1

Electrical Machines
(EELE 4350)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
2

Assad Abu-Jasser,
Assad Abu-Jasser, PhD
PhD
Electric Power
Electric Power Engineering
Engineering
site.iugaza.edu.ps/ajasser
site.iugaza.edu.ps/ajasser
[email protected]
[email protected]

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
3

Chapter Four
Chapter Four
Transformers

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
4 Introduction

A Transformer is a device that involves two electrically

isolated but magnetically strong coupled coils
These are primary winding connected to the source and
secondary winding connected to the load
Induced emf is proportional to the number of turns in the
coil.
If the secondary voltage is higher than the source, the
transformer is called step-up transformer.
On the other hand, a step-down transformer has higher
source voltage than the load voltage.
One-to-One ratio transformer is called isolation transformer.

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
5 Construction of a Transformer

Transformer core is built up of thin lamination of highly

permeable ferromagnetic material such as silicon sheet steel
The lamination’s thickness varies from 0.014 to 0.024 inch to keep
core losses to a minimum.
A thin coating varnish is applied to provide electrical insulation.

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
6 An Ideal Transformer
   m sin t An Ideal Transformer has the
e1  N 1  m cos t following properties:

1 The core is highly permeable

E1  N 1  m 0o i.e. it requires a very small
2 mmf to set up flux Φ
E 1  4.44fN 1 m 0o The core does not have any
E 2  4.44fN 2  m 0o eddy-current or hysteresis
d N
loss i V N 1 iV1
Ve11 EN  1 Z 1 1 2
 2 2
1 1 N 2
  dt a
1
The core Iexhibits a 2
no I
flux
V2 E 2 Nd2  i2 Nthe
2 1

Ie22 N N  2 leakage 1 1 
i.e. fluxais
Z 2 within the
2
 1  a dt confined
i1 N 2
Z 1core
I
1 1 N 2e1 N1 The
a
resistance
2
of each
  a
V 1 Ve
1I2
*
2I
22
*
V 12I 1 V 2 I 2
or N 
Z1 i
winding
1 1
isa2
Z22 i 2
negligible

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
7 Transformer Polarity and Ratings

Ratings
Transformer Polarity
The nameplate of a transformer provides information on power
and voltage-handling capacity of each winding
A 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down transformer has the following
Full-load power rating is 5 kVA or the transformer can deliver 5
kVA on a continuous basis
Nominal Primary voltage V1=500 V and nominal secondary voltage
V2=250 V
Full-load primary current I1=5000/500=10 A and full-load
secondary current I2=5000/250=20 A
The transformation ratio is usually not given by manufacturer but
it can be calculated a=V1/V2=500/250=2

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
8 Example 4.1
The core of the two-winding transformer shown is subjected to the
magnetic flux variation as indicated. What is the induced emf in each
winding?

For t=0.1-0.12
t=0-0.06 s s

0.15
0.45
t t Wb
Wb
For t=0.06-0.1 sdd 
e ab
ab 
 
 e
e ba
ba 
 NN ab
ab
  0.009 Wb dt
dt
e ab 
ab  200
200  0.45
0.15 30 VV
90
e ab  e cd  0 V
dd
e cd 
NN cdcd
dt
dt
e cd 
 500
500  0.4575
0.15 225V V
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
9 Example 4.2
An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn secondary. The
primary is connected to a 240-V, 50-Hz source. The secondary winding
supplies a load of 4 A at a lagging power factor of 0.8, Determine (a) the
a-ratio, (b) the current in the primary, (c) the power supplied to the load,
and (d) the flux in the core.

a  150 / 750  0.2

I2 4
I1    20 A
a 0.2
V1 240
V2    1200 V
a 0.2
PL V 2 I 2 cos   1200  4  0.8  3840 W
E1 240
m    7.21 mWb
4.44fN 1 4.44  50  150
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
10 A Nonideal Transformer
For Nonideal Transformer
E1 I2 N1
  a
E2 I1 N2
Nonideal Transformer has the following parameters
V 1  E 1  (R 1  jX 1 )I 1
Winding Resistances
V 2  E 2  (R 2  jX 2 )I 2
Leakage Fluxes
Finite Core Permeability
Core losses (Eddy-Current & Hysteresis)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
11 Example 4.3
A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V, 60-Hz, step-down transformer has the following
resistance and leakage-reactance values: R1=4Ω, R2=0.04Ω, X1=12Ω,
and X2=0.12Ω. The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load. If
the power factor of the load is 0.866 leading, determine the efficiency of
the transformer.

I 223000
II1 2  7.5 30 0.75A  75 A, I 2  75 30 A
P 14938.94
a 230
 
ZZ1 2 
o
R1R 2jX1 jX
 4 2   0.971, or 97.1%
  j 0.12 
j 120.04
VE  E
1
P I
in 
1 Z 15389.14
V  I  2282.87
 1  (75
2.33
Z  230 1 30)(4
(7.530  j 12) j 0.12)
)(0.04
2 2 2 2
VE1  2269.578
 228.287 4.72.33
V  V
2
Po  Re[V
23002  I 2 ]  Re[230  75 30]  14938.94 W
*

a *10, E 1  a  E 2  2282.87 2.33 V

Pin  Re[
V 1  I 1 ]  Re[2269.578 4.7 7.5 30]  15389.14 W
230
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
12 Finite Permeability

Unloaded
When Transformer
the load on the draws excitation increases
transformer current

 I c  I m , winding
I  secondary
The I m is thecurrent increases
magnetizing current
The current
E 1 supplied by the source increases
I c drop across
The voltage
core-loss current
primary impedance increases
R c1
The induced emf E1 drops
E1
The mutual flux 
X m 1decreases magnetizing reactance
because magnetizing current drops
jI m

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
13 Example 4.4
The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on
the primary side of the transformer of example 4.3 are 20 kΩ and 15kΩ,
respectively. If the transformer delivers the same load, what is its
efficiency?

E1 2282.87 2.33
Ic    0.114 2.33 A
Rc1 20000
E1 2282.87 2.33
Im    0.152 87.67 A
From Example 4.3, jX
wemhave
1 j 15000
I  I c  I m  0.19 50.8 A
V 2  230 V I  75 30 A E  228.287
I  I 2 I  7.5 30  0.19 50.8  7.53
2 28.57
A
2.33 V
1 p 

a  10 E  2282.87 2.33 I  7.5 30

V 1  E 1  I 1Z 1  2282.87 2.33 V7.53 28.57 (4  j 12)
1 p A
V 1  2271.9 4.71 V
Po  14938.94 W[V I
P  Re in
*
1 1 ]  15645.35 W

Po 14938.94
   0.955, or 95.5%
Pin 15645.35
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
14 Phasor Diagram

E 2 V 2  I 2 R 2  jI 2 X 2
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
15 Approximate Equivalent Circuit
Z e 2  R e 2  jX e 2
Z  R  jX e 1
R e1 R  Re 1 / a 2
e2 2 1

X R
e2 
e1
X 2  R  a R2
 X
1 1
/ a
2
2

Rc 2  Rc1 / a 2
X X e 1 X X/ a1  a X
m2 m1
2
2
2

The low core loss implies high core loss resistance

The high permeability of the core ensures high
magnetizing reactance
The impedance of the parallel branch across the primary is
very high compared with Z1 and Z2
The high impedance of the parallel branch assures low
excitation current and thus it can be moved as shown

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
16 Example 4.5
Analyze the transformer discussed in examples 4.3 and 4.4 using the
approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side. Also
sketch its phasor diagram.

' 2269.59 4.7

I c 2  aV 2  10 *
V 230 04.7
0.113  2300
 A 0 V
20000
I p 2269.59
7.5 304.7A

Im   0.151 85.3 A
R e 1  Rj 15000
1  a R 2  4  10 * 0.04  8 
2 2

I 1  I p  I c  I m 2  7.54 28.6 A
X e1  X 1 a X 2  12  102 * 0.12  24 
Po  Re  2300 0  7.5 30   14938.94 W
Z e1  Re1  X e1  8  j 24 
Pin  Re ' 2269.59 4.7  7.54 28.6   15645.36 W
V 1 V 2  I p Z e 1  2300 0  7.5 30(8  j 24)
Po 14938.94
    0.955 or 95.5%
V1 
Pin2269.59 4.7 V
15645.36
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
17 Voltage Regulation

V 2 NL V 2 FL
VR %   100
V 2 FL
V 1  aV 2
VR %   100
aV 2
V1
V 2
VR %  a  100
V2
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
18 Example 4.6

A 2.2-kVA, 440/220-V, 50-Hz, step-down transformer has the following

parameters referred to the primary side: Re1=3 Ω, Xe1=4 Ω, Rc1=2.5 kΩ,
and Xm1=2 kΩ. The transformer is delivering full load at rated voltage
with a power factor of 0.707 lagging. Determine the efficiency and the
voltage regulation of the transformer.

Iac  2
464.762
440 0.44
/ 220  V  220 V S  2200 VA
  0.186
2 0.44 A
2500
2200 0.44
464.762 1

IIm2   10   cos
0.232 0.707  10
89.56 A45 A
220 j 2000
I 1  I pI  I c 
10I m
455.296
 45.33 A
I  2
  5 45 1555.63
Pop  Re  440 5 45 W A
a 2
Pin ' Re  464.762 0.44  5.296 45.33   1716.91 W
V 2  aV 2  2 * 220  440 0 V
  1555.63 / 1716.91  0.906 or 90.6%
V 
VR % 
1 V '
 I p ( Re 1440
464.762
2  jX e 1 )
100
5.63%
464.762 0.44 V
440
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
19 Maximum Efficiency Criterion

Po  aVP 2 I p cos 
Core Losses
I p 
(eddy-current
m and hysteresis)
cu  I p
arePconstantRRe 1eand
2
1 called fixed losses
Pin  aV 2 I p cos   Pm  I p2 R e 1
Copper losses are varying
I p  I pfl aV
Pm

as
I
the square
Pm of
2 2 I p cos pfl
the 
current
 and
I called
pfl R e 1 Variable Plosses
cufl
aV 2 I p cos   Pm  I p R e 1
2

Efficiency
d | is zero at no load & Pmit increases
VA .eff  V A |
0 .  I prated
2
R e 1  Pm
to reach
dI p its
max
maximum at certain
Pcufl load

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
20 Example 4.7
A 120-kVA, 2400/240-V, step-down transformer has the following
(a)
parameters: R1=0.75 Ω, X1=0.8 Ω, R2=0.01 Ω, X2=0.02 Ω. The
transformer is designed to operate at maximum efficiency at 70% of its
kV A0.8 power
120000
rated
I
(c)
of
load
(b) with
p transformer
the
at maximum

factor lagging.
50 Determine
A (a) the kVA rating
efficiency, (b) the maximum efficiency,
V 2' 2400
P  V
Io  20.7
equivalent
P '

o(d)

(c) the efficiency
I

V  
at 'full
pf I  
load and pf
I  0.7  50  35 A
core-loss2 p
0.8 power factor lagging, and (d) the
pfl resistance. Use the approximate equivalent circuit.
p p
Po 2400
Po  2400  35
502 0.8  2  67200
0.8
96000 W W
V35 2400
1  2400
Vcufl
P A R
|max
Pin
50 1 
.ceff 
2

(0.75 
. Po  Pm 
10 2
P 84  2686.88
kVA W W
cu  71487.5
0.01) 4375 
P 1000
2143.75
2 PPo 67200 m 96000
Pcu
 I ( R
o 
 a 2
R )  35

2
100(0.75
 100
94%10 93.6%
2
0.01)
Pin p 96000  4375  2143.75
1 2
Pin 71487.5
Pcu  2143.75 W
Pm  Pcu  2143.75 W

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
 Determination of Transformer Parameters
21 The Open-Circuit Test

One winding of the transformer is left open while the

other is excited by rated voltage and rated frequency
It does not matter which side is excited, however it is
safer to perform this test in the low-voltage side

 Poc 
S oc V oc  I oc , oc  cos  1

S
 oc 
I c  I oc cos oc , I m  I oc sin oc
V oc V oc2 V oc V oc2
R cL   , X mL  
Ic Poc Im Qoc
Q oc  S oc2  Poc2

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
 Determination of Transformer Parameters
22 The Short-Circuit Test

The test is designed to determine the windingresistances

Psc  and
S sc V2sc  sc  cos 
I sc , reactances
leakage
1
2
R  R a R
TheeHtest is conducted
H byLplacing a short
, X X
HS sc one winding
eHcircuit across L a X
and2exciting
P the other with ratedV frequency
2
IThe R 
H applied
H RI R sc
, Z 
L L is 2carefully adjusted
voltage
eH eH
sc
until rated current flows
I sc I sc
in the windings
R  a R  0.5R
2
ItHdoes not matter
L on which
2 eH side
2
, X
NHL
2 theHtest is conducted. a X
But foreH  0.5X
X eH  Z eH  R eH , a 
safety it is conducted on the high-voltage
N side
L

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
 Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
----------------------------------------
23 Example 4.8 Open-circuit test: 240 2 120
Short-circuit test: 150 10 600

OC-Test
SC-Test
The following data were obtained from testing a 48-kVA, 4800/240-V.
step-down transformer;
Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
--------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
Open-circuit test: 240 2 120
Short-circuit test: 150 10 600
PV
sc oc 600
S oc equivalent
Determine the  240
I occircuit of  2 transformer
the 480 V sc as150
VA viewed from
R eH  2  2  6  , Z eH    15 
R H  0.5 2eH10
I sc Rside
(a) the high-voltage 26
0.5(b)
and  low-voltage
the 3  I scside 10
a  V4800 240  20
X RH cL 0.5X2 eH
oc
 240
/ 20.5 4802  26.88 
13.75
X eH  Z PoceH  2 R eH  215  6  13.75 
120
R0.5
cH R a R cL0.5  206 (480)  192 k Ω
RQ  R eH 6
2  2 20.0075 Ω2 or 7.5 mΩ
R eL 
L 
ocX 2a 
eH S
2 
2 P 
200.015
oca X2 ocmL 480
 20 Ω
2
2

or 15 mΩ
120
(123.94) 464.76k Ω
49.58 VA
amH 20
0.5VXoceH 240
X
2
0.5 
2
13.75
XL  13.75
  0.017
34ΩmΩ or 17 mΩ
X eLX mL  2  
  2 123.94
eH
a 20 0.034 Ω or
a 2Qoc 20 464.76
2

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
24 Per-Unit Computations

When an electric Smachine is designed or analyzed using actual

b the apparent power base
values of its parameters, it is not immediately obvious how its
performance Vb compare
the base voltage
with similar-type machine
Expressing machine parameters
Sb inVper-unit
V 2 shows immediately
 , operates
how the Imachine Z  baround
b  b its ratings
b
Vb
Per-unit values of machines I b same
of the S b type with widely
different ratings lie within
actual aquantity
narrow range
Quantity,
An electric system has four pu 
quantities of interest: voltage, current,
its bas value
apparent power, and impedance
If base (reference) V bH of any two of them are selected, the
values
a for transformers
remaining
V two can be calculated
bL

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
 RH XH RL XL RcH Xm H
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 Example 4.9 Step-up: 2.3 6.9 23m 69m 13.8k 6.9k
Step-down 2.3 6.9 5.75m 17.25m 11.5k 9.2k

A single-phase generator with an internal impedance of 23+j92 mΩ is connected to a load via

a 46-kVA, 230/2300-V, step-up transformer, a short transmission line, and a 46-kVA,
2300/115-V, step down transformer. The impedance of the transmission line is 2.07+j4.14 Ω.
The parameters of step-up and step-down transformers are:
RH XH RL XL RcH XmH
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Step-up: 2.3Ω 6.9Ω 23mΩ 69mΩ 13.8kΩ 6.9kΩ
Step-down 2.3Ω 6.9Ω 5.75mΩ 17.25mΩ 11.5kΩ 9.2kΩ
Determine (a) the generator voltage, (b) the generator current, (c) the overall efficiency of the
system at fullBload and 0.866 power factor lagging. Use per-unit quantities in the calculations.
Section C
Section B
Section A
ISection
 1 1 
 1.016  30.31   1.188 7.21  VA    1.036 30.84
Vg full
, pu
 2300 V, S  46000 120 j 60
At
V bAbA
 230 V, S bA bA 46000 VA
load and 0.866 lagging pf  
VI bC  46000
I bA
V
V Lg,,pu115 V,
pu1 2.3
0 and
46000
1.188 and
7.21 S  46000
 120
I L, pu 1.036
/ 2300 VA
3030.84
A, (0.02 6.9
Z bA  j230
0.08 /20 
0.02 115 
j 0.06)
R
V
E bA  1
g , pu
R H , pu
0 
1.3132.3

/ 230
11.08
(0.02  

j
 bC
200
0.02,
0.06)(1
 0.02, X

A,
30 )X
Z 6.9  
230
bA 2.29
1.048 
H , pu  0.06

/ 200 0.06
1.15 
I bC  46000  j
/115 400 1 A, 1Z bC  115 / 400  0.2875 
, pu
V 
g
H , pu
230
IIZg, pu

0.023
115
1
200
115
1.313
30

0.092
11.08
  1.048
 301.99 11.08
115
0.02
2.29 207.2
V 115
H , pu

 1.016
j 0.08
g , pu  1.036
13800 30.84 30.84
  A30.31
6900
1.15
R cH , pu 
11500
0.00575
Po , pu  0.866, 115 0.01725 9200
 120,100X mH j 80  
Pin , pu  Re  1.313 11.08 *1.036
, pu  60
115 30.84    1.012
RR
R LLcH
,, pu 
E g , pu  1.048
, pu
0.866
0.023  100,
 0.02,
2.29

 X X
  100 85.6%
2.07

j
1.016
4.14   0.06  80
30.31
0.02, X0.018
  0.069
2(0.02
 mH
L , pu
 j 0.06)  0.018  j 0.036 
, pu 0.06
 Z 
E g , pu1.012
, pu
pu 
115
0.2875
 1.188 7.21
1.15 
115 0.2875 115
L , pu j 0.036
1.15
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
26 The Autotransformer

When the two windings of a transformer are interconnected

electrically, it is called an autotransformer
The direct electrical connection between the windings ensures
that a part of the energy is transferred by conduction in addition
to the part transferred by the magnetic induction
Autotransformer is cheaper in first cost than a conventional two-
winding transformer of a similar rating
Autotransformer delivers more power than a two-winding
transformer of similar physical dimensions
For a similar power rating, an autotransformer is more efficient
than a two-winding transformer
An autotransformer requires lower excitation current than a two-
winding transformer to establish the same flux

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
 The Autotransformer
27 Connections

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
 The Autotransformer
28 a-ratio of Autotransformer

V(N 
VEN
S 1 V I1a
2 a 1 2 2 )(aI 1E

a NE2 I 2a 1 
1)
1  S2 1 
oa 2 2
II  aNI  N a2
o  a 
V22aa  E
2a 1 a21)1I1a a  aT
T 21aa  (E
SIo1a power transfer
N 2 through induction
VSSI 11aa IV1E 1aI E 1  E 2
ooa  2a 2
 power transfer
a through conduction
VSa2oaa VE2VI21a(a  1) E 2
S oa   1a   aT I 1a  V 1a I 1a
V 1a Na1T (aN 21)  1
S oa V 2 I 2 1So a1 aT
VS2oaa  S inaN 2 a  a

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
29 Example 4.10
A
For24-kVA, 2400/240-V
the 2-winding distribution transformer is to be connected as an
transformer
autotransformer. For each possible combination, determine (a) the primary
1  2400
Vwinding V, V 2(b) 240
voltage, V, S o  24
the secondary I 1  10 (c)
kVA,voltage,
winding I 2 ratio
A, the 100 of
A
transformation, and (d) the nominal rating of the autotransformer.
V 11aa  EE112 E2400
E240
22
2400
V2400240
2402640
2640VV
E11 EV
V 22aa  E240 V2400 240
E2 22400
2400 240 2640
 2640V V
VV11aa 2400
2640
2640
240
aTT   1.1
0.91
11
0.091
VV22aa 2640
2400
2640
240
S oaoa VV22aaII22aa VV12a12aIaI2 11a  V 1a I 1
S oaoa  2640
2640*100
100  26400
*10 VA26.4
264000VA 264 kVA
264-kVA,
26.4-kVA,2400
2640
2640/ 2640-V
240 2400-V
2640-V
/ 240-V
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
30 A Nonideal Autotransformer

An equivalent circuit of a nonideal autotransformer

can be obtained by including the winding
resistances, the leakage reactances, the core-loss
resistance, and the magnetizing reactance.

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
31 Example 4.11

A 720-VA, 360/120-V, two-winding transformer has the following constants:

RH=18.9 Ω, XH=21.6 Ω, RL=2.1 Ω, andI XL=2.4 I 2 a Ω,2 45 R  =8.64 kΩ, and X =6.84 kΩ.
pa
 cH  8 45 A mH
The transformer is connected as a 120/480-V, aT step-up autotransformer. If the
0.25
V 1a 121.513
autotransformer delivers the full load at 0.707 power13.63  leading, determine its
factor
I    6 45 A0.127 13.63 A
efficiency and the voltage regulation. Icacom R I pa  I 2 a 960
cL

E H  Va1aE L 121.513 13.63

I ma    0.16 76.37 A
4E L jXImL2 a (R H  jjX760H ) V 2a  I com ( R L  jX L )
I4aE Ica 2 I45  0.204 38 A
ma  (18.9  j 21.6)  480  6 45 (2.1  j 2.4)
aT  120
P / 480  0.25 a  360 /120  3
678.82 L
 o

8640  0.803 or 80.3% I 1a  I pa  I a  8 45  0.204 38  8.027 43.56 A
R cL Pin 2 845.3 960  E L  119.745 4.57 V
3
Po  Re V 2 a  I 2 a   480  2 45  678.82 W
*
V 1a 121.513
6840 V 1a  E L  I com ( R L  jX L )
anL 
VX 2mL  760   486.056 V
a3T2 0.25 Pin  Re V 1a  I 1a   121.513 13.63 8.027 43.56  845.3 W
*

720 V 1a  119.745 4.57  6 45(2.1  j 2.4)

I 2a  I HV V2 A
VR %  2anL
360 2a
 100  1.26%
I 2a  2 45 V A2a V 1a  121.513 13.63 V

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
32 Three-Phase Transformers

Power is generated, transmitted, and consumed in three-phase

form. 3-phase transformers are used in such systems
Three exactly alike single-phase transformers are used to form a
single three-phase transformer
For economic reasons, a three-phase transformer is designed to
have all six windings on a common magnetic core
A common magnetic core of a three-phase transformer can be
either a core type or a shell type
Shell-type transformer exhibits less waveform distortion than
core-type and this makes it preferable over the core-type
A three-phase winding on either side can be connected either in
wye (Y) or in delta (∆)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
 Three-Phase Transformers
33
Construction and Windings Connection

∆-∆
Y-∆
∆-Y
Y-Y Connection
Core
Type

Shell-Type

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
34 Analysis of a 3-Phase Transformer

Under steady-state conditions, a single 3-phase transformer

operates exactly the same as 3 single-phase transformers
In our analysis we assume that we have 3 identical 1-phase
transformers connected to form a single 3-phase transformer
Such an understanding allows the development of the per-phase
equivalent circuit of a three-phase transformer
It is also assumed that the 3-phase transformers delivers a
balanced load and the waveforms are pure sinusoidal
This enables us employ the per-phase equivalent circuit of a
transformer. A ∆-connected winding can be replaced by its
equivalent Y-connected winding using ∆-to-Y transformation
ZY=Z∆/3 and Vn=VL/√3 with ±30o phase difference

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
35 Example 4.12

S 3
single-phase
 3  720  2160 VA or 2.16 kVA
A three-phase transformer is assembled by connecting three 720-VA, 360/120-V,
transformers. The constants for each transformer are R H=18.9 Ω,
XH=21.6 Ω, RL=2.1 Ω, and XL=2.4 Ω, RcH=8.64 kΩ, and XmH=6.84 kΩ. For each of
the four configurations, determine the nominal voltage and power ratings of the
three-phase transformer. Draw the winding arrangements and the per-phase
equivalent circuit for each configuration.
(c)
(b) For
(d)
(a) For Y-- connection
 -Y
Y-Y
V 11LL  360
360* V 3  623.54
3 *360 624 V V
V 22LL  120 V 3  207.85
3 *120 208 V V
The nominal Ratings are
2.16-kVA, 624/208-V,
624/120-V,
360/208-V, -Y
- connection
360/120-V, Y-Y
Y-

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
36 Example 4.13
Three single-phase transformers, eachPrimary
Y/∆ Connection rated at 12-kVA, 120/240-V, 60-Hz, are
Secondary
connected to form a three-phase, step-up, Y-∆ connection. The parameters of each
Phase
transformer are RHVoltage
=133.5 mΩ, XH=201 120 mΩ, RL=39.5 mΩ,240 and XL=61.5 mΩ,
RcL=240 Ω, and XmL=290Ω. What are the nominal voltage, current, and power
Line
ratings of Voltage
the three-phase 208
transformer. When 240
it delivers the rated load at the rated
voltage and
Phase0.8 pf Current
lagging, determine the 100
line voltages, the line50 currents, and the
efficiency of the transformer.
Line Current 100 86.6
V
PE   E
o 2 n  V 2n 
3Re
For  V  I  I
equivalent (0.0395
*
A   3Re
2 n I 2 A2(0.0445
 138.564  86.6 36.87
jj0.0615)
 Y-Y connection
0.067)
Y/Y Connection Primary
1 n 1 n pA
Secondary
V  V 2n 
28800
125.7 138.564
30.92   100 V6.87(0.0395  j 0.0615)
0kW
Eo 2 n  138.564
P 1n
Phase W
Voltage or 0  86.6 36.87
28.8
120 (0.0445  j 0.067)
138.564
V  I 2 A  86.6
132.61 31.97* 36.87
 V A
PEin2 n 
1
Line
n 3Re145.147
Voltage
V 1n  I0.92 
1A  3ReV  132.61
208 31.97100.72 6.88
240
120
Pin1L31200
V a3 V 1n 30 31.2  kW  0.86661.97 V
229.69
Phase
E 2 L  Current 3E 138.564
2 n 30   251.4 100  V
30.92 86.6
28.8 86.6   136.871 
I 1A  ICurrent

Line V 1n 92.3% 100 100.72 6.88
86.6 A
 IapApA* 100
E 1n 31.2 E 2 n 30   125.7
240 j 290 
 0.866
30
30.92 100
 V 6.87  A
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
37

End of
Chapter Four

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE- Department -IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)