MODULE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & HOSPITALITY ASSESSMENT & DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 2: Sustainable Tourism Development

Introduction:

The Economy, the environment, and society could be considered as the three legs of
the tourism tripod. One or two legs of the tripod must never be too short tourism
collapse.

Mass tourism focuses on making money, and this tend to create unwanted pressures on
the environment and society.

Learning outcome:

1. Define sustainability and development

2. Discuss the historical development of sustainable tourism development
3. Explain the principles of sustainable tourism development
4. Make a critique of sustainable tourism paradigm
Definition of Sustainability

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

"Tourism that takes full account of its

current and future economic, social and
environmental impacts, addressing the
needs of visitors, the industry, the
environment and host communities"
Sustainable tourism
development guidelines and management practices are applicable to all forms of
tourism in all types of destinations, including mass tourism and the various niche
tourism segments. Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and
socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be
established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability.

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Thus, sustainable tourism should:

1. Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in

tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to
conserve natural heritage and biodiversity.
2. Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built
and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural
understanding and tolerance.
3. Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits
to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed, including stable employment and
income-earning opportunities and social services to host communities, and
contributing to poverty alleviation.

Sustainable tourism development requires the informed participation of all relevant

stakeholders, as well as strong political leadership to ensure wide participation and
consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process and it
requires constant monitoring of impacts, introducing the necessary preventive and/or
corrective measures whenever necessary.

Sustainable tourism should also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and
ensure a meaningful experience to the tourists, raising their awareness about
sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices amongst them.

Reference: Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers, UNEP and UNWTO, 2005, p.11-12

https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development

Sustainable Measures provides the following definition “sustainability various

sources (sustainablemeasure.com)”sustain” mean “cause to continue”, to keep up
especially without interruption diminution, flagging, etc. to prolong(Webster’s New
international dictionary)

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In the register of best in Indigenous Knowledge, the United Nation Education,

Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) cite knowledge and best practice in the
area of sustainable resource management.
Defining Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable tourism, one that establishes a suitable balance between the
environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, plays an
important role in conserving biodiversity. It attempts to minimize its impact on the
environment and local culture so that it will be available for future generations, while
contributing to generate income, employment, and the conservation of local
ecosystems.
By doing so, sustainable tourism maximizes the positive contribution of tourism to
biodiversity conservation and thus to poverty reduction and the achievement of common
goals towards sustainable development.
Sustainable tourism provides crucial economic incentives for habitat protection.
Revenues from visitor spending are often channeled back into nature conservation or
capacity building programmes for local communities to manage protected areas.
Furthermore, tourism can be a key vehicle in raising awareness and fostering
positive behaviour change for biodiversity conservation among the millions of people
travelling the globe every year.
https://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/sustour-define.html

Brundtland Commission (1987)

Define sustainable development as

“development that meets the need of
the present generation without
comprising the ability of future
generation to meet their own needs.”

The Philippine Agenda 21 (1996) Define

sustainable as the “harmonious integration of a sound and viable economy,

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responsible governance, social cohesion and ecological integrity, to ensure that

development is a life-sustaining process.”

Sustainable Tourism and its Principles

In 1988, adopting the parent concept of sustainable development, the UNWTO define
sustainable tourism as “the management of all resources in such a way that
economic, social, aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural
integrity, essential ecological process, biological diversity, and life support
system.”

Tourism to be sustainable, it is essential for the following element to be present:

1. Informed participation of relevant stakeholder
2. Strong political leadership to ensure wide participation and consensus building
3. Constant monitoring of impact and adoption of preventive or corrective measure
when necessary
4. Maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and providing meaningful experience
to the tourism
5. Raising the tourist awareness about sustainability issues and sustainable
practice

The 1995 World Conference on Sustainable Tourism held in Lanzarote, Canary

Island, Spain, spelled out the principles of sustainable tourism as following:
1. Ecologically bearable , economically viable and ethically and socially equitable
for local communities
2. Guarantees the sustainability of the resources on which it depend
3. Respect the fragile balance that characterize many tourist destination, in
particular small island and environmentally sensitive area
4. Considers its effect on the cultural heritages and traditional elements activities
and dynamics of each local community
5. Support solidary, mutual respect and participation of public and private entities at
the local, national regional and international level.

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6. Support cultural, technological and professional innovation and integrated palling

and management approach
7. Adopt quality criteria for the preservation of the tourist destination and the
satisfaction of tourist, as determined jointly with local communities
8. Is fully integrated into and contributes positively to local economic development
9. Help improve the quality of life of all people and enriches the socio-cultural life of
each destination
10. Permits a more equitable of life of all people, and enriches and burdens of
tourism
11. Protect environmentally and culturally vulnerable space from high impact tourism
models
12. Promotes alternative and diversified form of tourism
13. Promotes the creation of network that will conduct research, and disseminate
information and transfer knowledge on sustainable tourism technologies
14. Support and promotes environments –compatible tourism agreement system,
feasibility studies for the transformation of the sector as well as the
implementation of demonstration project and the development of international
corporation programs.
15. Call for the adoption and implementation of code of conduct that create
responsible tourism behavior
History of Sustainable tourism concept:
The following timeline show a selection of key publication and events that has
shaped the development of the concept (Asia Development Bank 2012);
Ecotopia.org;Swarbrooke 1999)
 1948 The Interntional Union for the Protection of Nature is founded: International
Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources
 1954- Harrison Brown publishes the Challenge of Man’s future; it develop themes
that decades later would comprise term “sustainable development”
 1961- the world wildlife fund now the world wide fund for nature
 1962- Rachel Carson publishes silent spring, which discuss the interconnection
between the environment, the economy and social well-being

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 1968- the Club of Rome is established; it commissions a study of global

proportions of dynamic interaction between industry production model and
analyze the dynamic interaction between industry production, population,
environment damage, food consumption and natural resources usage
 1969 friends of the earth forms as nonprofit advocacy organization dedicated to
protecting the planet from environment degradation.
 1970 the first earth day is proclaimed in San Francisco; it is held as a national
tech-in on the environment
 1971-Founex Report on Development and Environment call for integration of
environment and development strategies. The Report, named after the town in
Switzerland which the venue of IN Seminar, laid the groundwork
 1972 the UN Conference on the Human Environment is held in Stockholm it lead
to the establishment of numerous national environmental protection
 1973 Young publishes the tourism blessing or blight, which drew attention the
negative impact of tourism (Swarbrooke 1995)
 1980-IUCN published the World Conservation Strategy (WCS), the section
“toward sustainable development” identifies the main agents of habitat
destruction as poverty, population pressure, social inequality
 1982- in October 1982, the UN approved the world charter for nature. It
presented several measure for the protection of the environment, such as natural
habitat protection conservation of non-renewable resources.
 1987-the world commission on environment and development publishes our
common future, also known as the Brundtland Report
Philippines Strategy for sustainable development (PSSD)

In the wake of the adoption of sustainable

paradigm in the international community, the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) also drafted the Philippine
Strategy for sustainable development (PSSD) in

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1987 and was approved by Cabinet in 1989.

The goal of the PSSD was to achieve economic growth while ensuring adequate
protection of the Philippine biodiversity, vital ecosystem function and overall
environment quality.
The key objectives are to guarantee and sustainable utilization of forest cropland,
marine and freshwater ecosystem; promote equity in natural resource utilization
The main strategies of PSSD were:
1) integration of environmental considerations in decision-making;
2) proper pricing of natural resources;
3) property rights reform;
4) establishment of an integrated protected areas system;
5) rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems;
6) strengthening of residuals management in industry
7) integration of population concern and social welfare in development
8) including growth in the rural area.
9) promotion of environment education
10) strengthening of citizen’s participation and constituency building.

The PSSD was presented at the UNCED in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In this
same year, President Fidel V. Ramos created the semi-government body, Philippine
Council for Sustainable development through Executive Order NO. 15: the Philippine
first Asian country to have such a council.

 1988 the UNWO define sustainable tourism as the management of all resources
is such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs cab be fulfilled while
maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity
integrity.
 19890 Barier, Markandya and Pearce published the blueprint of a green
economy where they argued for placing a greater value on the environment in
relation to economic growth.

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 1991- Wood and House published the Good tourist which tried to influence
tourists’ behavior by making them aware of the potential negative impact of
tourism
 1992 the UN Conference on Environment and Development is Held in Rio de
Janero; agreement were reached on Agenda 21
The conference produced the Rio Declaration, which integrate the principles of
sustainable development, which were tackled in previous international conference

Principle 1 Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development.
They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

Principle 2 States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the
principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources
pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility
to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the
environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

Principle 3 The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitable meet

developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.

Principle 4 In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall

constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in
isolation from it. SiSU lexmercatoria.org 1 Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development 1992

Principle 5 All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating
poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in order to
decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority
of the people of the world.

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Principle 6 The special situation and needs of developing countries, particularly the
least developed and those most environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special
priority. International actions in the field of environment and development should also
address the interests and needs of all countries.

Principle 7 States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect

and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different
contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but
differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility
that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the
pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and
financial resources they command.

Principle 8 To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all
people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and
consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies.

Principle 9 States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous capacity-building for

sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through exchanges of
scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the development, adaptation,
diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies.

Principle 10 Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all
concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have
appropriate access SiSU lexmercatoria.org 2 Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development 1992 to information concerning the environment that is held by public
authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their
communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States
shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information
widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including
redress and remedy, shall be provided.

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Principle 11 States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental

standards, man-agreement objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental
and developmental context to which they apply. Standards applied by some countries
may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries,
in particular developing countries.

Principle 12 States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international

economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in
all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy
measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or
unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral
actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing
country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing trans boundary or
global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international
consensus.

Principle 13 States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for
the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in
an expeditious and more determined manner to develop further international law
regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage
caused by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.

Principle 14 States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the relocation

and transfer to other States of any activities and substances that cause severe
environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to human health.

Principle 15 In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be

widely ap-SiSU lexmercatoria.org 3 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1992 plied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious
or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for
postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

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Principle 16 National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of

environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the
approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard
to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment.

Principle 17 Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be

undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on
the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.

Principle 18 States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or
other emergencies that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the environment
of those States. Every effort shall be made by the international community to help
States so afflicted.

Principle 19 States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to
potentially affected States on activities that may have a significant adverse trans
boundary environmental effect and shall consult with those States at an early stage and
in good faith.

Principle 20 Women have a vital role in environmental management and development.

Their full participation is therefore essential to achieve sustainable development.

Principle 21 The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world should be
mobilized to forge a global partnership In order to achieve sustainable development and
ensure a better future for all. SiSU lexmercatoria.org 4 Rio Declaration on Environment
and Development 1992

Principle 22 Indigenous people and their communities, and other local communities,
have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their
knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support their

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identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement
of sustainable development.

Principle 23The environment and natural resources of people under oppression,

domination and occupation shall be protected.

Principle 24 Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall

therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of
armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as necessary. Principle 25 60
Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.

Principle 26 States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and by
appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

Principle 27 States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of
partnership in the fulfillment of the principles embodied in this Declaration and in the
further development of international law in the field of sustainable development.
 1993-United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) and the International Council
for Local Environment initiative published the tourism and local agenda 21, this
will provide a guideline for local government unit.
UNWTO published the “global of Code for Tourism” it is a comprehensive set of
principles which are designed to guide the main stakeholder tourism
development, namely, government, the travel industry, local communities and
tourist.
 1994- turner et al, presented a sustainability spectrum, ranging from very could to
very strong sustainability position (Swarbrooke 1999).

According to Tunner et al (1994) and Hunter (1997), sustainability could be categorized

along a continuum ranging from very weak to very strong sustainability as follows’
1. Very weak- anthropocentric (human-centered) and utilitarian; growth-oriented
and resources exploitative; continued well-being is assured through economic

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growth based on free-market philosophy, and technologies innovation; infinite

substitution between man-made and natural capital.
2. Weak- anthropocentric(human-centered) utilitarian growth in managed and
modified, and resources conservation; concern of r inter-and intra-generational
equity of cost and benefits of growth infinite substitution between man-made and
natural capital while recognizing some aspect of the natural world as critical
capital effort to prevent negative environmental impact economic growth.
3. Strong ecosystem perspective resources preservation; concern for inter-and
intra-generational equity of cost and benefits of growth; decoupling negative
environmental impacts but believes is a steady state economy from following
constant natural assets rules; zero economic and human population growth.
4. Very strong-Bioethical and econ-centric; resources preservationist; minimal
utilization of natural resources; literal interpretation of Gaianism; anti-economic
growth and reduced human population.
 1995- The WTO Hold the World Conference on Sustainable Tourism in
Lanzarote, Canary Island, Spain. The Spain conference produced a resolution
which called on the international community, particular those in the field of
tourism, to adopt the criteria of sustainable in tourism development.
 1996- the UN published a guide for the Development and application of indicator
of sustainable tourism
The core indicator and their measurement are:
1. Site protection Category of the site protection
according to IUCN index
2. Stress Tourism numbers visiting site (per
annum/peak month)
3. Use intensity Intensity of use in peak period(person
Hectare)
4. Social impact Ration of tourist to local (peak period)
5. Development control Existence of environmental review
procedure for formal controls over
development of site and use density.

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6. Waste management Percentages of sewages from site

receiving treatment )addition indicator
may include structure limit of other
infrastructural capacity on site such as
water supply
7. Planning process Existence of organized regional plan
for tourist destination region(including
tourism components)
8. Critical ecosystem Number of rare/endangered species
9. Consumer satisfaction Level of satisfaction by visitor
(questionnaire-based)
10. Local satisfaction Level of satisfaction by local
(questionnaire-based)

 1997Delegates to the UN
 199ramework convention on climate change signed the Kyoto Protocol, which
commits developed nation to reducing overall emission of several greenhouse
gases and mechanism to encourage the North-South cooperation on emission
reduction.
 1999- the UNWTO published the guide for local authorizes on developing
sustainable tourism, it present technique for palling and developing tourism in a
way that minimized negative environmental and socio-economic impacts at the
local level.
 2000- the UN Millennium summit shifted the focus of development to poverty and
multiple deprivation.
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) declaration contains the now famous as
follow:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality

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5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDs, Malaria and other disease
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
 2001- in the Biological diversity and sustainable tourism the convention on
Biological diversity, UNEO and the UNWTO Recognized the tourism protecting
the diversity of life on earth.
 2002- the World Summit on sustainable development in Johannesburg marks the
tenth anniversary of the UNCED.
 2003- The WTI issued the Djerba (Tunisia) Declaration of tourism and climate
change where the organization called on tourism organization at all levels to
address and adapt to climate change.
 2004-Indicator of sustainable development for tourism destination; a guide (2004)
is the result of an extensive study on indicator initiative worldwide involving 62
countries.
 2005- UNWTO and UNEP published the making tourism more sustainable- a
guide for policy maker. In the book , the UNWTO and UNEO explain how tourism
could become sustainable in three steps:
1. Make optimal use of environmental resources while maintaining essential
ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritages and biodiversity.
2. Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities conserve their
cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to understand tolerance
3. Ensure viable. Long-term economics providing socio-economics benefits to all
stakeholder that are fairly distribution, including stable employment and income-
earning opportunity and social to host communities and contribute to property
alleviation.
 2006- al Gore published an inconvenient; the planetary emergency of global
warming and what can do about it, Gore argued that global warming is man-
made and should be corrected by reducing greenhouse gas emission and by
tree-planting more vegetation to sequestrate existing carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.

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 2008- climate change and tourism-responding to global challenges

 2012-the UN Conference on sustainable development gather in Rio Janeiro t
mark the 20th anniversary of the 1992 Rio Summit.
 2013-the UN proposes a global action programme education for sustainable
development 2014 in response to the UN resolution make during the un
conference in sustainable development in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
 2014-the UNESCO world conference on education for sustainable development
(ESD)
 2015-the year marked the deadline for achieve the MDGs formulated in 2002. In
the Global Sustainable Development Report, the UN (2015) identified key
sustainable developments gold for the next 15 years
16 SDGs (stakeholder Forum 2015)
1 End poverty in all its form everywhere
2 End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
3 Ensure healthy live and promote wellbeing for all at all ages
4 Ensure inclusive and equitable education and promote life-long learning
opportunity for all
5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization,
and foster innovation.
10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
11 Make cities and human settlement inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact
14 Conserve and sustainability use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development

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15 Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystem,

sustainably manage forests, combats desertification and halt and reverse and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16 Promotes peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provides
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institution
at all level.
Tourism and Sustainability Paradigm in the Philippines
Tourism development in the Philippine has been evolving in the past forty years,
in the 1970 the focus had been on undifferentiated mass tourism
The main strategy was to boost tourist arrival in order to maximize tourism
revenue for both the government and private business.

In recent year, sustainable development principles have been embodies in landmark

legislation, in the Tourism act 2009 (Republic Act 9593).
Three Dimension of sustainable development
To sustain something is for an ideal situation to continue for an indefinite period
of time.
Concept of sustainable tourism development does not require us who are in the
present, to forego our needs or sacrifice our happiness for the sake of the future
generation.
As mentioned, there components of development-economy and culture, earth
and ethos, some refer to them as the three as thee p’s- profit, planet and people.
Framework for understand the
interaction of the three dimension of
development

Connelly’s Venn diagram provides a

simple framework to analyze the three
dimension of development. Development
is said to be sustainable when al three
dimensions are fulfilled in a balanced

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manner. Development is said to be sustainable when all three dimension are fulfilled in
a balanced manner. Development is deemed viable when there is a balance between
environmental and economic goals; it is equitable when there is a balance is a balance
between economic and social goals, and livable when there is balance between
Status of sustainable tourism initiative
Since in 1987, there has been significant advancement in the conceptualization
and practice of sustainable tourism development.
There has also been progress in the following areas.
 Creation and refinement of indicator for evaluation and monitoring tourism project
 Adoption of sustainable environmental management practice in the tourism
industry, such as the collection of “environmental tax” to help defray the cost of
environmental protection and conservation
 The growth of alternative tourism product, such as agritourism, ecotourism, and
slum tourism, which when compared to traditional mass tourism, produce less
harmful impact on the economy, society and the environment
 The integration of sustainability as a criteria in the classification of
accommodation establishments
 Adoption of sustainable principles such as participatory planning and gender
equity in government at various levels.
 Passage of law the protect the environment and reduce climate change such as
protected area legislation, requirement foe environment impact assessment, ban
on the capture and killing of endangered animals, use of non-CFC refrigerants,
smoking ban
 Integration of concern for marginalized groups such as the poor, women and
indigenous people tourism planning and operation
 Increase interest in research on the subject. The journal of sustainable tourism
first published in 1993 in none for the leading journal in the field.
 Greater public awareness and more responsible behavior by tourist about the
importance of nature and respect for it.
Limitation of tourism as tools for sustainable development

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Moscardo (2007) debunked the myth of tourism as tools for sustainable

development,
First, cited Johnson and Wilson (2000) which argue that realities in local political
structure often mean that not everyone voice will be heard concerning & proposed
tourism project.

Chapter 2 pp 19-41, Tourism Impact and Tourism Sustainability-Cruz, 1st edition, Rex Store published
2016
https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development
https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yT-zMS70ekk

https://youtu.be/WWOrgEPO7vE

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