ENGLISH TASK

READING/ PRESENTATION/ DISCUSSION, IN PRESENT

SIMPLE

Arranged By :

Wahyuni / 2103020050
Putri Anjani / 2103020052
Sucsenia Wati / 2103020059
Welny Risesti / 2103020061
Anisyah Tiwi Permatasari / 2103020067

Teaching Lecturer :
Dra. Elmiwati, M.Pd

MATHEMATICS EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIOM
MARITIM RAJA ALI HAJI UNIVERSITY
TANJUNGPINANG CITY
RIAU ISLANDS
2021
 UNIT 2
PAST SIMPLE

PRESENTATION
1. Here are the past tense forms of some verbs. Write them in the base forms.
…………… took …………… decided
…………… believed …………… set
…………… was (were) …………… went
…………… reversed …………… made
Three of them end in -ed. They are the past tense form of regular verbs. The others are
irregular.
Answer :
a) take e) decide
b) believe f) set
c) is (are) g) go
d) reversed h) make

2. Read the text below.

In 1952, a major computing company made a decision to get out of the business of
making mainframe computers. They believed that there was only a market for four
mainframes in the whole world. That company was IBM. The following years they
reversed their decision.
In 1980, IBM determined that there was a market for 250,000 PCs, so they set up a
special team to develop the first IBM PC. It went on sale in 1987 and set a world wide
standard for compatibility Le. IBM-compatible as opposed the single company Apple
computers standard. Since then, over seventy million IBM-compatible PCs, made by IBM
and other manufacturers, have been sold.

Work in pairs
Ask and answer questions about the text.

Example: What did IBM company decide to do in 1952?

- They decided to get out of the business of making mainframe computers.
• Grammar questions
- Why is the past simple tense used in the text?
- How do we form questions?
- How do we form negatives?
Answer :
a) because the text describes the past which mentions 31 years ago
b)

PRACTICE
1. Grammar
The present simple or the past simple. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms.
a. The problem of constructing a regular polygon of nine sides which requires the
trisection of a 60° angle is the second source of the famous problem.
b. The Greeks added "the trisection problem" to their three famous unsolved
problems. It was customary to emphasize the futile search of the Greeks for the
solution.
c. The widespread availability of computers had in all, probability changed the world
for ever.
d. The microchip technology which makes the PC possible has put chips not only into
computers, but also into washing machines and cars.
e. Fermat almost certainly wrote the marginal note around 1630, when he first
studied Diophantus's Arithmetica.
f. I protests against the use of infinitive magnitude as something completed, which is
never permissible in maths, one has in mind limits which certain ratio approachs
as closely as desirable while other ratios may increase indefinitely (Gauss).
g. In 1676 Robert Hooke announced his discovery concerning springs. He
discovered that when a spring is stretched by an increasing force, the stretch varies
directly according to the force.
2. Pronunciation
There are three pronunciations of the past tense ending-ed: /t /,/id /, / d /.
Put the regular past tense form in exercise 1 into the correct columns. Give more examples.
 /t/ / id / /d/
……………………... …………………………. ………………………
……………………... .……………………….... ………………………
……………………... …………………………. ………………………
……………………... …………………………. ………………………
……………………... …………………………. ………………………
……………………... …………………………. ………………………
……………………... …………………………. ………………………
……………………... …………………………. ………………………

3. Writing
Put the sentences into the right order to make a complete paragraph.
WHAT IS MATHEMATICS ?
The largest branch is that which builds on ordinary whole numbers, fractions, and irrational
2
numbers, or what is called collectively the real number system.

Hence, from the standpoint of structure, the concepts, axioms and theorems are the essential
7
components of any compartment of maths.
1
Maths, as science, viewed as whole, is a collection of branches.

5 These concepts must verify explicitly stated axioms. Some of the axioms of the maths
of numbers are the associative, commutative, and distributive properties and the
axioms about equalities.

Arithmetic, algebra, the study of functions, the calculus differential equations and other
various subjects which follow the calculus in logical order are all developments of the
3
real number system. This part of maths is termed the maths of numbers.

Some of the axioms of geometry are that two points determine a line, all right angles are
6 equal, etc. From these concepts and axioms, theorems are deduced.

A second branch is geometry consisting of several geometries. Maths contains many

4 more divisions. Each branch has the same logical structure: it begins with certain
concepts, such as the whole numbers or integers in the maths of numbers or such as
points, lines, triangles in geometry.

• Speaking and listening

Work in pairs to ask and answer the question about the text in exercise3.

For example: How many branches are there in maths?

What are they?

Speaking
a. Learn how to say these following in English.

 ≡ identical to
 ≠ not identical to
 ≈ approximately equal to
 → Arrow to the right
 < less than
 > greater than


 ≤ less than or equal to
 ≥ greater than or equal to
 α proportional to
 ∞ Infinity
 ± pIus or minus
 / slash

b. Practice saying the Greek alphabet.

Huruf
Atas, bawah Name
A, α alfa
Β, β vita
Γ, γ gamma
Δ, δ thelta
Ε, ε epsilon
Ζ, ζ zita
Η, η aku ta
 Θ, θ thita
Ι, ι iota
Κ, κ kappa
Λ, λ lamtha
Μ, μ mu
Ν, ν nu
Ξ, ξ xee
Ο, ο omikron
Π, π pi
Ρ, ρ rho
Σ, σ, ς sigma
Τ, τ tau
Υ, υ upsilon
Φ, φ phi
Χ, χ chi
Ψ, ψ psi
Ω, ω omega

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

• Reading
1. Pre – reading task
1.1 Use your dictionary to check the meaning of the words below.
triple (adj.) utilize (v.)
conjecture (v.) bequeath (v.)

conjecture (n.) tarnish (v.)

subsequent (adj.) repute (v.) [ be reputed ]

1.2 Complete sentences using the words above.

a. The bus is traveling at………………………………….... the speed.
b. What the real cause was is open to……………………………….. .
c. ……………………………………………events proved me wrong.
d. He is…………………………… as / to be the best surgeon in Paris.
e. People’ve ……………………… solar power as a source of energy.
f. Discoveries………………….. to us by scientists of the last century.
g. The firm’s good name was badly……………………by the scandal.

2. Read the text.

FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM
 Pierre de Fermat was born in Toulouse in 1601 and died in 1665. Today we think
of Fermat as a number theorist, in fact as perhaps the most famous number theorist who
ever lived.

The history of Pythagorean triples goes back to 1600 B.C, but it

was not until the seventeenth century A.D that mathematicians seriously
attacked, in general terms, the problem of finding positive integer solutions
to the equation xn +yn =zn .

Many mathematicians conjectured that there are no positive integer

solutions to this equation if n is greater than 2. Fermat’s now

famous conjecture was inscribed in the margin of his copy of the Latin translation of
Diophantus’s Arithmetica. The note read: “To divide a cube into two cubes, a fourth power or
in general any power whatever into two powers of the same denomination above the second is
impossible and I have assuredly found an admirable proof of this, but the margin is too
narrow to contain it”.

Despite Fermat’s confident proclamation the conjecture, referred to as “Fermat’s

last theorem” remains unproven. Fermat gave elsewhere a proof for the case n = 4. it was
not until the next century that L.Euler supplied a proof for the case n = 3, and still another
century passed before A.Legendre and L.Dirichlet arrived at independent proofs of the
case n = 5. Not long after, in 1838, G.Lame established the theorem for n = 7. In 1843, the
German mathematician E.Kummer submitted a proof of Fermat’s theorem to Dirichlet.
Dirichlet found an error in the argument and Kummer returned to the problem. After
developing the algebraic “theory of ideals”, Kummer produced a proof for “most small n”.
Subsequent progress in the problem utilized Kummer’s ideals and many more special
cases were proved. It is now known that Fermat’s conjecture is true for all n < 4.003 and
many special values of n, but no general proof has been found.

Fermat’s conjecture generated such interest among mathematicians that in 1908

the German mathematician P.Wolfskehl bequeathed DM 100.000 to the Academy of
Science at Gottingen as a prize for the first complete proof of the theorem. This prize
induced thousands of amateurs to prepare solutions, with the result that Fermat’s theorem
is reputed to be the maths problem for which the greatest number of incorrect proofs was
published. However, these faulty arguments did not tarnish the reputation of the genius
who first proposed the proposition – P.Fermat.
Comprehension check
1. Answer the following questions.
a. How old was Pierre Fermat when he died?
b. Which problem did mathematicians face in the 17 century A.D?
c. What did many mathematicians conjecture at that time?
d. Who first gave a proof to Fermat’s theorem?
e. What proof did he give?
f. Did any mathematicians prove Fermat’s theorem after him? Who were they?

2. Are the statements True (T) or False (F)? Correct the false sentences.
 a. The German mathematician E.Kummer was the first to find an error in the argument.
b. With the algebraic “theory of ideals” in hand, Kummer produced a proof for “most
small n” and many special cases.
c. A general proof has been found for all value of n.
d. The German mathematician P.Wolfskehl won DM 100.000 in 1908 for the first
complete proof of the theorem.
3. Discussion
Discuss in groups the following question.
What is the famous Fermat’s theorem you’ve known?

• Listening and writing

You will hear some equations in words. Write them in formulae.
a. F equals one over two pi times the square roof of LC………………… .
b. E equals sigma T to the power of four………………………………… .
c. Capital W subscript s equals two pi small f over capital P……………. .
d. Gamma equals W subscript oh over four pi R all times F……………... .
e. Mu subscript oh equals four pi times ten to the power of minus seven capital H small m
to the power of minus one…………………………... .
f. C equals L over R squared plus omega squared L squared…………...
g. V subscript two equals the squared root of open brackets, two e over m times capital V
subscript two, close brackets…………………………… .
h. Sigma equals capital M small y small c over capital I, plus capital P over capital
A………………………………………………………………… .

i. Gamma equals four Q over three pi R squared times, open brackets, R squared minus
gamma squared, close brackets…………………………..