Sensors: Created By: Kadiya Jaydeep Sandupalli Sashidharan
Sensors: Created By: Kadiya Jaydeep Sandupalli Sashidharan
• Working voltage 5V
• Output format: Digital switching output (0 and 1), and analog voltage output AO
• Potentiometer adjust the sensitivity
• Uses a wide voltage LM393 comparator
• Comparator output signal clean waveform is good, driving ability, over 15mA
• Anti-oxidation, anti-conductivity, with long use time
• With bolt holes for easy installation
• Small board PCB size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
HOW TO USE
• VCC is connected to a 5V supply. The GND pin of the module is connected to the
ground.
• The D0 pin is connected to the digital pin of the microcontroller for digital output or
the analog pin can be used.
• To use the analog output, the A0 pin can be connected to the ADC pin of a
microcontroller.
• In the case of Arduino, it has 6 ADC pins, so we can use any of the 6 pins directly without
using an ADC convertor.
HOW TO USE
• The sensor module consists of a potentiometer, LN393 comparator, LEDs, capacitors and
resistors. The pinout image above shows the components of the control module.
• The rainboard module consists of copper tracks, which act as a variable resistor. Its
resistance varies with respect to the wetness on the rainboard.
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM OF
RAIN DROP
SENSOR
• The input for the Non-inverting terminal is taken from the connection point of the R1,
and rain board module. Another point is taken from this connection and connected to
the A0 terminal of the control module.
• The input to the inverting terminal of the LM393 is taken from the potentiometer (R2).
The R2 resistor acts as a voltage divider, and by varying R2 we can vary the input voltage
to the inverting terminal, which in turn affects the sensitivity of the control module.
• The connections are shown in the above fig. The resistors R3 and R4 will act as current
limiting resistors, while resistor R5 will act as a pull-up resistor to keep the bus in a high
state when not in use.
WORKING OF RAIN DROP SENSOR
• CASE 1 : When the input of the inverting terminal is higher than the input of the non-
inverting terminal.
• CASE 2 : If the input of the inverting terminal is lower than the input of the non-
inverting terminal.
• The input to the inverting terminal is set to a certain value by varying the potentiometer
and the sensitivity is set.
• When the rain board module’s surface is exposed to rainwater, the surface of the
rainboard module will be wet, and it offers minimum resistance to the supply voltage.
WORKING OF RAIN DROP SENSOR
• Due to this, the minimum voltage will be appearing at the non-inverting terminal of
LM393 Op-Amp.
• The comparator compares both inverting and non-inverting terminal voltages. If the
condition falls under case(1), the output of the Op-Amp will be digital LOW.
• If the condition falls under case(2), the output of the Op-Amp will be digital HIGH. The
below diagram shows the equivalent circuit of both the conditions.
WORKING OF RAIN DROP SENSOR
• The water quality sensor is a general term for multiple sensors that measure PH,
residual chlorine, turbidity, suspended solids, COD, BOD, conductivity, and
dissolved oxygen.
• Water quality does not refer to a specific day parameter, it contains multiple
elements to measure water conditions.
TYPES OF WATER QUALITY SENSORS
• PH Sensor
• Conductivity Sensor
• Residual Chlorine Sensor
• Turbidity Sensor
• ORP Sensor
• COD Sensor
• Ammonia Nitrogen Ion Sensor
PH SENSOR
• When the pH reaches 4.5, the fungus will have a complete advantage in the
biochemical tank, which will seriously affect the settlement of the sludge. When the
pH exceeds 9, the metabolic rate of microorganisms will be hindered.
• In order to monitor the PH value of industrial wastewater, we generally use PH
sensors.
• The PH sensor is a sensor used to monitor the concentration of hydrogen ions in the
tested solution and convert it into a corresponding usable output signal.
• It is suitable for industrial sewage, domestic sewage, agriculture, aquaculture, and
other scenarios in a non-corrosive weak acid and weak alkali environment.
CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR
• The TDS value represents the content of dissolved impurities in the water. The
larger the TDS value, the greater the impurity content in the water. On the
contrary, the smaller the impurity content, the greater the water. Pure, the lower
the conductivity.
• Conductivity sensors can be divided into electrode-type conductivity sensors,
inductive conductivity sensors, and ultrasonic conductivity sensors according to
different measurement principles.
• Electrode type conductivity sensor adopts resistance measurement method
according to electrolytic conduction principle.
CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR
• The larger the ORP value, the stronger the oxidizing property of the water body, and
the smaller the value, the stronger the reducing property of the water body.
• The ORP sensor is mainly used as the oxygen reduction potential of the solution.
• It can not only detect the water body, but also detect the ORP data in the soil and
culture medium.
• Therefore, it is also a sensor with many applications and can be widely used in
electric power and chemical engineering.
• Continuous monitoring of ORP of various water quality in industries such as
environmental protection, medicine, and food. Usually, it will be used with PH sensor.
COD SENSOR
• The KH-COD-N01-1 COD sensor uses two light sources, one ultraviolet light is
used to measure the COD content in the water.
• The other reference light is used to measure the turbidity of the water body, and
the light path attenuation is compensated by a specific algorithm and can be used
to a certain extent.
• Eliminate the interference of particulate suspended matter impurities, so as to
achieve more stable and reliable measurement.
AMMONIA NITROGEN ION SENSOR
• The ammonia nitrogen sensor is used to measure the ammonia nitrogen content of
water quality, and is often used in the Internet of Things, aquaculture, intelligent
agriculture and other fields.
• The KH-NHN-N01-1 ammonia nitrogen sensor is made of ammonium ion selective
electrode based on PVC membrane.
• It is used to test the ammonium ion content in water with temperature compensation
to ensure that the test is fast, simple, accurate and economical.
• This user manual introduces the technical parameters, maintenance and
communication protocol of the ammonia nitrogen sensor in detail.
APPLICATION OF WATER QUALITY SENSOR
• on-line water quality analysis and monitoring of surface water and groundwater
quality of river section, river, reservoir and so on.
• Internet of things, intelligent agriculture, online aquaculture monitoring.
• Water Quality real-time monitoring, red tide monitoring and early warning, blue-
green algae monitoring and early warning, sudden pollution accident early
warning, surface water quality investigation.
• Research projects. Investigation of pollution sources in the estuary, temporal and
spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture area, continuous
and automatic monitoring in coastal waters.
IMAGE SENSOR
WHAT IS AN IMAGE SENSOR ?
• An image sensor is used to detect & transmit information for making an image.
• These sensors are used in both analog & digital type electronic imaging devices like
digital cameras, imaging tools used in medical, camera modules, night vision tools
like radar, thermal imaging devices, sonar, etc.
• The analog sensors which are used in the past are video camera tubes. At present,
semiconductor CCDs (charge-coupled devices) is used otherwise active pixel sensors
within CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technologies.
• Analog sensors are vacuum tubes whereas digital sensors are flat-panel detectors.
TYPES OF AN IMAGE SENSOR
• By operating these switches, the signals can be allowed straight and in sequence
with high-speed compare with a CCD sensor.
• Including an amplifier for every pixel can also provide another benefit: it
decreases the noise that arises as understanding the electrical signals which are
changed from captured light.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN IMAGE SENSOR
• The image sensor in a camera system gets photon that is focused on using a lens
otherwise optics. Based on the type of sensor like CCD / CMOS, the information
will be transmitted to further stage like a voltage otherwise a digital signal.
• The main function of the CMOS sensor is to change photons into electrons, after
that to a voltage or digital value with the help of ADC(analog to digital
converter.)
• The general components used in the camera will change based on the
manufacturer.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN IMAGE SENSOR
• The main intention of this design is to change beam into a digital signal to
examine to activate some upcoming action.
• Consumer cameras have extra components to store the image and for viewing
whereas the machine vision cameras doesn’t have.
• These sensors are available in various formats & packages. The overall size of
the sensor will dictate the pixel size & resolution.
APPLICATIONS OF AN IMAGE SENSOR