Mechanics of Solid (CE3302)

By:-
Dr. Arya Anuj Jee
(Ph.D.: IIT Guwahati)
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Patna
Email: [email protected]
Mob: +91 9476589956

INTRODUCTION
 What is mechanics of solids?
The solid mechanics as a subject may be defined as a branch of applied mechanics that deals
with behaviors of solid bodies subjected to various types of loadings.
This is usually subdivided into further two streams i.e, Mechanics of rigid bodies or simply Mechanics
and Mechanics of deformable solids.

Mechanics of rigid bodies:

The mechanics of rigid bodies is primarily concerned with the static and dynamic behavior under
external forces of engineering components and systems which are treated as infinitely strong and
undeformable. Primarily we deal here with the forces and motions associated with particles and rigid
bodies.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 What is mechanics of solids?
Mechanics of solids:
The mechanics of deformable solids is more concerned with the internal forces and
associated changes in the geometry of the components involved. Of particular importance
are the properties of the materials used, the strength of which will determine whether the
components fail by breaking in service, and the stiffness of which will determine whether the
amount of deformation they suffer is acceptable.
Therefore, the subject of mechanics of materials or strength of materials is central to the
whole activity of engineering design. Usually the objectives in analysis here will be the
determination of the stresses, strains, and deflections produced by loads. Theoretical
analyses and experimental results have an equal roles in this field.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 A positive sign indicates
a tensile stress
(member in tension),
and a negative sign
Analysis of stress and strain indicates a compressive
stress (member in
compression).
Stress
Stress is the internal
resistance offered by
the body to the
external load applied
to it per unit cross
sectional area. Stresses
are normal to the plane
to which they act and
are tensile or
F P
compressive in nature.
  lim  ave 
A0 A A
By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna
 Analysis of stress and strain
 Units :
The basic units of stress in S.I units i.e. (International system) are 𝑁/𝑚2 (or Pa)
𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 106 𝑃𝑎
𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 109 𝑃𝑎
𝐾𝑃𝑎 = 103 𝑃𝑎
Sometimes 𝑵/𝒎𝟐 units are also used, because this is an equivalent to MPa. While US customary unit is
pound per square inch 𝒑𝒔𝒊.
Types of Stresses
Only two basic stresses exists : (1) normal stress and (2) shear stress.
Other stresses either are similar to these basic stresses or are a combination of this
Bending stress is a combination tensile, compressive and shear stresses.
Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft is a shearing stress.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Analysis of stress and strain
 Normal stress, Direct stresses, Axial stress:
 If the stresses are normal to the areas concerned, then these
are termed as normal stresses. The normal stresses are
generally denoted by a Greek letter (σ)

(Uniaxial state of stress)

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Analysis of stress and strain
 Normal stress, Direct stresses, Axial stress:
 Tensile or compressive Stresses: The normal stresses can be either
tensile or compressive whether the stresses acts out of the area or
into the area

 Bearing Stress: When one object presses against another, it is

referred to a bearing stress ( They are in fact the compressive
stresses )

• Sign convections for Normal stress

Direct stresses or normal stresses
- tensile +ve
- compressive –ve

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Analysis of stress and strain
 Shear Stresses:
 The internal forces and the corresponding stresses were normal to the
section considered. A very different type of stress is obtained when
transverse forces P and P’ are applied to a member.
 Let us consider now the situation, where the cross – sectional area of a
block of material is subject to a distribution of forces which are
parallel, rather than normal, to the area concerned. Such forces
are associated with a shearing of the material, and are referred to as
shear forces. The resulting stress is known as shear stress
The corresponding average shear stress is,

P The Greek symbol 𝜏 (tau,

 ave  suggesting tangential) is used
A to denote shear stress

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Analysis of stress and strain
 Shear Stresses: Double Shear
Single Shear

P F
P F Bolt subject to double shear.
 ave  
Bolt subject to single shear.  ave   A 2A
A A

(a) Diagram of bolt in single shear; (b) (a) Diagram of bolt in double shear; (b)
section E-E’ of the bolt section K-K’ and L-L’ of the bolt.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Mechanical properties
The conditions under which the mechanical test are conducted are of three types
Static: When the load is increased slowly and gradually and the metal is loaded by tension,
compression, and torsion or bending.
 Dynamic: when the load increases rapidly as in impact
 Repeated or Fatigue: (both static and impact type) . i.e. when the load repeatedly varies in the
course of test either in value or both in value and direction.

For application where a force comes on and off the structure a number of times, the material cannot
withstand the ultimate stress of a static tool. In such cases the ultimate strength depends on no. of times the
force is applied as the material works at a particular stress level. Experiments one conducted to compute the
number of cycles requires breaking to specimen at a particular stress when fatigue or fluctuating load is
acting. Such tests are known as fatigue tests

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Co-ordinate system
Cartesian - co-ordinate system
In the Cartesian co-ordinates system, we make use of the axes, X, Y
and Z
Let us consider the small element of the material and show the
various normal stresses acting the faces

First sub – script : it indicates the direction

of the normal to the surface.
Second subscript : it indicates the direction
of the stress.

• In Cartesian and polar co-ordinates, we have the

shear stress components as shown in the figures. τxy ,
• Thus, in the Cartesian co-ordinates system the normal
stresses have been represented by σx, σy and σz. τyx , τyz , τzy , τzx , τxz
By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna
 Co-ordinate system
Cylindrical - co-ordinate system
In the Cylindrical - co-ordinate system we make use of co-
ordinates r, θ and Z

First sub – script : it indicates the direction

of the normal to the surface.
Second subscript : it indicates the direction
of the stress.

• In Cylindrical co-ordinates system, we have the shear stress

components as shown in the figures.
𝝉𝒓𝜽 , 𝝉𝜽𝒓 , 𝝉𝒓𝒛 , 𝝉𝜽𝒛 , 𝝉𝒛𝜽 , 𝝉𝒛𝒓
Thus, in the Cylindrical co-ordinates system, the normal stresses i.e
components acting over a element is being denoted by σr, σθ and
σ z.
By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna
 Analysis of stress and strain
 Complementary shear stresses:
 The existence of shear stresses on any two sides of the
element induces complementary shear stresses on the other
two sides of the element to maintain equilibrium. As shown
in the figure the shear stress 𝜏 in sides AB and CD induces a
complimentary shear stress 𝜏' in sides AD and BC
Sign convections for shear stresses:
- +ve
tending to turn the element C.W, +ve.

-ve
- tending to turn the element C.C.W, – ve.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Analysis of stress and strain
 Concept of strain :
 If a bar is subjected to a direct load, and hence a stress the bar
will change in length. If the bar has an original length L and
changes by an amount L, the strain produce is defined as
follows:

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝛿𝐿
 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝜖 = =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿

 Strain is thus, a measure of the deformation of the material and

is a nondimensional Quantity i.e. it has no units. It is simply a
ratio of two quantities with the same unit.
Tensile strains are positive whereas compressive strains are
negative.

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna

 Analysis of stress and strain
 Hook's Law:
 A material is said to be elastic if it returns to its original, unloaded dimensions when load is removed.
Hook's law therefore states that 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝜶 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝑬 𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈′ 𝒔 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔, 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏

The value of Young's modulus E is generally assumed to be the same in tension or compression
and for most engineering material has high, numerical value of the order of 200 Gpa
 Poisson’s Ratio:
 It has been observed that for an elastic materials, the lateral strain is proportional to the longitudinal
strain.
 The ratio lateral strain to longitudinal strain produced by a single stress is known as Poisson’s ratio.
Symbol used for poisson’s ratio is 𝜇 or 1/m .
By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna
 Analysis of stress and strain
 Deformation of a body due to load acting on it
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎
 We know that young’s modulus 𝐸 = =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀
So,
𝜎 𝑃 𝛿𝐿
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀 = = , 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜀 =
𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐿
So,
𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝐿 = = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝐸

By: Dr. Arya Anuj Jee, NIT Patna