CHAPTER 4

INTERNET OF THINGS

BY ABDULAZIZ OUMER
 Overview of IoT

❖The most important features of IoT include the ff

• AI
• Connectivity
• Sensors
• Active Engagement
• Small Devices
 What is IoT?

❖ The description of the Internet of Things is related to

different definitions used by several groups for promoting
the particular concept in the whole world.
• According to the Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB)
definition, IoT is the networking of smart objects,
meaning a huge number of devices intelligently
communicating in the presence of internet protocol that
cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist as
components in buildings, vehicles or the environment.
 …continued
• According to the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) organization’s
definition, IoT is the networking of smart
objects in which smart objects have
some constraints such as limited
bandwidth, power, and processing
accessibility for achieving
interoperability among smart objects.
 …continued
• According to the IEEE Communications
category magazine’s definition, IoT is a
framework of all things that have a
representation in the presence of the
internet in such a way that new
applications and services enable the
interaction in the physical and virtual world
in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication in the cloud.
…continued
• According to the Oxford dictionary’s
definition, IoT is the interaction of
everyday object’s computing devices
through the Internet that enables the
sending and receiving of useful data.
• The term Internet of Things (IoT) according
to the 2020 conceptual framework is
expressed through a simple formula such
as:
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
 …continued
• Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT) is
• The network of physical objects or "things" embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.
• IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction
• IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate
and transfer data over the internet without any human
intervention.
 IoT − Advantages

• Improved Customer Engagement

• Technology Optimization
• Reduced Waste
• Enhanced Data Collection
 IoT – Disadvantages

• Increase the potential that the hacker could steal confidential

information
• If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected
device will become corrupted.
• Difficult for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.
• Collecting and managing the data from massive numbers of
IoT devices will be challenging.
 Challenges of IoT
• Security
• Privacy
• Complexity
• Flexibility
• Compliance
 How does it work?

• An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use

embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an
IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the
cloud to be analysed or analysed locally.
• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices
and act on the information they get from one another.
 Architecture of IoT

• In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of

things that consists of hardware, software, network
connectivity, and sensors.
• Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises four
major components: 1.Sensing Layer
2.Network Layer
3.Data Processing Layer
4.Application Layer
 1.Sensing Layer
• The main purpose of the sensing layer is to
identify any phenomena in the devices’
peripheral and obtain data from the real world
• Consists of several sensors
• Usually integrated through sensor hubs
• can be classified into three broad categories as
-Motion Sensor
-Environmental Sensors
-Position sensors
2.Network Layer
• Acts as a communication channel to
transfer data, collected in the sensing
layer, to other connected devices.
• Implemented by using diverse
communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.)
to allow data flow between other devices
within the same network.
 3.Data Processing Layer
• Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT
devices.
• Takes data collected in the sensing layer and
analyses the data to make decisions based on the
result
• In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.),
the data processing layer also saves the result of
the previous analysis to improve the user
experience.
• May share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.
 4.Application Layer -
• Implements and presents the results of the
data processing layer to accomplish
disparate applications of IoT devices
• Is a user-centric layer that executes various
tasks for the users
• There exist diverse IoT applications, which
include smart transportation, smart home,
personal care, healthcare, etc.
 Devices and Networks

• Devices can be categorized into three main groups:

consumer, enterprise and industrial.
• Smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables, and
smart appliances. smart meters, commercial security
systems are examples of consumer connected devices
• Smart city technologies such as those used to monitor
traffic and weather conditions are examples of
industrial and enterprise IoT devices.
 …continued
• Smart air conditioning, smart thermostats,
smart lighting, and smart security, span
home, enterprise, and industrial uses.
• IoT network typically includes a number of
devices like smart cities, industrial plants
• Others may be deployed in hard-to-reach
areas like pipelines hazardous zones, or
even in hostile environments like war zones
 IoT Tools and Platforms

❑ Some of the IoT Platforms are

• KAA
• SiteWhere
• ThingSpeak
• DeviceHive
• Zetta
• ThingsBoard
 Applications of IoT

• Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best applied.
❑ Agriculture
• For indoor planting
-IoT makes monitoring and management of microclimate conditions a
reality
• For outside planting
-IoT technology can sense soil moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with
weather data, better control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems
 …continued
❑Consumer Use
• For private citizens
-IoT devices in the form of wearables and
smart homes make life easier
• Smart homes
-like activating environmental controls
-oven or a crockpot can be started remotely
 …continued
❑ Healthcare
• wearable IoT devices
-let hospitals monitor their patients’ health at
home
• smart beds
-keep the staff informed as to the availability,
• real-time home monitoring sensors
-determine if a patient has fallen or is
suffering a heart attack.
 …continued
❑Insurance
• companies can offer their policyholders
discounts for IoT wearables such as
Fitbit
• By employing fitness tracking, the
insurer can offer customized policies
and encourage healthier habits
 …continued
❑Manufacturing
• RFID and GPS technology
-help a manufacturer track a product from
its start on the factory floor to its
placement in the destination store
❑Retail
 …continued
❑Transportation
• self-driving cars , GPS systems
❑Utilities
• IoT sensors can be employed to
monitor environmental conditions such
as humidity, temperature, and lighting.
 IoT Based Smart Home
• Remote Control Appliances
• Weather
• Smart Home Appliances
• Safety Monitoring
• Intrusion Detection Systems
• Energy and Water Use
 IoT Based Smart City
• Structural Health
• Lightning
• Safety
• Transportation
• Smart Parking
• Waste Management
IoT Based Smart Farming
• Green Houses
• Compost
• Animal Farming/Tracking
• Offspring Care
• Field Monitoring
THANK YOU