LESSON 1:

DEVELOPMENT – progressive series of change that occur a predictable pattern

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT: Freud believed that adult personality problems were the result of early
experiences.
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES (Sigmund Freud) – driving force behind behavior.
EROGENOUS ZONES – parts of the body that have especially strong pleaseure-giving qualities at
particular stages of development
ID – part of a person’s unconscious mind that relates to basic needs and desires.
EGO – part of the mind that senses and adapts to the real world.
SUPEREGO – parts of a person’s mind that relates to attitudes about what is right and wrong and the
feelings of guilt.
FIXATION - psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an
earlier developmental stage because needs are under or over-gratified
CAUSES OF FIXATION:
1. Weaning a child too early or too late.
2. Being too strict in toilet training the child.
3. Punishing the child for masturbation.
4. Smothering the child with too much attention,

STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT:

I. Oral Stage (1st yr. of life) – oral pleasure through mouth, eating, sucking, mouthing, chewing and biting
FIXATION: Lollipop, eating too much, toothbrush too much, alcohol, cigar
II. Anal Stage (2-4 y/o) – release tension through the anus eliminating and retaining feces and toilet
training (FIXATION: burara o masyadong maayos sa gamit)
III. Phallic Stage (3-6 y/o) – genitals as the child discovers that self-simulation is enjoyable, triggers the
FIXATION: SPG magazines, sex maniac
Oedipus Complex
Oedipus Complex (5-6 y/o) – young child’s development of an intense desire
- recognize that their same-sex parent might punish them for their incestuous wishes.
- To reduce the conflict, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, striving to be like him/her.
- If the complex is not resolved, the individual may become fixated at the phallic stage.
IV. Latency Stage (7 y/o-onward) – resolving fixations or conflicts in previous stages; developing
academic and social skills, physical abilities and talents.
TRAIT OUTCOMES: child develops closeness with parents if conflicts are resolved and builds
social ties sexual urges are inhibited.
V. Genital Stage (12 y/o) – sex role identity formation, interested in dating and marriage
FIXATION: Guilt about sexuality, anxious feelings regarding the opposite sex

ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY – expanded Freud’s theory that recognizes the importance of
early experiences in childhood, socialization process is important.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth-1 ½ y/o)
POSITIVE: Feelings of trust from environmental support
NEGATIVE: Fear & afraid to concern regarding others
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 ½ - 3 y/o)
POSITIVE: Self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
NEGATIVE: Doubts about self, lack of independence
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 y/o)
POSITIVE: Discovery of ways to initiate actions
NEGATIVE: Guilt from actions and thoughts
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 y/o)
POSITIVE: Development of sense of competence
 NEGATIVE: No sense of mastery
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescence)
POSITIVE: Awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
NEGATIVE: Inability to identify appropriate roles in life
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood)
POSITIVE: Development of loving, sexual relationships, and close friendships
NEGATIVE: Fear of relationships with others
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
POSITIVE: Sense of contribution to continuity of life
NEGATIVE: Trivialization of one’s activities
8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
POSITIVE: Sense of unity in life’s accomplishments
NEGATIVE: Regret over lost opportunities of life

JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT – considers the active role of an individual as an important
factor in human development
Equilibration – the process of achieving balance marks significant development of an individual
1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth – 2 y/o) – child learns through sensory experiences
2. Pre-Operational Stage (2 - &y/o) – child’s way of thinking is toward himself/herself (egocentric). It is
all about him/herself. The child thinks people are just like him/her in the way they think.
ANIMISM: treating inanimate objects as living ones (feeding/dressing doll)
LACK OF CONSERVATION ABILITY: unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of obj.
3. Concrete Operational Stage (8-11 y/o) – child begins to be more logical and able to perform simple
operations, begins tp understand classifications and reversibility
4. Formal Operational Stage (11-15 y/o) – child is able to analyse problems and conider different ways
of solving it in a systematic way

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT – how children understanv what is right and wrong
and how they develop a sense of morality
Morality – ability to distinguish right from wrong and to behave accordingly.
3 LEVELS OF MORAL REASONING:
A. PRECONVENTIONAL (4-10y/o) – STAGE 1: Punishment/Obedience Orientation – deciding what is right or
recognition of authority who gives wrong is based on what action is punished. The child obeys to avoid
punishent/reward punishment.
STAGE 2: Mutual Benefit “Reward Orientation” – deciding what is right
or wrong is based on rewards.
B. CONVENTIONAL – there is understanding STAGE 3: Social Approval “Good Boy-Good Girl Orientation” – deciding
that there are rules to follow to be accepted what is right or wrong is based on
and to maintain order STAGE 4: Law & Order “Authority Orientation” – deciding what is right
and wrong based on the rules that should be followed
C. POST-CONVENTIONAL – flexibility in STAGE 5: “Social Contract Orientation” – deciding what is right and
accepting rules. An individual may not wrong based on laws; however, one recognizes that they can change. An
necessarily accept or follow given rules as individual acts based on what will be good for the majority
he/she develops his/her own personal code STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles – deciding what is right and wrong
of ethics based on universal principles. One looks into one’s conscience, pursues
justice and seeks equality at all cost
LESSON 2:
Stages of Adolescence
11 -14 y.o > Early Adolescence
15 -17 y.o > Middle Adolescence
18 – 21 y.o > Late Adolescence

Physical Changes
Girls: breast devolopment Adrenal glands are manufacturing male sex hormones
Producing estrogen (hips&thighs) Menstruation
Boys: growth of tests and scrotum
hair growth in armpitx, face, chest
development of penis, seminal vehicale, bulbo (urethral gland)
Changes in body shape/height
development of penis, seminal vehicle, bulbo (urethral gland)

Psychological
1. Bodily dissatisfaction and low esteem 3. Asserting Independence
2. Mood Swings 4. Sexual Awakening

Self-identity – global understanding a person has of themselves

- Composed of relatively permanent self-assessments, such as personality attributes, knowledge
of one’s skills and abilities, one’s occupation and hobbies, and awareness of one’s physcical
attribute
IDENTITY STATUS THEORY: JAMES MARCIA
1. Identity Diffusion – adolescent does not have sense of having choices
2. Identity Foreclosure –
3. Identity Moratorium – adolescent is currently in crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to
make choices, but has not made a commitment to this choices yet
4. Identity Achievement – adolescent has gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment
to a sense of identity

FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE:

Independence – hallmarks of maturity when carried out positively and with great sense of responsibility
EFFECTS OF OVER PROTECTIVE PARENTS:
1. Over-Dependence 4. Problem is developing self-discipline & responsibility
2. Low of self-esteem/confidence 5. Agression and rebellion

HOW TO BE INDEPENDENT?
1. Be Responsible – learn to manage time & money, develop planning skills
2. Know your limitations.
3. Remain respectful of adults and authorities.
4. Believe in yourself.

Career – a job profession that someone does for a long time, spent in a job or profession

WAYS TO FIND A CAREER PATH

1. Think about what excites and energizes you.
2. Keep in mind what you’re good at.
3. Take a test.
4. Try an internship.