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Sensors: Created By: Kadiya Jaydeep Sandupalli Sashidharan

The document discusses several types of sensors used to monitor water quality including rain drop sensors, water quality sensors, and image sensors. It provides details on rain drop sensors, including how they work and their applications. It also describes several common water quality sensors - pH sensors, conductivity sensors, residual chlorine sensors, turbidity sensors, and ORP sensors - and explains what each measures and how they are used to monitor important water quality indicators.

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Jaydeep Kadiya
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
83 views50 pages

Sensors: Created By: Kadiya Jaydeep Sandupalli Sashidharan

The document discusses several types of sensors used to monitor water quality including rain drop sensors, water quality sensors, and image sensors. It provides details on rain drop sensors, including how they work and their applications. It also describes several common water quality sensors - pH sensors, conductivity sensors, residual chlorine sensors, turbidity sensors, and ORP sensors - and explains what each measures and how they are used to monitor important water quality indicators.

Uploaded by

Jaydeep Kadiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENSORS

CREATED BY : KADIYA JAYDEEP


SANDUPALLI SASHIDHARAN
OUTLINES

• RAIN DROP SENSOR


• WATER QUALITY SENSOR
• IMAGE SENSOR
• LDR SENSOR
RAIN DROP SENSOR

• Raindrop Sensor is a tool used for sensing rain.


• It consists of two modules, a rain board that detects the rain and a control module,
which compares the analog value, and converts it to a digital value.
• The raindrop sensors can be used in the automobile sector to control the windshield
wipers automatically, in the agriculture sector to sense rain and it is also used in home
automation systems.
RAIN DROP SENSOR MODULE & PINOUT
PIN CONFIGURATION OF RAIN DROP SENSOR

S.NO NAME FUNCTION

1 VCC Connect suppy voltage - 5 V

2 GND Connect to ground

3 D0 Digital pin to get digital output

4 A0 Analog pin to get analog output


FEATURES :

• Working voltage 5V
• Output format: Digital switching output (0 and 1), and analog voltage output AO
• Potentiometer adjust the sensitivity
• Uses a wide voltage LM393 comparator
• Comparator output signal clean waveform is good, driving ability, over 15mA
• Anti-oxidation, anti-conductivity, with long use time
• With bolt holes for easy installation
• Small board PCB size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
HOW TO USE

• Interfacing the raindrop sensor with a


microcontroller like 8051,Arduino, or
PIC is simple. The rain board module is
connected with the control module of
the raindrop sensor as shown in the
diagram.
• The control module of the raindrop
sensor has 4 outputs.
HOW TO USE

• VCC is connected to a 5V supply. The GND pin of the module is connected to the
ground.
• The D0 pin is connected to the digital pin of the microcontroller for digital output or
the analog pin can be used.
• To use the analog output, the A0 pin can be connected to the ADC pin of a
microcontroller.
• In the case of Arduino, it has 6 ADC pins, so we can use any of the 6 pins directly without
using an ADC convertor.
HOW TO USE

• The sensor module consists of a potentiometer, LN393 comparator, LEDs, capacitors and
resistors. The pinout image above shows the components of the control module.
• The rainboard module consists of copper tracks, which act as a variable resistor. Its
resistance varies with respect to the wetness on the rainboard.
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM OF
RAIN DROP
SENSOR

• the R1 resistor and the


rain board module will act
as a voltage divider.
• Capacitors C1 and C2 are
used as a biasing element.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

• The input for the Non-inverting terminal is taken from the connection point of the R1,
and rain board module. Another point is taken from this connection and connected to
the A0 terminal of the control module.
• The input to the inverting terminal of the LM393 is taken from the potentiometer (R2).
The R2 resistor acts as a voltage divider, and by varying R2 we can vary the input voltage
to the inverting terminal, which in turn affects the sensitivity of the control module.
• The connections are shown in the above fig. The resistors R3 and R4 will act as current
limiting resistors, while resistor R5 will act as a pull-up resistor to keep the bus in a high
state when not in use.
WORKING OF RAIN DROP SENSOR

• CASE 1 : When the input of the inverting terminal is higher than the input of the non-
inverting terminal.
• CASE 2 : If the input of the inverting terminal is lower than the input of the non-
inverting terminal.
• The input to the inverting terminal is set to a certain value by varying the potentiometer
and the sensitivity is set.
• When the rain board module’s surface is exposed to rainwater, the surface of the
rainboard module will be wet, and it offers minimum resistance to the supply voltage.
WORKING OF RAIN DROP SENSOR

• Due to this, the minimum voltage will be appearing at the non-inverting terminal of
LM393 Op-Amp.
• The comparator compares both inverting and non-inverting terminal voltages. If the
condition falls under case(1), the output of the Op-Amp will be digital LOW.
• If the condition falls under case(2), the output of the Op-Amp will be digital HIGH. The
below diagram shows the equivalent circuit of both the conditions.
WORKING OF RAIN DROP SENSOR

• When the A0 pin is connected to the


microcontroller, an additional analog to
digital converter (ADC) circuit is used. In
the case of Arduino, it consists of 6 ADC
pins, which can be directly used for
calculation purposes.
APPLICATIONS OF RAIN DROP SENSOR

• Automatic Windshield Wipers


• Smart Agriculture
• Home – Automation
WATER QUALITY SENSOR
WHAT IS A WATER QUALITY SENSOR ?

• The water quality sensor is a general term for multiple sensors that measure PH,
residual chlorine, turbidity, suspended solids, COD, BOD, conductivity, and
dissolved oxygen.
• Water quality does not refer to a specific day parameter, it contains multiple
elements to measure water conditions.
TYPES OF WATER QUALITY SENSORS

• PH Sensor
• Conductivity Sensor
• Residual Chlorine Sensor
• Turbidity Sensor
• ORP Sensor
• COD Sensor
• Ammonia Nitrogen Ion Sensor
PH SENSOR

• The PH value is an important indicator


for monitoring industrial wastewater.
• In industrial wastewater, most
microorganisms have an adaptation
range of pH 4.5-9, and the most
suitable pH range is 6.5-7.5.
• When the pH is lower than 6.5, the
fungus starts to compete with the
bacteria.
PH SENSOR

• When the pH reaches 4.5, the fungus will have a complete advantage in the
biochemical tank, which will seriously affect the settlement of the sludge. When the
pH exceeds 9, the metabolic rate of microorganisms will be hindered.
• In order to monitor the PH value of industrial wastewater, we generally use PH
sensors.
• The PH sensor is a sensor used to monitor the concentration of hydrogen ions in the
tested solution and convert it into a corresponding usable output signal.
• It is suitable for industrial sewage, domestic sewage, agriculture, aquaculture, and
other scenarios in a non-corrosive weak acid and weak alkali environment.
CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR

• Conductivity refers to the ability to


conduct current in a body of water. In
water quality monitoring, conductivity
is one of the important indicators
reflecting water quality.
• When the conductivity value of the
water is higher, the conductivity is
better, and the TDS value in the
water is larger.
CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR

• The TDS value represents the content of dissolved impurities in the water. The
larger the TDS value, the greater the impurity content in the water. On the
contrary, the smaller the impurity content, the greater the water. Pure, the lower
the conductivity.
• Conductivity sensors can be divided into electrode-type conductivity sensors,
inductive conductivity sensors, and ultrasonic conductivity sensors according to
different measurement principles.
• Electrode type conductivity sensor adopts resistance measurement method
according to electrolytic conduction principle.
CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR

• The inductive conductivity sensor realizes the measurement of liquid conductivity


based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
• Ultrasonic conductivity sensors measure conductivity according to the changes
of ultrasonic waves in liquids, and the first two sensors are widely used.
RESIDUAL CHLORINE SENSOR

• Residual chlorine refers to the


general term for free chlorine and
combined chlorine remaining in the
water after chlorinated disinfection
and contact for a certain period of
time.
RESIDUAL CHLORINE SENSOR

• Residual chlorine sensor KH-CL-N01-1 is used to measure residual chlorine,


chlorine dioxide and ozone in water.
• The electrode structure is simple, easy to clean and replace.
• It can be used in drinking water treatment plants, canning plants, drinking water
distribution networks, swimming pools, cooling circulating water, water quality
treatment projects, and other occasions where continuous monitoring of the
residual chlorine content in the aqueous solution is required.
TURBIDITY SENSOR

• Turbidity is caused by suspended particles


in the water. The suspended particles
diffusely reflect the incident light.
• Usually, the scattered light in the direction of
90 degrees is used as the test signal.
• The scattered light and turbidity conform to
a multi-segment linear relationship, so the
sensor needs to be calibrated at multiple
points.
TURBIDITY SENSOR

• The KH-ZD-N01-1 turbidity sensor is designed and manufactured using the


principle of scattered light turbidity measurement.
• Accurately measure the amount of light passing through the water to accurately
measure the suspended solids in the water, and these suspended solids can
reflect the pollution of the water body.
• In this way, the turbidity in the water sample is measured, and the final value is
output after linearization processing. It is often used in the accurate measurement
of rivers, sewage, and wastewater by water quality detectors.
ORP SENSOR

• The oxidation-reduction potential


(ORP) is an important indicator to
measure the water quality of
aquaculture waters, and the ORP
value can reflect the quality of the
water.
• The oxidation-reduction potential
reflects the oxidation-reduction state
of the water body.
ORP SENSOR

• The larger the ORP value, the stronger the oxidizing property of the water body, and
the smaller the value, the stronger the reducing property of the water body.
• The ORP sensor is mainly used as the oxygen reduction potential of the solution.
• It can not only detect the water body, but also detect the ORP data in the soil and
culture medium.
• Therefore, it is also a sensor with many applications and can be widely used in
electric power and chemical engineering.
• Continuous monitoring of ORP of various water quality in industries such as
environmental protection, medicine, and food. Usually, it will be used with PH sensor.
COD SENSOR

• Many organic substances dissolved


in water absorb ultraviolet light.
• Therefore, by measuring the degree
of absorption of 254nm wavelength
ultraviolet light by these organic
substances, the content of dissolved
organic pollutants in water can be
accurately measured.
COD SENSOR

• The KH-COD-N01-1 COD sensor uses two light sources, one ultraviolet light is
used to measure the COD content in the water.
• The other reference light is used to measure the turbidity of the water body, and
the light path attenuation is compensated by a specific algorithm and can be used
to a certain extent.
• Eliminate the interference of particulate suspended matter impurities, so as to
achieve more stable and reliable measurement.
AMMONIA NITROGEN ION SENSOR

• In aquaculture, if the ammonia


nitrogen in the water is too high, it will
poison fish and shrimp and cause
fish and shrimp death.
• Therefore, the water quality ammonia
hydrogen sensor is particularly
necessary to monitor the ammonia
nitrogen concentration.
AMMONIA NITROGEN ION SENSOR

• The ammonia nitrogen sensor is used to measure the ammonia nitrogen content of
water quality, and is often used in the Internet of Things, aquaculture, intelligent
agriculture and other fields.
• The KH-NHN-N01-1 ammonia nitrogen sensor is made of ammonium ion selective
electrode based on PVC membrane.
• It is used to test the ammonium ion content in water with temperature compensation
to ensure that the test is fast, simple, accurate and economical.
• This user manual introduces the technical parameters, maintenance and
communication protocol of the ammonia nitrogen sensor in detail.
APPLICATION OF WATER QUALITY SENSOR

• on-line water quality analysis and monitoring of surface water and groundwater
quality of river section, river, reservoir and so on.
• Internet of things, intelligent agriculture, online aquaculture monitoring.
• Water Quality real-time monitoring, red tide monitoring and early warning, blue-
green algae monitoring and early warning, sudden pollution accident early
warning, surface water quality investigation.
• Research projects. Investigation of pollution sources in the estuary, temporal and
spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture area, continuous
and automatic monitoring in coastal waters.
IMAGE SENSOR
WHAT IS AN IMAGE SENSOR ?

• An image sensor is used to detect & transmit information for making an image.
• These sensors are used in both analog & digital type electronic imaging devices like
digital cameras, imaging tools used in medical, camera modules, night vision tools
like radar, thermal imaging devices, sonar, etc.
• The analog sensors which are used in the past are video camera tubes. At present,
semiconductor CCDs (charge-coupled devices) is used otherwise active pixel sensors
within CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technologies.
• Analog sensors are vacuum tubes whereas digital sensors are flat-panel detectors.
TYPES OF AN IMAGE SENSOR

• Charge- coupled Device (CCD)


• Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
CHARGE - COUPLED DEVICE

• A CCD image sensor includes a collection


of capacitors, which carries electric charge
related to the pixel’s light intensity.
• A control circuit in the senor will cause
every capacitor to transmit its contents
toward its neighbor & the last capacitor
within the array of capacitors will unload its
electric charge into an amplifier. The
method like bucket-brigade of data transfer
can be a feature of CCD sensors.
COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR
(CMOS)

• In a CMOS image sensor, it includes


a CMOS transistor switch & a
photodiode for every pixel, permitting
the pixel signals to be improved
separately.
COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR
(CMOS)

• By operating these switches, the signals can be allowed straight and in sequence
with high-speed compare with a CCD sensor.
• Including an amplifier for every pixel can also provide another benefit: it
decreases the noise that arises as understanding the electrical signals which are
changed from captured light.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN IMAGE SENSOR

• The image sensor in a camera system gets photon that is focused on using a lens
otherwise optics. Based on the type of sensor like CCD / CMOS, the information
will be transmitted to further stage like a voltage otherwise a digital signal.
• The main function of the CMOS sensor is to change photons into electrons, after
that to a voltage or digital value with the help of ADC(analog to digital
converter.)
• The general components used in the camera will change based on the
manufacturer.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN IMAGE SENSOR

• The main intention of this design is to change beam into a digital signal to
examine to activate some upcoming action.
• Consumer cameras have extra components to store the image and for viewing
whereas the machine vision cameras doesn’t have.
• These sensors are available in various formats & packages. The overall size of
the sensor will dictate the pixel size & resolution.
APPLICATIONS OF AN IMAGE SENSOR

• Space and Military


• Automotive
• Madical
• Security and Surveillance
• Biometrics
• Digital Still Cameras & Video Cameras
• Bar Code Readers
• Mobile Phone & Personal Digital Assistants
LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR) SENSOR
WHAT IS LDR SENSOR ?

• LDR sensor is a special resistor made of semiconductor materials such as


sulfide or selenide barrier. It is also coated with moisture-proof resin and
has photoconductive effect.
• It has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity that
falls upon it. This allows them to be used in light sensing circuits.
LDR SENSOR

• LDR Sensor is very sensitive to


light. The stronger the light, the
lower the resistance. With the
increase of illumination intensity,
the resistance value decreases
rapidly, which can be reduced to
less than 1KΩ.
WORKING OF AN LDR SENSOR

• The working principle of LDR photoresistor based on the internal


photoelectric effect.
• The semiconductor photosensitive material is encapsulated in the shell
with transparent window by installing electrode leads at both ends to form
an LDR sensor.
• In order to increase sensitivity, the two electrodes are usually in the comb
shape.
SPECIFICATION OF AN LDR SENSOR

Max power dissipation 200mW


Max voltage @ 0 lux 200V
Peak wavelength 600nm
Min. resistance @ 10lux 1.8kΩ
Max. resistance @ 10lux 4.5kΩ
Typ. resistance @ 100lux 0.7kΩ
Dark resistance after 1 sec 0.03MΩ
Dark resistance after 5 sec 0.25MΩ
APPLICATION OF AN LDR SENSOR

• LDRs are used in Light Sensors


• LDR is also used in some cameras to detect the presence of the light.
• LDRs are used Ligh Intensity measurement meters.
• In the manufacturing industry, LDR is used as a sensor for the counting of the
packets moving on a conveyor belt.
THANK YOU

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