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Digital Video Processing, Second Edition, 2015

Book · June 2015

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A. Murat Tekalp
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Digital Video Processing, 2E Table of Contents
©A. Murat Tekalp January 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
1. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
1.1 Multi-dimensional Signals
1.1.1. Finite Extent Signals and Periodic Signals
1.1.2. Symmetric Signals
1.1.3. Special Multi-dimensional Signals
1.2 Multi-dimensional Transforms
1.2.1 Fourier Transform of Continuous Signals
1.2.2 Fourier Transform of Discrete Signals
1.2.3 Discrete Fourier Transform
1.2.4 Discrete Cosine Transform
1.3 Multi-dimensional Systems
1.3.1 Impulse Response and 2D Convolution
1.3.2 Frequency Response
1.3.3 FIR Filters and Symmetry
1.3.4 IIR Filters and Partial Difference Equations
1.4 Multi-dimensional Sampling Theory
1.4.1 Sampling on a Lattice
1.4.2 Spectrum of Signals Sampled on a Lattice
1.4.3 Nyquist Criterion for Signals Sampled on a Lattice
1.4.4 Reconstruction from Samples on a Lattice
1.5 Sampling Lattice Conversion
References
Exercises
2. DIGITAL IMAGES AND VIDEO
2.1 Human Visual System and Color
2.1.1 Color Vision and Models
2.1.2 Contrast Sensitivity
2.1.3 Spatio-Temporal Frequency Response
2.1.4 Stereo/Depth Perception
2.2 Analog Video
2.2.1 Progressive vs. Interlaced Scanning
2.2.2 Analog Video Signal Formats
2.2.3 Analog-to-Digital Video Conversion

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2.3 Digital Video
2.3.1 Spatial Resolution and Frame Rate
2.3.2 Color, Dynamic Range and Bit Depth
2.3.3 Color Image Processing
2.3.4 Digital Video Standards
2.4 3D Video
2.4.1 3D Display Technologies
2.4.2 Stereoscopic Video
2.4.3 Multi-view Video
2.5 Digital Video Applications
2.5.1 Digital TV
2.5.2 Digital Cinema
2.5.3 Video Streaming over the Internet
2.5.4 Computer Vision and Scene/Activity Understanding
2.6 Image and Video Quality
2.6.1 Visual Artifacts
2.6.2 Subjective Quality Assessment
2.6.3 Objective Quality Assessment
References

3. IMAGE FILTERING
3.1 Image Smoothing
3.1.1 Linear Shift-Invariant Low-Pass Filtering
3.1.2 Bilateral Filtering
3.2 Image Resampling and Multi-Resolution Representations
3.2.1 Image Decimation
3.2.2 Image Interpolation
3.2.3 Multi-resolution Pyramid Representations
3.2.4 Wavelet Representations
3.3 Image Gradient Estimation, Edge and Feature Detection
3.3.1 Estimation of the Image Gradient
3.3.2 Estimation of the Laplacian
3.3.3 Canny Edge Detection
3.3.4 Harris Corner Detection
3.4 Image Enhancement
3.4.1 Pixel-based Contrast Enhancement
3.4.2 Spatial Filtering for Tone Mapping and Image Sharpening

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3.5 Image Denoising
3.5.1 Image and Noise Models
3.5.2 LSI Filters in the DFT Domain
3.5.3 Local Adaptive Filtering
3.5.4 Non-linear Filtering: Order-Statistics, Wavelet Shrinkage, and Bilateral Filtering
3.5.5 Non-local Filtering: NL-Means and BM3D Filtering
3.6 Image Restoration
3.6.1 Blur Models
3.6.2 Restoration of Images Degraded by Linear Space-Invariant Blurs
3.6.3 Blind Restoration – Blur Identification
3.6.4 Restoration of Images Degraded by Space-Varying Blurs
3.6.5 Image Inpainting
References
Exercises

4. MOTION ESTIMATION
4.1 Image Formation
4.1.1 Camera Models
4.1.2 Photometric Effects of 3D Motion
4.2 Motion Models
4.2.1 Projected Motion vs. Apparent Motion
4.2.2 Projected 3D Rigid Motion Models
4.2.3 2D Apparent Motion Models
4.3 2D Apparent Motion Estimation
4.3.1 Sparse Correspondence, Optical Flow Estimation and Image Registration
4.3.2 Optical Flow Equation and Normal Flow
4.3.3 Displaced Frame Difference
4.3.4 Motion Estimation is Ill-Posed: Aperture and Occlusion Problems
4.3.5 Hierarchical Motion Estimation
4.3.6 Performance Measures for Motion Estimation
4.4 Differential Methods
4.4.1 Lukas-Kanade Motion Estimation
4.4.2 Horn-Schunk Motion Estimation
4.5 Matching Methods
4.5.1 Basic Block Matching
4.5.2 Variable Size Block Matching

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4.5.3 Hierarchical Block Matching
4.5.4 Generalized Block Matching – Local Deformable Motion
4.5.5 Homography Estimation from Feature Correspondences
4.6 Non-linear Optimization Methods
4.6.1 Pel-recursive Motion Estimation
4.6.2 Bayesian Motion Estimation
4.7 Transform-Domain Methods
4.8 3-D Motion and Shape Estimation
4.8.1 Camera Calibration
4.8.2 Affine Reconstruction
4.8.3 Projective Reconstruction
4.8.4 Euclidean Reconstruction
4.8.5 Planar Parallax and Relative Affine Structure Reconstruction
4.8.6 Dense Structure from Stereo
References
Exercises

5. VIDEO SEGMENTATION AND TRACKING

5.1 Image Segmentation
5.1.1 Thresholding
5.1.2 Clustering
5.1.3 Bayesian Methods
5.1.4 Graph-based Segmentation
5.1.5 Active Contour Models
5.2 Change Detection
5.2.1 Shot Boundary Detection
5.2.2 Background Subtraction
5.3 Motion Segmentation
5.3.1 Dominant Motion Segmentation
5.3.2 Multiple Motion Segmentation
5.3.3 Region-based Motion Segmentation: Fusion of Color and Motion
5.3.4 Simultaneous Motion Estimation and Segmentation
5.4 Motion Tracking
5.4.1 Graph-based Spatio-temporal Segmentation and Tracking
5.4.2 Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) Tracking
5.4.3 Mean Shift Tracking

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5.4.4 Particle Filter Tracking
5.4.5 Active Contour Tracking
5.4.6 2D Mesh Tracking
5.5 Image and Video Matting
5.6 Performance Evaluation
References
Exercises

6. VIDEO FILTERING
6.1 Theory of Spatio-Temporal Filtering
6.1.1 Frequency Spectrum of Video
6.1.2 Motion-Adaptive Filtering
6.1.3 Motion-Compensated Filtering
6.2 Video Format Conversion
6.2.1 Down Conversion
6.2.2 Deinterlacing
6.2.3 Frame Rate Conversion
6.3 Multi-Frame Noise Filtering
6.3.1 Motion-Adaptive Denoising
6.3.2 Motion-Compensated Denoising
6.4 Multi-Frame Restoration
6.4.1 Multi-Frame Modeling
6.4.2 Multi-Frame Wiener Restoration
6.5 Multi-Frame Super-resolution
6.5.1 What is Super-resolution?
6.5.2 Modeling Low Resolution Sampling
6.5.3 Super-resolution in the Frequency Domain
6.5.4 Multi-Frame Spatial Domain Methods
References
Exercises

7. IMAGE COMPRESSION
7.1 Basics of Image Compression
7.1.1 Information Theoretic Concepts
7.1.2 Elements of Image Compression Systems

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7.1.3 Quantization
7.1.4 Symbol Coding
7.1.5 Huffman Coding
7.1.6 Arithmetic Coding
7.2 Lossless Image Compression
7.2.1 Bit-Plane Coding
7.2.2 Run-Length Coding and ITU-T G3/G4 Standards
7.2.3 Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding and ISO JBIG Standard
7.2.4 Early Lossless Predictive Coding
7.2.5 ISO JPEG-LS Standard
7.2.6 Lempel-Ziv Coding
7.3 Discrete Cosine Transform Coding and JPEG
7.3.1 Discrete Cosine Transform
7.3.2 ISO JPEG Standard
7.3.3 Encoder Control and Compression Artifacts
7.4 Wavelet Transform Coding and JPEG2000
7.4.1 Wavelet Transform and Choice of Filters
7.4.2 ISO JPEG2000 Standard
References
Exercises
8. VIDEO COMPRESSION
8.1 Video Compression Approaches
8.1.1 Intra-frame Compression, Motion JPEG 2000 and Digital Cinema
8.1.2 3D Transform Coding
8.1.3 Motion-Compensated Transform Coding
8.2 Early Video Compression Standards
8.2.1 ISO and ITU Standards
8.2.2 MPEG-1 Standard
8.2.3 MPEG-2 Standard
8.3 MPEG-4 AVC / ITU-T H.264 Standard
8.3.1 Input Video Formats and Data Structure
8.3.2 Intra Prediction
8.3.3 Motion Compensation
8.3.4 Transform
8.3.5 Other Tools and Improvements

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8.4 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard
8.4.1 Input Video Formats and Data Structure
8.4.2 Coding Tree Units
8.4.3 Tools for Parallel Encoding/Decoding
8.4.4 Other Tools and Improvements
8.5 Scalable Video Compression
8.5.1 Temporal Scalability
8.5.2 Spatial Scalability
8.5.3 Quality (SNR) Scalability
8.5.4 Hybrid Scalability
8.6 Stereo and Multi-view Video Compression
8.6.1 Frame-Compatible Stereo Compression
8.6.2 Multi-view Video Coding Extensions of the H.264/AVC Standard
8.6.3 Multi-view Video Plus Depth Compression
References
Exercises

APPENDICES
A. VECTOR-MATRIX OPERATIONS IN IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING
A.1 Two-Dimensional Convolution
A.2 Two-Dimensional Transforms
A.3 Three-Dimensional Rotation – Rotation Matrix
References
Exercises

B. ILL-POSED PROBLEMS IN IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING

B.1 Image Representations
B.2 Overview of Image Models
B.3 Basics of Sparse Image Modeling
B.4 Well-Posed Formulations for Ill-Posed Problems
References

C. MARKOV AND GIBBS RANDOM FIELDS

C.1 Equivalence of Markov Random Fields and Gibbs Random Fields
C.2 Gibbs Distribution as an A priori PDF Model

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C.3 Local Conditional Probabilities from a Gibbs Distribution
References

D. OPTIMIZATION METHODS
D.1 Gradient-Based Optimization
D.2 Simulated Annealing
D.3 Greedy Methods
References

E. MODEL FITTING
E.1 Least Squares Fitting
E.2 Least Squares Solution of Homogeneous Linear Equations
E.3 Total Least Squares Fitting
E.4 Random Sample Consensus - RANSAC
References

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