STAT - ANOVA and Control Chart
STAT - ANOVA and Control Chart
CERTIFICATION COURSE
STAT-06 ANOVA & Control Chart
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ANOVA
Analysis Of Variance
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Module Objectives
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Why Learn ANOVA?
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ANOVA
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When To Use ANOVA
Variables Road Map
Variables Data
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Process Variation
• t-tests are tools that offer some help, but are limited to testing
two means
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The ANOVA Hypothesis Test
• Ho: m1=m2=…=mn
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Sources Of Variation
Y
Total
Mean
Variation
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Sources Of Variation
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The ANOVA Table
Sum of Degree of
Mean square
Source of variation square freedom F-statistic
SSB
Between treatments
SSB a-1 MSB= a-1
MSB
SSE
Fo= MS E
Within treatments (Error) N-a
SSE MSE= N-a
a: Level of factors
N: Total number of observations
n = sample size
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The ANOVA Table
a: Level of factors=3
N: Total number of observations=12
n = sample size=4
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Example-Solution
SS within = (10.82+10.42+11.22+9.92+….+13.02+14.22)-[(42.32+46.92+54.12)/4]=3.34
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Analyzing The Variation
Source SS %
SSBetween 17.69 84.12%
SSWithin 3.34 15.88%
SSTotal 21.03
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The ANOVA Table
Sum of Degree of
Source of variation Mean square F-statistic
square freedom
Between treatments 17.69 2 8.85 23.92
Total 21.03 11
Fobs=23.92
F0.05,2,9=4.26
As Fobs > F table, reject the null.
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The ANOVA Table- Exercise
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The ANOVA Table-Solution
Analysis of Variance for Invoices
Source DF SS MS F P
Consumer 3 13.00 4.33 2.17 0.0986
Commercial 2 20.00 10.00 5.00 0.0012
Error 75 150.00 2.00
Total 80 183.00
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Exercise……..
Researchers want to test a new anti-anxiety medication. They split participants
into three conditions (0mg, 50mg, and 100mg), then ask them to rate their
anxiety level on a scale of 1-10. Are there any differences between the three
conditions using alpha = 0.05?
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Solution……..
SS Between = [(572+472+212)/7]-[(57+47+21)/21]= 98.67
Sum of Degree of
Source of variation Mean square F-statistic
square freedom
Between treatments 98.67 2 49.34 86.56
Total 108.96 20
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Solution……..
Fobs=86.56
F0.05,2,18=3.55
As Fobs > F table, reject the null.
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Introduction to Control Chart
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Module Objectives
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Control chart
1. A statistical tool used to distinguish between process variation
resulting from common causes and variation resulting from special
causes.
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Common Vs Special Cause
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Common Vs Special Cause
• Process: Driving to Work
• Average Time: 12 minutes
• Standard Deviation: 2.5 minutes
• Common Causes – Wind speed, miss one green light, driving speed,
number of cars on road, time when leaving house.
• Special Causes – Stop for school bus crossing, traffic accident, pulled
over for speeding, poor weather conditions, car mechanical problems,
construction detour, stoplights not working properly, train crossing.
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What Control Chart Does?
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Why Use Control Charts?
• To monitor process variation over time
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When to use a control chart?
─ Controlling ongoing processes by finding and correcting problems as
they occur.
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Types of Control Charts
1. Variables control charts:
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Types & Selection of Control Chart
np chart
Constant Sample Size
(number of defectives)
Defectives
Attribute data
p chart
Variable Sample Size
(proportion defectives)
c chart
Constant Sample Size
(defects per sample )
Control Charts
Defects
U chart
Variable Sample Size
(defects per unit)
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Out of Control Condition
1. One point more than 3σ from the center line (either side)
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Out of Control Condition
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Out of Control Condition
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Out of Control Condition
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Out of Control Condition
5. Two out of three points more than 2σ from the center line (same side)
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Out of Control Condition
6. Four out of five points more than 1σ from the center line (same side)
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Out of Control Condition
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Out of Control Condition
8. Eight points in a row more than 1σ from the center line (either side)
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R-chart
─ Always look at the Range chart first.
─ Indicates how the range of the subgroups changes over times.
─ Look for out of control points. If there are any, then the special
causes must be eliminated.
─ Once the effect of the out of control points from the Range chart is
removed, look at the X-bar Chart.
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x̅-chart
─ X-bar charts are used to monitor the mean of a process based on the
average of a series of observations, called a subgroup.
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x̅-R chart
─ An X-bar and R (range) chart is used to monitor mean and variance of a
process when quality characteristic is continuous.
─ The standard chart for variables data, X-bar and R charts help
determine if a process is stable and predictable.
─ X-bar and R charts can be used to any process with a subgroup size 2 to
10.
x̅-R chart
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Example practice……..
A quality control inspector at the Cocoa Fizz soft drink company has taken
three samples with four observations each of the volume of bottles filled.
use the below data to develop x̅-R control charts.
0.2 0.3 0.2
Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 R .233
3
Observation 1 15.8 16.1 16.0
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Example practice……..
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Exercise……..
Use the below data to develop x̅-R control charts.
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Solution……..
R-bar=1.47; UCL=3.75; LCL=0
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S-chart
─ An S-chart is a type of control chart used to monitor the process variability
(as the standard deviation) when measuring subgroups (n ≥ 10) at regular
intervals from a process.
─ One advantage of using the standard deviation instead of the range is that
the standard deviation takes into account all the data, not just the maximum
and the minimum.
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Example practice……..
Use the below data to develop x̅-s control charts.
S1 11.1 10.1 9.8 11.3 11.2 10.1 11.5 11.0 10.8 11.1 9.5 0.68
Stv
S2 9.2 11.2 10.2 10.1 9.4 9.3 10.2 9.7 9.6 10.2 10.8 0.62
s3 11.3 9.9 9.9 10.1 8.9 11.0 9.8 9.9 11.2 9.3 11.5 0.86
x S
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Example Solution……..
X-bar-bar=10.31; S-bar=0.72
UCLX=10.31+1.954*0.72=11.71
LCLx=10.31-1.954*0.72=8.91
UCLs=2.568*0.72=1.85;
LCLs=0*0.72=0
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Exercise……..
Use the below data to develop x̅-s control charts.
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Solution……..
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Individual & Moving Range(XmR,ImR) chart
─ There are two charts – one with Individual data points and the other chart has
data points that are range values derived between consecutive individual
points.
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Example practice……..
Use the below data to develop XmR control charts.
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Example practice……..
Read Individual mR
ing data element
1 290
2 288 2
3 285 3
4 290 5
5 291 1
6 287 4
7 284 3
8 290 6
9 290 0
10 288 2
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