery as the active ingredient in cohoba first led to human examination of its psychoactive
properties in 1956.

Peyote
 a small spineless, carrot-shaped cactus, Lophophora williamsii Lemaire, grows wild in the Rio
Grande Valley and southward.

Mescaline
 the primary active agent of peyote.
Peyotism
 it is the major religious cult of most Indians in the United States between the Rocky
Mountains and Mississppi in 1960.

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Drugs related chemically to amphetamine are large groups of synthetic hallucinogens known as
AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVES. They are also known as designer drugs.

DOM
 is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. It was called in the 1960s and 70s as STP in street talk.
It can cause euphoria with a total dose of 1 to 3 mg., and a 6- to 8-hour hallucinogenic period with
3 to 5 mg dosage taken.
MDA
 is another amphetamine derivative which is somewhat more potent than mescaline, and was seen to
have some recreational use through illicit manufacture.
MDMA
 is similar to MDA but is apparently quite different from the other hallucinogens. In 1985, the DEA
temporarily placed the drug on Schedule I (drugs with high potential for abuse) of the list of
controlled substances.
Phencyclidine or PCP,
 also known as angel dust was developed by the Parke, Davis & Company in the search for an
efficient intravenous anesthetic way back in 1950. In 1958, the first report was established on the
use of PCP (brand name Sernyl) for surgical anesthesia in 64 humans.

PHILIPPINE DRUG SCENARIO:

 The early Filipinos during the pre-Spanish era were already using and producing intoxicants and
stimulants like the “tuba” a fermented coconut wine and the masticatory preparation called “nga-nga”
in vernacular.
 They were already using coffee out of “roasted rice” called by the natives as “sara-sara”, others were
smoking dried duhat leaves.

1521
 The Spanish colonialization gave birth to the use of opium in the country.
1780
 the Spanish colonial government prohibited the Filipinos to use opium except the Chinese residents
particularly in Manila.
1844
 the Spanish government imported opium and sold it to the Chinese community forbidding its use by
the Indians and Filipinos. The importation temporarily stopped during the period of revolt and
insurrection.
1908
 the American government ordered the total ban of opium.
1953
 Republic Act 953 was enacted to provide for the registration, collection, and the imposition of fixed
and special taxes upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, deal in, dispense, sell,
distribute or give away opium, marijuana, opium poppies, or coca leaves or any synthetic drugs
which may be declared as habit forming.
1955
 Marijuana plant is said to have been introduced in the country in the vicinity of San Juan and
Donada Streets, Pasay City.
January 8, 1959
 The first seizure of marijuana was made during a raid conducted among marijuana addicts in Pasay
City led by then Major Teodoro C. Natividad. In this year, the war against drugs had begun.
1963
 heroin is started to abuse in Manila. The use of opium among Filipinos increased.
March 30, 1972
 Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 was promulgated. This
strengthened the war against drugs.
 In the same year, heroin baron Lim Seng was executed which put an end to heroin abuse and
production in the Philippines.
1980
 the use of marijuana became geographically widespread including the use of pharmaceutical
products like cough syrups. The inhalation of solvents, like rugby, added to the problem.
Cultivation of marijuana increased and in 1985 it was the most widely abused drugs.

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  The Philippines produces $1.4 billion worth of marijuana making it the second biggest source of
banned narcotic after Mexico. This appalling estimate was disclosed by former Senator Ernesto
Herrera, chairman of the Citizens’ Drug Watch Foundation, INC.
1982
 Batasang Pambansa Bilang 179 effected another procedural amendment to RA 6425. The law
itemized prohibited drugs and their derivatives. Narcotic preparations such as opiates, opium poppy
straw, leaves or wrapping, whether prepared for use or not were classified as dangerous drugs.
1986
 methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu emerged as a popular drug in Metro Manila and other
major cities.
1987
 Cocaine laboratory and plantation of coca shrubs were also discovered by Narcotics raiding team in
Agho Island, San Rafael, Iloilo.
1999
 the Senate committee on public order and illegal drugs began deliberating on a bill which seeks to
create a super drug enforcement agency patterned after the Drug Enforcement Agency of the United
States.
 Committee chairman Sen.  Robert Barbers said Senate Bill 363, or the act creating the Presidential
Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), will address the growing drug abuse and drug trafficking
problem in the country.
June 7, 2002
 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed Republic Act 9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002, and it took effect on July 4, 2002.
 R.A. 9165 defines more concrete courses of action for the national anti-drug campaign and imposes
heavier penalties to offenders. Its mission is to implement the new anti-drug law; eliminate the supply
and demand of illegal drugs; prevent and control drug-related crimes; and provide a drug-free
community for Filipinos.
May 2005
 the PDEA Academy was established and officially opened in Silang, Cavite.
February 2006
 joint force of PDEA, PNP, NBI and PAF dismantled a “shabu tiangge”, the one-stop shabu shop in
Pasig City. The task force secured a search warrant last Feb. 9 and raided the compound along F.
Soriano St., Barangay Palatiw in Pasig City which openly sold shabu with prepared drug
paraphernalia, equipment and apparatus. Narrow cubicles were also made available for rent.

CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

Philosophy of Drug Abuse:

Drug abuse
 is the innocent, illiterate and indiscriminate use of drug or chemical substance which may seriously
damage the individual’s total well-being and the ability to functions normally and actively in the
society.
 It results to a complex psychosocial problem, which prevent the socio-economic development of a
country and even threatens its national security.

Causes of Drug Abuse:

 Drug abuse started from the innocence and curiosity of people in the proper use of drugs aggravated
by multifaceted problem. There are always more than one reason that influences young people to
abuse drugs. The following are the factors that may influence young people to abuse drug:

Biological Factors
1. Individual health conditions – there are several diseases or illness that easily makes a person become
a drug abuser. Examples are fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia and discomfort. Drugs are used to
prevent these conditions.
2. It is a belief that a drug has special action to prevent diseases and to increase sexual capacity.
3. The use of drugs makes the body cells work or function actively. People use drugs to condition the
body.

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Psychological Factors:
There are a number of psychological conditions that could easily induce and influence the innocence of
young people to abuse drug:
1. Low self-esteem and poor self-image 4. Escape
2. Need of acceptance or belonging 5. Mental problem
3. Feeling of more freedom and autonomy 6. Envy

Parental Negligence:
There are some untoward potential relations that are critical to the basic foundation of children that
resulted to a poor parent-children relationship:
1. Over-domineering parents; 4. Rejection and Abuse of parents;
2. Lack of parents concern and closeness; 5. Family instability and disorganization;
3. Parental permissiveness; 6. Harsh physical punishment.

The parents therefore are the best influence to their children. It is in the home where education started.
Children with poor relationship and guidance from their parents easily join peer groups to find shoulders to
carry and to assert their independence.

Sociological and Community Factor:

1. Availability of over-the-counter prescription drugs available to anybody anytime;
2. Impact of an affluent or prominent lifestyle or high unemployment problem;
3. Influence of media advertisement message that all ailments can be cured through the use of drugs;
4. Modeling
5. The collapse of religious values; 7. Lower value on academic achievement;
6. Feeling of powerlessness; 8. Easy access to drug in an affluent society.

Ineffectiveness of Drug Abuse Preventive Education Program in Schools:

 The school has the responsibility to give proper education regarding the proper use of drugs and to
give proper information about the effect of dangerous drugs to individual mental and physical health
conditions as well as to the community as a whole.

Corruption in Law Enforcement, other Government Agencies, Policy Makers and Poor
Implementation of Law:
 The law enforcement agencies must seriously abide by their mission in safeguarding the people
against dangerous drugs that destroy the future of the youth.

Maladministration, Inequality and Double Standard of Justice:

 Balanced and fair delivery of justice to the poor and affluent members of the society most especially
for those who can afford to pay or bribe the justice system.

THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE:

Any of the seven deadly sins could be the primary cause why people tend to abuse drugs despite knowledge
of the dangerous effects of drugs.
1. Pride
 excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem and sense of self-importance;
2. Anger
 unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, friends or the society in general;
3. Lust
 burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse;
4. Gluttony
 “food trip”;
5. Greed
 wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their work of art, such
as musicians, actors, athletes who indulge in drug abuse;
6. Envy
 to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest. Envy is the major cause of drug abuse;
7. Sloth
 “I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve is the breeding ground of drug abuse. Boredom
coupled with poor self-image.

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THE DRUG ABUSER

Group Classification of Drug Abuser:

1. Situational User
 those who take drugs in order to develop self-confidence (when going to a party) and to have
extra energy (playing or working under pressure).
2. Spree Users
 school age users who take drugs for “kicks”, an adventurous daring experience, or as a means
of fun.
3. Hard Core Addict
 those abuser whose activities revolve most entirely in taking and securing supplies of drugs.
4. Hippies
 those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

Personality Profile of Drug Abuser:

1. They are of average or above average intelligent;
2. They are witty, manipulative and have low frustration tolerance;
3. They have negative attitude, they demonstrate hostile feelings to the world or to anybody who does
not want to conform with what they want;
4. They are emotionally immature, selfish, and excessively dependent;
5. They want immediate gratification of their needs and desires;
6. Their interest and aptitude are on dramatic, persuasive and musical;
7. They are pleasure seeker, rebellious, pathological liars and have impulsive behavior;
8. They love to join anti-social groups/delinquent groups and have difficulty in solving a problem.

Epidemiological Profile of Drug Abuser:

1. Majority of drug abusers are between 15 to 24 years old with a mean or average of 19 years old;
2. The vulnerable groups are third year and fourth year high school and first year and 2nd year college;
3. Mostly are male, single, jobless and school dropouts;
4. As to birth order, the user is usually the eldest or the youngest in the family;
5. Majority have poor relationship with their parents or products of broken families.

General Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuser:

1. Sudden changes in school activities or work attendance, quality of work, school grades, discipline
and work output;
2. Unusual outbreak of temper, and withdrawal from responsibilities;
3. Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate time and place to hide the condition of the eyes;
4. Wearing of long sleeves to hide injection marks;
5. Deterioration of physical appearance;
6. Association with known drug user;
7. Unusual borrowings of money from parents and friends;
8. Stealing of items from home, school or employer;
9. Frequent stay in storage room, toilet, basement room and isolated places;
10. Odor or smell of the substance being used.

Specific Signs and Symptoms of Dangerous Drug Abuser:

A. Volatile Solvents
1. Odor or smell of substance on breath and clothing;
2. Excessive nasal secretions, watering of eyes and poor muscular control;
3. Preference for being with a group rather than being alone;
4. Plastic or paper bags or rags containing dry plastic cement or other solvent, found at home, school
locker or at work;
5. Obvious slurred speech.
B. Depressant Drug User such as Barbiturates and Tranquilizers
1. Symptoms of alcohol intoxication without odor, smell or breath;
2. Staggering or Stumbling;
3. Falling asleep unexplainably;
4. Drowsiness and disorientation;
5. Lack of interest in school and family activities.
C. Stimulant Drug Abuser such as Amphetamines, Cocaine, Speed or Uppers.
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 1. Pupil of the eyes dilated;
2. Mouth and nose are dry and bad breath;
3. Goes for long period without eating or sleeping, always feels nervous;
4. Chain smoking;
5. If injecting drug, user may have hidden eyedroppers, needles and other injection paraphernalia;
6. Produce elevation of mood, heightened alertness and increased energy;
7. Abuser becomes anxious, irritable or loquacious;
8. Decreased appetite and develop insomnia.
D. Narcotic Drug Abuser such as Heroine, Morphine or Opium
1. Lethargy and drowsiness;
2. Pupils are constricted and fail to respond to light;
3. Traces of white powder around nostrils causing nostrils irritation;
4. If injecting, scars are found usually in the inner surface of the arms and elbows;
5. The user scratches self frequently, loss of appetite, sniffles, runny nose, red watery eyes and coughing
which disappear when user gets a “fix”.
E. Marijuana Abuser (HALLUCINOGEN)
1. May appear animated with rapid, loud talking and burst of laughter;
2. Sleepy and stuporous;
3. Pupils are dilated;
4. Odor (similar to burnt rope) on clothing or breath;
5. Remnants of marijuana either loose or in a partially smoked “joints” in clothing or possessions;
6. In early stage, users are in-group.
F. LSD/STP/DMT Abuser (HALLUCINOGEN)
1. User usually sits or reclines quietly in a dream or trance-like state;
2. User may become fearful and experience a degree of terror that makes him attempt to escape from his
group;
3. Sense of sight, hearing, touch, body image and time are distorted;
4. Mood and behavior are affected, the manner depending upon emotional and environmental condition
of the user.

THE DANGEROUS DRUGS

General Classification of Drugs

A. According to effects
1. Depressants 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens
B. According to medical pharmacology
1. Depressants 3. Narcotics 5. Tranquilizers
2. Stimulants 4. Hallucinogens 6. Solvents/inhalants
C. Legal Categories – pursuant to R. A. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972, the
drugs are classified as follows;
1. Prohibited drugs
a. Narcotics b. Stimulants c. Hallucinogens
2. Regulated drugs
a. Barbiturates b. Hypnotics c. Amphetamines
3. Volatile substances (PD 1619):
 These are liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing vapor or fumes
which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled or introduce into the body and can produced the
condition of intoxication, excitement or dulling of the brain or nervous system.
 Examples of these are glue, gasoline, kerosene, paint thinner, lacquer, etc.

DEPRESSANT DRUGS:
 These are drugs that suppress the vital body functions especially those of the brain or central nervous
system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and muscular coordination.
a) Narcotics – drugs that can relieve pain.
b) Opium – derived from opium poppy plant.
c) Morphine – effective painkiller six times stronger than opium.
d) Heroin – Painkiller five times stronger than morphine.
e) Codeine – derivative of morphine commonly available in cough syrup.

10
 f) Paregoric – it is a tincture of opium combined with camphor used for treatment of diarrhea
and abdominal pain.
g) Demerol and methadone – Demerol is used as painkiller in childbirth while methadone is
the drug used in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependent.
h) Barbiturates – drug used to induce sleep.
i) Seconal – commonly used among hospitality girls.
j) Tranquilizer – drugs that can calm and relax and diminish anxiety.
k) Volatile solvents – it is a gaseous substance popularly known as gas or tear drops.
l) Alcohol – it is known as the king of all drugs with high potential for abuse. It is also
considered as the oldest intoxicant known to man.

STIMULANT DRUGS:
 These drugs increase mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of well-
being.
a) Amphetamines – widely prescribed for weight control. Speed up physical and mental
processes, heighten alertness and confidence.
b) Cocaine – taken from a coca bush plant. Produce a feeling of vigor, euphoria, or an intense
feeling of highness.
c) Caffeine – it is present in tea and coffee and can be also in chocolates, cola drinks and some
wake-up pills.
d) Shabu – it is a white crystalline powder also known as “poor man’s cocaine”. Chemically
known as methamphetamine hydrochloride.
e) Nicotine – it is an active component of tobacco. A drop of nicotine can easily kill a person.

HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS:
 It is a mind-altering drug. It produces distortion of reality, thinking and perception of time, sound,
space and sensation.
a) Marijuana – it is the most commonly abused drugs in the Philippines and widely used for
relaxation at the first time.
b) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) – the most powerful among the psychedelics obtained
from ergot, a fungus that attacks rye kernels. LSD is 1000 stronger than marijuana.
c) Peyote – it is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus.
d) Mescaline – it is extracted from the peyote cactus.
e) STP – it is a take-off on the motor oil additives.
f) Psilocybin – an alkaloid taken from a small Mexican mushroom.
g) Morning glory seeds – the black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory.
h) Phencyclidine (PCP) – otherwise known as “angel dust”. It is in a form of tablet, capsule, or
crystal-like powder.

DANGEROUS DRUGS AND THEIR STREET NAMES

Barbiturates
Marijuana
 Barbs, Blue devil, Red devil, Yellow Jackets,
 Pot, Grass, Weed, Reefer, Dope, Mary Jane,
Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal, Tuinal, Downer.
Sinsemilia, Acapulco, Gold, Thai Sticks,
“Damo”, Basura.
Methaqualone – Qualides, Ludes, Soppers, Mandrakes
Tetrahydrocannabinol – THC Tranquilizers
 Valium, Librim, Equanil, Miltow, Serax,
Hashish – Hash Tranxene
Phencyclidine
Hashish Oil – Hash Oil
 PCP, Angel dust, Hog, Loveboat, Killer weed,
Nitrous Oxide – Laughing gas, Whippets
Lovely, Cyclone, Dead on Arrival (DOA)
Amyl Nitrite – Peppers, Snappers Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
 LSD, Acid, Green or Red Dragon, White
Butyl Nitrite – Rush, Bolt, Locker room, Bullet, Climax lightning, Blue heaven, Sugar cubes
Chlorohydrocarbon – Aerosol sprays Mescaline and Peyote - Mesc, Buttons, Cactus
Hydrocarbon – Solvents Psilocybin – Magic mushrooms, Mushrooms
Cocaine
Heroin
 Coke, Snow flake, White blow, Nose candy, Big
 Smoke, Horse, Brown sugar, Junk, Mud, Big H,
C, Snow bird, Lady, Crack, Freebase rocks,
Black tar
Rock.
11
Amphetamine Methadone – Dolly, Dolophine, Methadose, Amidone
 Speed, Uppers, Ups, Black pep pills, Co-pilot,
Bumblebees, Heart, Footballs Morphine – Pectoral syrup, Sweet morpheus
Methamphetamine Codeine – Empirin
 Crank, Crystal meth, Poor Man’s Cocaine, Meperidine – Pethidine, Demerol, Mepergen
Methedrine, Speed, “Shabu” Opium – Paregoric, Dakers powder, Parapectolin

Other narcotics – Percocet, Percodan, Tussionex, Fentanyl, Darvon, Taluin, Lomotil

Designer Drugs:
Analog of Fentanyl (Narcotic) – Synthetic heroin, China white
Analog of Meperidine (Narcotic) – Synthetic heroin, MPTP (New heroin). MPPP, PEPAP
Analog of Amphetamine – MDMA, ECSTACY, XTC, ADAM,ESSENCE
Analog of Methamphetamines – MDM, (DMA, STP, PMA, TMA, DOM.
Analog of Phencyclidine (PCP), (Hallucinogen) – PCPY, PCE,TCP

PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION OF REPUBLIC ACT 9165

Punishable Acts Penalty Range Provision

Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Section 4.
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
Importation of any controlled precursor and twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Par.2 ,
essential chemical. years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand Section 4.
pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)
Importation of any dangerous drug and/or Par. 3,
controlled precursor and essential chemical Maximum penalty Section 4.
through the use of a diplomatic passport and
diplomatic facilities
Act as financier for the importation of dangerous Maximum penalty Par. 4,
drugs Section 4.
twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Par. 4,
"Protector/coddler" of any violator of the years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One Section 4.
provisions under Section 4, R.A. 9165. hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Section 5
Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to
Dangerous Drugs (P10,000,000.00)
Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Par. 2,
Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand Section 5.
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)
sale, trading, administration, dispensation, Par. 3,
delivery, distribution or transportation of any section 5
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and Maximum penalty
essential chemical transpires within one hundred
(100) meters from the school
Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort where Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Section 6
dangerous drugs is used or sold Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort where twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Par. 2,
controlled precursor and essential chemical is used years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand Section 6.
or sold pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)
Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort. twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Section 7.
years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)
Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs. life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging Five Section 8.
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
Manufacture any controlled precursor and twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Par. 2,
essential chemical. years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand Section 8.
pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)

12
Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Section 9.
Precursors and Essential Chemicals. years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00)
Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Section 10.
Instrument, Apparatus, and Other Paraphernalia years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand
for Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
and Essential Chemicals. (P500,000.00)
Injection, ingestion, inhalation or otherwise (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years and a Par. 2,
introduction of dangerous drugs into the body. fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) Section 10.
to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00)
Possession of Dangerous Drugs. life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging Five Section 11.
10 grams or more of opium; morphine; heroin; hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride; marijuana resin million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
or marijuana resin oil; ecstasy, PMA, LSD or
GHB. 50 grams or more of methamphetamine
hydrochloride or "shabu";
500 grams or more of marijuana.
ten (10) grams or more but less than fifty (50) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four Par. 2,
grams of shabu hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five Section 11.
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
three hundred (300) grams or more but less than Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day Par. 3,
five (hundred) 500) grams of marijuana to life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four section 11
hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
five (5) grams or more but less than ten (10) grams Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day Par. 3,
of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine to life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four Section 11.
hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five
oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited
to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB
less than five (5) grams of opium, morphine, twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Par. 4,
heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, years and a fine ranging from Three hundred section 11
marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to Four hundred
methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", or thousand pesos (P400,000.00)
other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB
Less than three hundred (300) grams of marijuana. twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) Par. 4,
years and a fine ranging from Three hundred section 11
thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to Four hundred
thousand pesos (P400,000.00)
Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4) years and Section 12.
and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs. a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos
(P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00)
Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, maximum penalties provided for in Section 11 of Section 13
Social Gatherings or Meetings. R.A. 9165
Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus Maximum penalty Section 14
and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.
Positive for use of any dangerous drug (first six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center Section 15
offense) for the first offense, subject to the provisions of
Article VIII of R.A. 9165
Positive for use of any dangerous drug (second Six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center Section 15
offense) for the first offense, subject to the provisions of
Article VIII of this Act.
Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Section 16
Dangerous Drugs (marijuana/opium poppy) Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
Failure to comply with the maintenance and one (1) year and one (1) day to six (6) years and a Section 17,
keeping of the original records of transactions on fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) par. 1 and
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00), 2
and essential chemical. revocation of the license to practice his/her
profession
Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Section 18
Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00)

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TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG DEPENDENT

Treatment
 refers to the broad range of services, including identification, brief intervention, assessment,
diagnosis, counseling, medical services, psychiatric services, social services, and follow up for
persons with drug problems.

Rehabilitation
 is the outcome of treatment that refers to the reinstatement or recovery of a previous level of
functioning-social, emotional, physical and economic aspects of a drug dependent.

 The most widespread view of addiction is that it is a disease. Addiction models were therefore
presented to view the different causes and treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse.
The disease concept or medical model
 maintains that addiction is a biological trait, probably inherited, that gets progressively worse. The
affected user has no control over the condition: He or she is neither responsible for its development
nor able to recover on his or her own.

The moral model

 considers the addict to be responsible for both the development of the problem and its solution or
elimination. Recovery is achieved by motivation and willpower.

In the compensatory model,

 people are not considered responsible for the development of a problem, but they can take personal
responsibility to change their behavior. Treatment approaches that utilize behavior modification are
based on the compensatory model.

The enlightenment model

 assumes that people are responsible for the origin and development of problems, but they cannot
overcome them on their own.

The public health model,

 which points to interactions between the individual, the drug, and the environment, and models based
on social learning theory and classical or operant conditioning.

Different Approaches to the Treatment and Rehabilitation of a Drug Abuser

Supervisory-Deterrent Model
 This model involves law enforcement. The concept that once people have been returned to
physiological normality, they really have one of the two alternatives: either they can remain drug free
and stay out of jail; or, they can continue to use drugs and end up in jail again.

Medical-Distributive Model
 This model is based on the philosophy that if the medical profession finds a person who has a
disorder that cannot be treated, the medical profession is bound to make the person as comfortable as
possible. Notice that cure is not the goal. The goal is to improve that person’s quality of life while at
the same time minimizing the social and medical consequences of drug dependence.

Drug Free Model

 In this model, abstinence is an overriding goal, and reinforcement of that behavior is considered to
occur best in peer group settings.

Therapeutic Communities is the best known drug free approaches.

Primary Strategies of Therapeutic Communities:

1. The addict lives for an extended period (usually 2 to 24 months) in a drug-free environment with firm
norms for behavior (particularly no to drug use).

14
 2. Through group and individual psychotherapy, there is much honest confrontation of dysfunctional
feelings and behaviors such as blame, resentment, and hostility.
3. Clients are expected to carry out routine responsibilities (enhanced by specific rewards and
punishments) intended to inculcate social responsibility and normal habits and values.
4. Clients participate in a 12-step program such as Narcotics Anonymous.
5. The longer a client resides in a therapeutic community, the more he or she assumes a staff role, with
the responsibility for helping newer clients to recover.

The Minnesota Model

 This model is the usual format applied for the typical 28-day treatment program. The most typical
component includes the following: 1) a one-week detoxification program to rid the client’s body of
the drug abuse; 2) a three-week in-patient rehabilitation program; and, 3) aftercare that is designed to
last a year or more and that usually involves self-help group participation, family therapy, individual
and group counseling, and short-term residence in a halfway house.

The California Social Model

 This treatment’s perspective is that addiction is caused by social relationships and the environment as
well as by individual problems and characteristics. This model put special emphasis on self-help,
and also includes placing clients in temporary drug-free living, such as a halfway house, and helping
them form social attachments that reinforce a drug- and alcohol-free lifestyle. This model lacks the
doctor-patient relationship, therapist-client, or other power relationships. Recovery is lifelong and
experiential in nature. Participants both receive and give assistance. An extended family style
between participants and staff is exhibited. Decision making of recovering addicts is guided by their
experiential knowledge from the therapy obtained.

Self –Help and Mutual Support Groups

 It includes Alcoholics Anonymous and other drug abuse recovery support groups such as Narcotics
Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous and others. The twelve-steps groups have several components: 1)
New initiates are encouraged to attend “90 meetings in 90 days” providing significant fellowship and
informal support; 2) the 12 steps are studied and applied; 3) tokens are awarded at meetings as a
reminder of their achievements; and, 4) members relate to sponsors, who are group members with
more time in recovery. Members are expected eventually to take on the role of sponsor to someone
else; this is considered an important part of their own recovery program.

The 12 Traditions of Narcotics Anonymous (NA)

1. Our common welfare should come first; personal recovery depends upon NA unity.
2. For our group purpose there is but one ultimate authority-a loving God as He may express Himself in
our group conscience. Our leaders are but trusted servants, they do not govern.
3. The only requirement for membership is a desire to stop using drugs.
4. Each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or NA as a whole.
5. Each group has one but primary purpose-to carry the message to the addict who still suffers.
6. An NA group ought never to endorse, finance or lend the NA name to any related facility or outside
enterprise, lest problems of money, property or prestige divert us from our primary purpose.
7. Every NA group ought to be fully self-supporting, declining outside contributions.
8. Narcotics Anonymous should remain forever nonprofessional, but our service centers may employ
special workers.
9. NA, as such, ought never to be organized, but we may create service boards or committees directly
responsible to those they serve.
10. Narcotics Anonymous has no opinion on outside issues; hence the NA name ought never to be drawn
into public controversy.
11. Our public relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion; we need always to maintain
personal anonymity at the level of press, radio and films.
12. Anonymity is the spiritual foundation of our traditions, ever reminding us to place principles before
personalities.

Aversion Therapy
 It is based on classical conditioning and is usually done by a counselor with an individual client. The
goal is to associate alcohol or other drug use with an unpleasant sensation such as nausea, or an
undesirable consequence such as an auto accident. Drinking or drug use is paired with something

15
 unpleasant or fear-arousing. Over a period of about four weeks, the client is led in imaging escape
and avoidance of drinking or drug use and its undesirable consequences.

Crisis Intervention
 refers to the medical or non-medical management of emergencies that present some acute hazards to
the drug abuser. These crises most often fall in the area of acute adverse drug reactions, treatment for
overdose, or adverse psychological states associated with a drug experience.

Multimodality Approach – The plan was predicated on the following principles:

1. A crash program must be avoided.
2. The drug population is heterogeneous. People are addicted to many different drugs; their entry routes
were different, their motivations were different, and their needs were different.
3. There was lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness or superiority of any existing treatment
modality.
4. Dependency is the result of a complex interaction among the individual, the environment, and the
treatment program over time that the relationship might change.

Methadone Maintenance
 This programs assess the addict at the time of program entrance and determine the necessary dose of
methadone. Over a period of time, the methadone dose is gradually decreased until no more of the
drug is given. The typical methadone program varies in length from about 21 days to several months;
duration of treatment sometimes follows a standardized timetable. Methadone maintenance may be
done in an in-patient hospital, but is usually done in outpatient basis. If the program is outpatient,
clients are expected periodically to submit urine samples that are tested for heroin and other drugs.
Some programs test weekly; others, monthly. Most methadone programs have the objective of
eliminating use of illicit drugs, as well as methadone.

Key Factors That Influence the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Abuser:
1. The success of the methadone maintenance program.
2. The apparent and continued success of self-help societies and their offshoots for other drug abusers
were responsible for the proliferation of therapeutic communities as treatment alternatives.
3. Understanding that there are some individuals, who for various reasons are not candidates for
continued treatment but whose continued experimentation and use of drugs is sometimes
accompanied with acute episodes of potential harm, i.e. suicide, psychotic reactions, anti-social
behavior to self or others.
4. Stop concentrating on the drug and its actions and be able to see that the person being treated for drug
dependence has more needs that can be satisfied by relieving the physical discomfort that
accompanies the withdrawal process.
5. There is support for the notion that population of drug abusers is a heterogeneous one and, therefore,
no single approach will be helpful to all of them.

Distinct Group of Individuals to Determine Success of Rehabilitation Program:

1. Individuals who have succeeded in maintaining a drug-free lifestyle but their conditions have not
improved in any other manner.
2. Individuals who have shown improvement in some other facets of their lives.
3. Individuals that have shown some improvement in their lifestyle, but this improvement is not
necessarily related to their drug-taking behaviors.
4. Individuals who improve their lives, but are still drug abusers.
5. Individuals that are still drug abusers yet have not shown any improvement in their lives.

Characteristics that Enhance Potential Success of Treatment

1. A dependent on a drug following the teen years is more likely to succeed in treatment.
2. Individuals who have access to an intact family group and the kinds of support available from intact
families are more likely to succeed in treatment.
3. A person who begun taking the drug of choice for recreational or experimental reason is less likely to
succeed in treatment than someone who is forced into it.
4. An addict who has reached a sufficient level of self-disgust and who wants help is more likely to
succeed in treatment than someone who is forced into it.

16
Valid Advices Regarding Treatment and Rehabilitation of Abuser
1. For increased success, we need a clearer understanding of what the goals of treatment should be.
2. More research is needed to identify the characteristics of the addict population relevant to treatment
success.
3. Avoidance of a single-diagnosis and single-treatment modality is essential.
4. Only properly conducted evaluations can shed more light on the reasons for success as well as the
numbers themselves.

STRATEGIES IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

National Strategies in Drug Abuse Prevention Program
 Basic preventive drug education from elementary and high school levels
 Demand reduction by law enforcement techniques
 Treat and Rehabilitation Program
 Community information and dissemination of Drug Abuse Prevention Program.

DRUG TRAFFICKING:
 Drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a problem of just a few countries but it is a clear
and present global danger.

First Important Drug Traffic Route

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation and harvest

↓
Turkey – preparation for distribution
↓
Europe – manufacture, synthesis and refinery
↓
United States – marketing and distribution of illicit drugs

Second Major Drug Traffic Route

Golden Triangle
 Burma/Myanmar, Laos and Thailand: In the Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” approximately
produces 60% of opium in the world, 90% percent of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the
officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Heroin.
 Heroin is produced in the Golden Triangle and passes through nearby countries in relatively small
quantities through air transport while in transit to the United States and European countries.
Golden Crescent
 Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India: In Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the major
supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produces at least
85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
Becka Valley of Lebanon
 is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon has also became the
transit country for cocaine from South America to European illicit drug markets.
Spain
 It is known as the major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe – and
became “the paradise of drug users in Europe”
Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama (South America)
 It is the principal sources of all cocaine supply in the world due to the robust production of the coca
plants-source of the cocaine drug.
Mexico
 It is known in the world to be the number one producer of marijuana (cannabis sativa).
Philippines
 second to Mexico as to the production of Marijuana. It also became the major transshipment point for
the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South
America. It is also noted that Philippines today is known as the “drug paradise of drug abusers in
Asia.”

17
India
 It is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.
Indonesia
 Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia is an important
transit point for drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.
Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand
 It is the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.
China
 It is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden Triangle” to Hong Kong. It is also the country
where the “epedra” plant is cultivated – source of the drug ephedrine – the principal chemical for
producing the drug shabu.
Hong Kong
 It is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.
Japan
 became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe.

The Organized Crime Groups behind Global Drug Scene

The Colombian Medellin Cartel

 Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lord in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug
boss Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa
Brothers.
 The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The
Colombian government succeeded in containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death,
surrender, and arrest of the people behind the organization. This further resulted to the disbandment
of the Cartel.

The Cali Cartel

 The downfall of the Colombian Medellin Cartel gave rise to the emergence of the new cocaine
monopoly the Cali Cartel. Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela – better known as Don Chepe – “the chess
player” heads the syndicated. Under him, the Cali cartel was considered the most powerful criminal
organization in the world.
 The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was called the best and the
brightest of the modern underworld. “They are professionals of the highest order, intelligent,
efficient, imaginative, and nearly impenetrable” – US – Drug Enforcement Agency.

The Chinese Triad

 The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal organization in
the world. It is believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle” with international connections
on drug trafficking.

Drug Syndicates in the Philippines:

Bamboo Gang
 It the influence of the Green Gang of the Chinese Triad based in Taiwan.

14K Gang
 It is the newest among the triad families based in Hong Kong established only in 1947.

 The Filipino – Chinese drug syndicates are groups responsible in smuggling shabu into the country.
Most drug couriers use Hong Kong and Taiwan as their embarkation point for the Philippines. And
recently, intelligence reports reveals that large quantities of shabu are smuggled in the country
directly from Mainland China through commercial airlines and sea vessels.
 The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates – posing fishermen along Philippines seas,
particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they
drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based members. The syndicates are famously involved in
marijuana cultivation and other drug smuggling including drug manufacture.

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DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD
 The Board shall be the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation
of policies and programs on drug prevention and control. It shall develop and adopt a comprehensive,
integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse prevention and control strategy. It shall be under
the Office of the President.

THE PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

 The PDEA serves as the implementing arm of the dangerous Drug Board and shall be responsible for
the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical as provided in R.A. 9165.

Vision: " We are committed to be a professional and world-class agency geared towards the achievement of
a drug-free Philippines."

Mission : To implement the new anti-drug law; eliminate the supply and demand of illegal drugs; prevent
and control drug-related crimes; and provide a drug-free community for Filipinos.

In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the following must be strictly considered:

1. Respect for Human Rights (Sec. 11, Art. 2, Phil. Constitution)
2. Respect for right of people to due process and equal protection (Sec. 1, Art. 3. Phil. Constitution)
3. Respect for right of people against unreasonable searches and seizure. (Sec. 2, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution)
4. Respect for right of people to privacy of communication (Sec. 3, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
5. Respect for constitutional rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation (RA 7438), (Sec.
12, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
6. Respect for the statutory rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation under RA 7438.

Principles of Drug Operations

1. Knowledge of circumstances on when to use necessary force (Art 11, Chapter 3, RPC).
2. Knowledge of the statutory provision on arrest (Rule 113, Rules on Criminal Procedures).
3. Knowledge on the administrative guidelines on arrest, search and seizure.
4. The Miranda Doctrine (384 U.S. 436)
5. Warrantless Search and Seizure incidental to lawful arrest (Rule 126, Rules on Criminal Procedure).

Rules and Procedure in Narcotics Operations:

1. Only specially trained and competent drug enforcement personnel shall conduct drug enforcement
and prevention operations.
2. All drug enforcement and prevention operations shall be covered by a Pre-Operations report.
3. All step taken before, during, and after the conduct of the operation must be documented and
properly authenticated.
4. Operating units shall promptly submit written report after the operation.
5. No apprehendee or seized item shall be released without authorization from the duly designated
authority.
6. All pieces of evidence confiscated will be deposited with the proper Evidence Custodian for
safekeeping and proper handling.
7. Each participating element must be given clear and do able task.

Stages in the Conduct of Narcotics Operations:

Phase I – Initial stage

 Planning and preparations, which include surveillance, casing, reconnaissance and other preliminary
activities.
 Conduct the operation

Phase II – Action and post-action stage

 Tactical Interrogation (follow-up operation)  Prosecution
 Post operation  Trial
 Custodial Investigation  Resolution

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Selecting the Target:
 Due to the immensity of the drug abuse problem, it is logical to assume that just about anybody can
be suspected as a drug user or dealer in any given community.
 Moreover, restriction in manpower and money make it impossible for law enforcement agencies to
investigate all suspected drug dealers in a particular area.
 It is therefore the responsibility of the investigating officer to make a determination as to the specific
type of investigation.
 It should be emphasized that the target regardless of what or who it is, should be a specific one. Such
a determination is based on several factors, including:
a) the size of the enforcement unit;
b) the availability of the equipment and money;
c) agency jurisdiction; and
d) target input from the community (public pressure, informants, anonymous tips, etc.).
 Priorities for the target selection should include the type of drug involved, the weight of drugs
(grams, ounces, or kilos), and the level of the violator (street dealer, wholesaler, etc.).
 The initiation phase of drug investigation involves locating and identifying leads that the investigator
can follow-up.
 The key word is information.
 Information patterns of illicit drugs activity.
 The making of a drug case involves several distinct stages within the initiation phase, each of this
might supply the investigator with dependable investigative leads at the onset.

BUY-BUST OPERATIONS
 It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way of apprehending a criminal
in the act of the commission of the offence.
 Entrapment has received judicial sanction as long as it is carried with due regard to constitutional and
legal safeguards.

VICE CONTROL

Vice
 refers to any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of which leads to depravity, wickedness and
corruption of the mind and body.
Commercialized vices
 are organized vice operations which run similarly to a legitimate business enterprise. They branch out
to the legal undertaking or business as a front or cover-up to illegal activities and launder their
illegally amassed wealth. The headman or the operator is normally unidentified. Their business are
interwoven with each other ranging from prostitution, drug trafficking, gambling and sale of liquors
catering to various forms of clientele and customers mostly criminals, pleasure-seekers, addict,
gamblers, and alcoholics.

ALCOHOLISM

Alcohol
 is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man starting from the early era of civilization. The
commercial use of wine dates back as early as the Code of Hammurabi of Babylonia (2380 BC). In
the Philippines, the use of alcohol dates back even before the discovery of the island. Ever since there
has been a continuous effort everywhere to control its consumption because of its devastating effects
on human life. Many countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with little success.
Drunkard
 refers to a person who habitually takes or uses any intoxicating alcoholic liquor and while under the
influence of such, or in consequence of the effect thereof, is either dangerous to himself or to others,
or is a cause of harm or serious annoyance to his family or his affairs, or of ordinary proper conduct.
He possesses lesser resistance to the effect of alcohol.
Chronic alcoholism
 is a condition where a person who, from the prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic beverage,
develops physical and psycho-changes and dependence to alcohol.

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NATURE AND PROPERTY
 Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless, clear liquid. It boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. It has a pleasant odor
and gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Like many drugs, alcohol is
toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large amounts or in combination with other drugs.
Alcohol is a depressant, not a stimulant.

There are two kinds of alcohol:

1) Methyl alcohol is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but used in some industries.
2) Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks which are made by breweries.

Fermented brews and spirits contain different amounts of alcohol. The amount in beer is less than in other
drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different countries.

The Common Alcoholic Drinks

1) Beers – They contain 2 to 6 percent alcohol, i.e. beer, ale, stout.
2) Wines – They contain about 10 percent alcohol, i.e. champagne, hock.
3) Fortified Wines – Liquors that contains 10 to 20 percent alcohol, i.e. port-sherry, others.
4) Spirits – liquors that contain 40 to 60 percent alcohol, i.e. whiskey, brandy, rum, gin.

Types of Drinkers
1) Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes only a
few drinks per year.
2) Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week or
occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to release inhibitions and tensions.
3) Regular Drinker – may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually come from cultural
background where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the food.
4) Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally but drinker
may not become alcoholic.
5) Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary goal in his life, even to
the exclusion of physical health and interests of family and society in general.

Usual Motives for Drinking

1) Traditional – social and religious functions.
2) Status – symbol of success and prestige.
3) Dietary – dining is incomplete without wine, integral part of today’s way of “gracious living”.
4) Social – release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy another’s company.
5) Shortcut to Adulthood  user unsure of maturity, drinks to prove himself.
6) Ritual  fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, toast made to brides, wishes for good health.
7) Path of least Resistance  doesn’t want to drink but doesn’t want to abstain so drinker goes along
with everyone else.

Effects of alcohol on the drinker:

Alcohol is a narcotic. That is, it has a depressant effect on the system. The following are the general effects
of alcohol as to proper order.

1) Euphoria – feeling of well-being, increased confidence, temporary relief from fatigue, pain or
depression.
2) Muscular incoordination – depression of motor function and causes greater dulling of the brain that
controls inhibitions. The person may become hilarious, morose, irritable, or excitable without proper
cause. He may suffer from slurred speech and staggering gait.
3) Respiratory Paralysis – If more liquor is consumed the paralysis of the respiratory centers sets in.
The person may suffer from complete in coordination of muscles, torturous breathing, sleep, coma,
and death.

However, these effects vary from person to person and depending on the factors of absorption, tolerance,
concentration of alcohol, and the number of hours of drinking. Other general effects include:

21
 1) Fatal dose – the fatal dose of liquor to an ordinary person is about 200 to 500 ml of absolute alcohol
(for adults) and about 50 ml onward for children.
2) Fatal Period  the fatal effects of alcohol may appear within 10 to 24 hours. But in some cases,
death may take place only after a number of days.
3) Alcoholic allergy – some persons are allergic to alcoholic drinks. The drinks may cause them to be
mad and behave like maniacs under the influence of liquor.

Kinds of Intoxication:
1) Involuntary – when a drunken person does not know the intoxicating strength of the beverage he has
taken.
2) Intentional – when a person deliberately drinks liquor fully knowing its effects, either to obtain
mitigation or to find the liquor as a stimulant to commit a crime.
3) Habitual – when the person finds that drinking is a constant necessity and the vice ultimately takes
holds of him.

Degree of Intoxication:
1) Slight Inebriation – it is manifested by reddening of the face. In this condition there is no
impairment, lack of coordination, and difficulty of speech.
2) Moderate Inebriation – in this stage, the person is argumentative and overconfident. There is slight
impairment of mental difficulties, difficulty of articulation, loss of coordination of finer movements.
The face is flushed with dilated eyeball. He is reckless and shows little motor coordination. The
person may be certified by a physician as being under the influence of liquor.
3) Drunk – in this stage the mind of the person becomes confused, his/her behavior is irregular and the
movement is uncontrolled. The speech is thick and not coordinated. The behavior may be described
as uncontrollable.
4) Very Drunk – at this stage, the mind is confused and disoriented. There is difficulty in speech and
marked poor motor coordination. For a very drunk person walking may be hard to undertake.
5) Coma – in this condition, the subject is in stupor or in coma.

ROMBERG’S TEST:
 Is a physical test which may be used to determine drunkenness and is valuable to law enforcement
officers in determining whether a person is under the influence of liquor or not.

The Blood Alcohol Test:

 This examination is regarded as the most widely accepted and direct method of determining the
concentration of alcohol in the blood. If there is 0.05 percent or less by weight of alcohol in a
person’s blood, it is presumed that he is not under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
 If there is 0.16 percent or more by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it is presumed that he is
under the influence of intoxicating liquor.

The Urine–alcohol Test:

 Urine examination is undertaken to determine blood alcohol contents and provides an acceptable
result to the court although the use of this chemical test is not yet widespread in our jurisdiction.
Sample of urine must not be taken at one time only because urinary excretion of alcohol varies with
time. Excretion is less during the early stage of absorption and may increase during the later stage.

PROSTITUTION
 It is an act or practice of a woman, man or child who engage in sexual intercourse for purpose of
money or profit. Prostitution is often called the “oldest profession” and records of prostitution exist
since the beginning of man’s recorded history. It is a vice that causes so much suffering to mankind.
There is no country in the world that is free of prostitution. In some other territory it is legal; in the
Philippines it is prohibited.

Prostitution must be repressed to:

1. Control the spread of venereal diseases or STD’s;
2. Prevent organized crime.

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Causes of Prostitution:
 Poverty;
 Lack of education;
 Previous sexual experience;
 Contact with persons in prostitution;
 Love for money and luxury;
 Lack of restraining checks from neighbors, social environments, and laxity of social control;
 Influence of contraceptives and preventive treatment of venereal diseases;
 Maintenance of other vices such as drug addiction and alcoholism;
 Unwilling victims of white slavery or trafficking;
 Ineffectiveness of law enforcement in safeguarding the virtues of women and lack of courage
of the victim of white slavery to pursue cases against the perpetrators;
 Social causes like broken homes, and anonymity in the city.

Classification of Prostitutes on the Basis of Operation

1. Call Girls
 they are part-time prostitutes. Mostly they have legitimate professions but work as prostitutes to
increase their income. They make contact with customers and make arrangements to meet them at
designated places. She may work alone or in partnership with an intermediary or pimp with
whom she may share her earnings.
2. Hustler
 they are professional prostitutes known as bar or tavern “pick-ups” or “street walkers”. The bar or
tavern pick-up goes to places where liquor is being sold, most the time operating with the consent
and knowledge of the management. The streetwalker is the oldest and the most common type of
prostitute. Her usual clients are tourists, gambler, criminals, addicts, and others.
3. Door Knocker
 they are selective or the occasional type of prostitute. Usually a new comer in the business of
flesh trade. They are most of the time motivated by extreme need of money due to poverty or to
support their other vices.
4. Factory Girls
 they are the real professional type of prostitutes, who works in the regular houses of prostitution
commonly known as brothels. They accept all customers and do not intervene in selecting and
soliciting the customer. They work in the regular hours or tour of duty under the direct
supervision of the operator or madam of the prostitution house. They gain profit by getting a
share of the total earnings or on commission basis per customer.

Types of Prostitution House

1. Disorderly House – it is controlled by organized crime syndicate. It usually lodges several factory
girls. It is maintained by a madam and supporting staff composed of cashier, room boy, watchmen,
pimps and bouncers who act as security guards.
2. Furnished Room House – typically a kind of room for rent used by call girls who is paid on a per
customer basis. Usually managed by a madam.
3. Call Houses – this is where the customer calls and the madam makes an arrangement sending the girl
by a transporter to the place agreed upon.
4. Massage Clinics – these houses are managed under a permit or license to operate by the local
government unit but act as fronts for prostitution. They operate along with hairdressers, manicurists,
attendants and masseuses who while serving their customers can make arrangement for other services
such as sex with the prostitutes or themselves.

GAMBLING
 Gambling is usually defined as wagering on games or events in which chance largely determines the
outcome. Gambling is a vice that is difficult to control. Although the behavior pattern known as
pathological or compulsive gambling does not involve chemically addictive substance, still it is
considered as an addictive behavior because of the personality attributes that tends to characterize the
individual and similar treatment of problems involved

Reasons for Controlling Gambling

Gambling should be controlled for the following reasons:
1. It is a crime against public morals.

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 2. It promotes broken family and bad neighborhood.
3. It causes poverty, dishonesty, fraud and deceit.
4. It strengthens organized crimes.
5. To prevent, reduce, or control crimes connected with it.

Classification of Gambling Games:

1. Those which are absolutely or per se prohibited;
a. faro and roulette
b. under Art. 195, RPC – monte, jueteng, other form of lottery, banking or percentage game and
dog racing.
2. Those which are regulated by law. These games are regulated in the sense that the law allows the
same to be played except on certain specified days;
a. Horse racing under Art. 198, RPC;
b. Cockfighting under Art. 199, RPC
c. Cuajo, panguinge, domino, mahjong, entre kuatro, and others under sec. 828, Revised
Ordinance of the City of Manila.

Acts Punishable in Gambling

1. In cases of gambling, games absolutely prohibited under Article 195, Revised Penal Code:
 Taking part directly or indirectly in gambling;
 Knowingly permitting any form of gambling to be carried on in any place owned or controlled by
the offender;
 Being a maintainer, conductor or banker.
2. In cases of lottery under ARTICLE 196, or banker.
 Possession of lottery lists which pertains to, or used in the game;
 Importation, selling, or distribution in connivance with the importer of lottery tickets;
 Selling or distribution without connivance with importer.
3. In cases of horse racing under Article 198, Revised Penal Code:
 Betting on horse races during the periods or days not allowed by law such as:
 Ordinary working days, but not legal holidays and those allowed by the Games and
Amusement Board.
 July 4 (now June 12, Independence Day) under Republic Act No. 137.
 December 30th of each year commonly known as Jose Rizal Day under Republic Act No.
229.
 Any registration or voting days under Republic Act No. 180, as amended (Revised
Election Code).
 Holy Thursday and Good Friday under Republic Act No. 946.
 Maintaining or employing a totalizer or other device or scheme for betting on races or realizing
profit therefrom.
 Under Republic Act No. 3063, the operation and maintenance of “bookie joints” not authorized
by the Games and Amusement Board and acting as “collector” or “solicitor” of bets on horses
races for the bookie joints are prohibited.
4. In cases of illegal cockfighting under Article 199, Revised Penal Code:
 Betting money or other valuables and organizing such cockfights at which bets are made on a day
other than that permitted by law.
 Betting money or other valuables and organizing such cockfights in a place other than a licensed
cockpit.
5. And finally, making bets which are offered and accepted upon the result of a boxing or other sports
contest is punishable by Article 187, Revised Penal Code and Section 830, Revised Ordinances of the
City of Manila.

NOTE: Mere presence in a gambling house where illegal gambling takes place is punishable. A mere
bystander or spectator in a gambling game is not criminally liable, because he does not take part
therein, directly or indirectly.

Laws pertinent to gambling:

 Art 195-199, RPC: Forms of gambling and betting;
 PD 1602: Prescribing Stiffer penalties on illegal gambling;
 PD 510: Law on Slot Machines
 PD 449: Illegal Cockfighting
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  PD 483: Game Fixing in Sport Contest
 PD 1306: Jai-Alai bookies
 PD 1869: Prohibition of government officials to enter and gamble in casinos
 Sec 823, R.O.: Gambling Dens (Maintainer/Operator)
 Sec 824, R.O.: Gambling Devices, Possession of Pin balls
 Sec 827, R.O.: Gambling (Players)
 Sec 828, R.O.: Mahjong, Regulated Games
 Sec 830, R.O.: Betting in Athletic Contest
 Sec 831, R.O.: Illegal Cockfighting (Tupada)
 RA 3063: Horse Racing Bookie
 LOI No. 816: Exclusion of certain prohibited games under PD 1602
 Rule 111, Sec 21, PNP Rules and Regulations (PD 765) GAMBLING No member of the PNP shall engage in
any form of gambling prohibited by law.

 On January 4, 1977, Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1067A was passed creating the Philippine
Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR). The decree was aimed to tap potential sources of
funds to finance the government’s infrastructure and socio-civic development projects, facilitate the
growth of the tourist industry, and prevent the proliferation of illegal casinos or clubs conducting
games of chance. Shortly thereafter, PD 1067 –B was passed granting PAGCOR a 25–year franchise
(renewable for another 25 years) to establish, operate and maintain, among others, gambling casinos
in the country. Several other decrees were subsequently promulgated to further regulate and
centralize through appropriate institutions all games of chance. On July 11, 1983 PD No. 1869 was
brought about to consolidate all previous decrees to enhance enforcement and reorganize PAGCOR
to become more dynamic and effective.

LEGAL CONTROL:
 The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines punishes gambling.
 Article 195 of this law penalizes any person who, in any manner shall directly or indirectly take part
at any game of scheme, the result of which depend wholly or chiefly upon chance with money or
articles of monetary value at stake. Likewise, the law also punishes any person who knowingly
permits any form of gambling to be carried out in any place, building or vessels or other means of
transportation owned or controlled by the accused. Furthermore, the law punishes maintainers,
conductors, or bankers in the game of jueteng or any similar game.

REPUBLIC ACT No. 9287

 An act increasing the penalties for illegal numbers games, amending certain provisions of PD 1602,
and for other Purposes.

Section 1. Declaration of Policy. –

 It is the policy of the State to promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of
the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full
employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all. It is likewise the policy of the State that
the promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of
initiative and self-reliance.
 Hence, the State hereby condemns the existence of illegal gambling activities such as illegal numbers games as this has
become an influential factor in an individual's disregard for the value of dignified work, perseverance and thrift since
instant monetary gains from it are being equated to success, thereby becoming a widespread social menace and a source
of corruption. Towards this end, the State shall therefore adopt more stringent measures to stop and eradicate the
existence of illegal numbers games in any part of the country.

Sec. 2. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:
a) Illegal Numbers Game. - Any form illegal gambling activity which uses numbers or combinations thereof as factors in
giving out jackpots.
b) Jueteng. - An illegal numbers game that involves the combination of thirty-seven (37) numbers against thirty-seven (37)
numbers from number one (1) to thirty seven (37) or the combination of thirty-eight (38) numbers in some areas, serving
as a form of local lottery where bets are placed and accepted per combination, and its variants.
c) Masiao. - An illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the results of the last game of Jai Alai
or the Special Llave portion or any result thereof based on any fictitious Jai Alai game consisting of ten (10) players
pitted against one another, and its variants.
d) Last Two. - An illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the last two (2) numbers of the first
prize of the winning Sweepstakes ticket which comes out during the weekly draw of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes
Office (PCSO), and its variants.
e) Bettor ("Mananaya", "Tayador" or variants thereof). - Any person who places bets for himself/herself or in behalf of
another person, or any person, other than the personnel or staff of any illegal numbers game operation.
25
 f) Personnel or Staff of Illegal Numbers Game Operation. - Any person, who acts in the interest of the maintainer,
manager or operator, such as, but not limited to, an accountant, cashier, checker, guard, runner, table manager, usher,
watcher, or any other personnel performing such similar functions in a building structure, vessel, vehicle, or any other
place where an illegal numbers game is operated or conducted.
g) Collector or Agent ("Cabo", "Cobrador", "Coriador" or variants thereof). - Any person who collects, solicits or
produces bets in behalf of his/her principal for any illegal numbers game who is usually in possession of gambling
paraphernalia.
h) Coordinator, Controller or Supervisor ("Encargado" or variants thereof). - Any person who exercises control and
supervision over the collector or agent.
i) Maintainer, Manager or Operator. - Any person who maintains, manages or operates any illegal number game in a
specific area from whom the coordinator, controller or supervisor, and collector or agent take orders.
j) Financiers or Capitalist. - Any person who finances the operations of any illegal numbers game.
k) Protector or Coddler. - Any person who lends or provides protection, or receives benefits in any manner in the operation
of any illegal numbers game.

Sec. 3. Punishable Acts. - Any person who participates in any illegal numbers game shall suffer the following penalties:
a) The penalty of imprisonment from thirty (30) days to ninety (90) days, if such person acts as a bettor;
b) The penalty of imprisonment from six (6) years and one (1) day to eight (8) years, if such person acts as a personnel or
staff of an illegal numbers game operation;
The same penalty shall likewise be imposed to any person who allows his vehicle, house, building or land to be used in
the operation of the illegal numbers games.
c) The penalty of imprisonment from eight (8) years and one (1) day to ten (10) years, if such person acts as a collector or
agent;
d) The penalty of imprisonment from ten (10) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years, if such person acts as a
coordinator, controller or supervisor;
e) The penalty of imprisonment from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to ten (10) fourteen (14) years, if such person acts as
a maintainer, manager or operator; and
f) The penalty of imprisonment from fourteen (14) years and one (1) day to sixteen (16) years, if such person acts as a
financier or capitalist;
g) The penalty of imprisonment from sixteen (16) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years, if such person acts as protector
or coddler.
Sec. 4. Possession of Gambling Paraphernalia or Materials.
 The possession of any gambling paraphernalia and other materials used in the illegal numbers game operation shall be
deemed prima facie evidence of any offense covered by this Act.
Sec. 5. Liability of Government Employees and/or Public Officials. –
a) If the collector, agent, coordinator, controller, supervisor, maintainer, manager, operator, financier or capitalist of any
illegal numbers game is a government employee and/or public official, whether elected or appointed shall suffer the
penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Three million pesos
(P3,000,000.00) to Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00) and perpetual absolute disqualification from public office. In
addition to the penalty provided in the immediately preceding section, the accessory penalty of perpetual disqualification
from public office shall be imposed upon any local government official who, having knowledge of the existence of the
operation of any illegal numbers game in his/her jurisdiction, fails to abate or to take action, or tolerates the same in
connection therewith.
b) In the case of failure to apprehend perpetrators of any illegal numbers game, any law enforcer shall suffer an
administrative penalty of suspension or dismissal, as the case may be, to be imposed by the appropriate authority.
Sec. 6. Liability of Parents/Guardians. –
 The penalty of imprisonment from six (6) months and one (1) day to one (1) year or fine ranging from One hundred
thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) shall be imposed upon any parent, guardian
or person exercising moral authority or ascendancy over a minor, ward or incapacitated person, and not otherwise falling
under any of the foregoing subsections, who induces or causes such minor, ward or incapacitated person to commit any of
the offenses punishable in this Act. Upon conviction, the parent, guardian or person exercising moral authority or
ascendancy over the minor, ward or incapacitated person shall be deprived of his/her authority over such person in
addition to the penalty imposed.
Sec. 7. Recidivism. –
 The penalty next higher in degree as provided for under Section 3 hereof shall be imposed upon a recidivist who commits
any of the offenses punishable in this Act.
Sec. 8. Immunity from Prosecution. –
 Any person who serves as a witness for the government or provides evidence in a criminal case involving any violation of
this Act, or who voluntarily or by virtue of a subpoena testificandum or duces tecum, produces, identifies, or gives
testimony shall be immune from any criminal prosecution, subject to the compliance with the provisions of Presidential
Decree No. 1732, otherwise known as Decree Providing Immunity from Criminal Prosecution to Government Witnesses
and the pertinent provisions of the Rules of Court.
Sec. 9. Prosecution, Judgment and Forfeiture of Property. –
 Any person may be charged with or convicted of the offenses covered by this Act without prejudice to the prosecution of
any act or acts penalized under the Revised Penal Code or existing laws.
 During the pendency of the case, no property or income used or derived therefrom which may be confiscated and
forfeited shall be disposed, alienated or transferred and the same shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be admitted
for the release of the same.
 The trial prosecutors shall avail of provisional remedies provided for under the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure.

26
  Upon conviction, all proceeds, gambling paraphernalia and other instruments of the crime including any real or personal
property used in any illegal numbers game operation shall be confiscated and forfeited in favor of the State. All assets and
properties of the accused either owned or held by him/her in his/her name or in the name of another person found to be
manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income shall be prima facie presumed to be proceeds of the offense and
shall likewise be confiscated and forfeited in favor of the State.
Sec. 10. Witness Protection. –
 Any person who provides material information, whether testimonial or documentary, necessary for the investigation or
prosecution of individuals committing any of the offenses under Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 herein shall be placed under the
Witness Protection Program pursuant to Republic Act. No. 6981.
Sec. 11. Informer's Reward. –
 Any person who, having knowledge or information of any offense committed under this Act and who shall disclose the
same which may lead to the arrest and final conviction of the offender, may be rewarded a certain percentage of the cash
money or articles of value confiscated or forfeited in favor of the government, which shall be determined through a policy
guideline promulgated by the Department of Justice (DOJ) in coordination with the Department of Interior and Local
Government (DILG) and the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
 The DILG, the NAPOLCOM and the DOJ shall provide for a system of rewards and incentives for law enforcement
officers and for local government official for the effective implementation of this Act.
Sec. 12. Implementing Rules and Regulations. –
 Within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act, the DILG, DOJ, NAPOLCOM, and other concerned government
agencies shall jointly promulgate the implementing rules and regulations, as may be necessary to ensure the efficient and
effective implementation of the provisions of this Act.
Sec. 13. Separability Clause
 If for any reason any section or provision of this Act, or any portion thereof, or the application of such section, provision
or portion thereof to any person, group or circumstance is declared invalid or unconstitutional, the remaining provisions
of this Act shall not be affected by such declaration and shall remain in force and effect.
Sec. 14. Amendatory Clause.
 The pertinent provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1602, in so far as they are inconsistent herewith, are hereby expressly
amended or modified accordingly.
Sec. 15. Repealing Clause.
 The provisions of other laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and regulations inconsistent with this Act are hereby
repealed, amended or modified accordingly.
Sec. 16. Effectivity.
 This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in at least two (2) national newspapers of general
circulation.

Important things to remember

1. Administer. – Any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his/her
knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance
to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly licensed practitioner
for purposes of medication.
2. Centers. - Any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents referred to in Section 34, Article
VIII of this Act.
3. Chemical Diversion. – The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in-transit,
manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated
form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and shall include packaging,
repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud, destruction of documents,
fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of front companies or mail fraud.
4. Clandestine Laboratory. – Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical.
5. Confirmatory Test. – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or physical
principle that is more specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test.
6. Controlled Delivery. – The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect consignment of any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or property
believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the country under the
supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any person involved in any
dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate prosecution of that offense.
7. Cultivate or Culture. – Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or
raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.
8. Dangerous Drugs. – Include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on
Psychotropic Substances as enumerated in the attached annex which is an integral part of this Act.
9. Deliver. – Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another, personally or otherwise, and by any means,
with or without consideration.
10. Den, Dive or Resort. – A place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is
administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.
11. Dispense. – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or without the use
of prescription.

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12. Drug Dependence. – As based on the World Health Organization definition, it is a cluster of physiological,
behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high
priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to take the substance and the
difficulties in controlling substance-taking behavior in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use.
13. Drug Syndicate. – Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together with the intention
of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.
14. Employee of Den, Dive or Resort. – The caretaker, helper, watchman, lookout, and other persons working in the
den, dive or resort, employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, distributed, sold or used, with or without
compensation, in connection with the operation thereof.
15. Financier. – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites any of the illegal activities
prescribed under this Act.
16. Illegal Trafficking. – The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale,
trading, transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical.
17. Instrument. – Anything that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the commission of illegal drug
trafficking or related offenses.
18. Laboratory Equipment. – The paraphernalia, apparatus, materials or appliances when used, intended for use or
designed for use in the manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical,
such as reaction vessel, preparative/purifying equipment, fermentors, separatory funnel, flask, heating mantle, gas
generator, or their substitute.
19. Manufacture. – The production, preparation, compounding or processing of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin, or
independently by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis, and shall
include any packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or configuration of its form, or labeling or
relabeling of its container; except that such terms do not include the preparation, compounding, packaging or
labeling of a drug or other substances by a duly authorized practitioner as an incident to his/her administration or
dispensation of such drug or substance in the course of his/her professional practice including research, teaching
and chemical analysis of dangerous drugs or such substances that are not intended for sale or for any other
purpose.
20. Cannabis or commonly known as "Marijuana" or "Indian Hemp" or by its any other name. – Embraces every
kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis sativa L. including, but not limited to, Cannabis americana,
hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus and ganjab, and embraces every kind, class and character of marijuana, whether
dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops, or any part or portion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all
its geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin, extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever.
21. Opium. – Refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and embraces every kind,
class and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same; narcotic preparations
thereof or therefrom; morphine or any alkaloid of opium; preparations in which opium, morphine or any alkaloid
of opium enters as an ingredient; opium poppy; opium poppy straw; and leaves or wrappings of opium leaves,
whether prepared for use or not.
22. Opium Poppy. – Refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum L., Papaver setigerum DC,
Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas, which includes the seeds, straws, branches, leaves or
any part thereof, or substances derived therefrom, even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes.
23. Planting of Evidence. – The willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding
or attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity of an innocent
individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of this Act.
24. Protector/Coddler. – Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts provided for in this
Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any
person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of this Act in
order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.
25. Pusher. – Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to another, on any terms
whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of
such transactions, in violation of this Act.
26. Sell. – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for
money or any other consideration.
27. Trading. – Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and
essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines,
two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions
whether for money or any other consideration in violation of this Act.
28. Use. – Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing,
eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the
dangerous drugs.
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