COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, perceived as “verbal” but there

PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS is lack of sounds element

attached to it. Non-verbal
symbols consist of gestures,
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? eye movements, tone of voice,
the use of space and touch.
Communication a) Silence
- Conveys meaning to the
is the process of people reacting to the spectators that can be seen
various attitudes and behaviors of in a person who is quiet yet
other individuals bus, a person who is
contemplating, grieving, not
It is inevitable. Our needs for self-
to be disturbed or being in a
expression lead us to communicate
difficult situation.
not only our thoughts but also our
b) Body Language (gesture)
feelings.
- Employed in two ways;
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION unconscious movement to tell
the state of emotion, the
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION person is undergoing such as
 In which you listen to a person walking around for being
to understand their meaning. bored.
Includes the use of symbols c) Facial Expression
that have universal meaning - Manifested to evoke certain
and can be classified as spoken emotions such as happy,
or written. joyful, sad, frustration, and
a. Intrapersonal Communication many other facial
- Communication expressed movements.
through self-talk. This d) Paralanguage or use of voice
involves personal thoughts - Detected in loud or faint
and emotions. sounds to provide authority
b. Interpersonal Communication or emphasis to the volume of
- Communication between the words.
two people (dyalic) or small e) Touch (hug, kiss, handshake)
group of individuals (also - In some cultures is a symbol
known as small group of affection by many not be
discussion) allowed in certain
c. Public Communication communities.
- One person speaking in f) Space & distance
front of audience. The - Indicate the importance of a
magnitude or size may be person. Distance signifies the
limited or numerous. intimacy and personal
d. Mass Communication acceptance in some cultures
- Communication that takes and in others not.
place through a technology g) Clothes and Personal Appearance
such as the social - Provide a quick personal
network/internet, television, surveillance of the person’s
radio, and newspaper. age, interest, personality, sex,
2. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION attitude, social standing, or
 In which you observe a person religious affiliation.
and infer meaning. It is a
communication without words
because written words are h) Symbols
 - Are general graphical whether the purpose of the
presentation so that people message is to inform,
will be guided accordingly persuade, or entertain.
such as traffic signs, 2. Message
mathematical problems, - the second element of the
medical, and other fields of communication process
specialty (Rassel, 2013) - It is the meaning shared
between the sender and the
FORMAL COMMUNICATION receiver.
 Involves the use of public speaking or 3. Channel/Medium
mass communication, a combination - A pathway or device wherein
of both verbal and nonverbal messages passed through from
messages. sender to receiver using verbal
 In here, language is more precise and and nonverbal channels of
the speaker is careful with grammar. communication.
4. Receiver/Decoder
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION - The receiver is the person who
receives the transmitted
 Involves interpersonal and small message.
group communication where people 5. Feedback
can be at ease and be more - In any communication
comfortable. During the interaction, scenario, a feedback is
less attention is given nonverbal cues essential to confirm recipient
like clothing, posture, and eye understanding.
contact. a. Negative feedback
 happens when there is a lack
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
of understanding
1. Informing b. Positive feedback
2. Persuading  Takes place when the receiver
3. Integrating fully understands the
4. Creating message. Although it may not
5. Helping in decision making fully agree with the source as
6. Reducing misunderstanding the message is interpreted
precisely.
c. Ambiguous feedback
 only occurs when the
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
message relayed is not very
Communication clear thereby giving confusion
to the receiver
 Understood as the process of 6. Noise/Interference
meaning-making through a channel - Interference is also known as
or a medium barrier or block that prevents
 comes from the Latin “communicare”, effective communication to take
meaning to share or to make ideas place.
common

THE COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION

PROCESS

1. Source/Sender/Encoder KINDS OF INTERFERENCE

- Holds the fulcrum of the
1. Psychological barriers
communication since this
individual determines
 -thoughts that hamper the ethnicities, races, institutions,
message to be interpreted governments of various nations
correctly by the receiver – supported by technology and
prejudice compelled by international trade
2. Physical barriers
- Due to globalization, the more you
- include competing stimulus,
become exposed to diversity – the
weather and climate, health and
ignorance of the medium valuing of the uniqueness or
differences in gender preference, color,
3. Linguistic and Cultural barriers age, religious affiliation, ethnicity,
- Pertain to the Language and its education, social and economic status
(cultural environment. Words and political beliefs.
may mean another in different - Globalization is not a new process or
cultures. concept. Years before the advent of
4. Mechanical barriers technology, people had been
- Are those raised by the channels
purchasing and selling each other
employed for inter-personal,
properties, goods and other objects
group or mass communication.
of certain value.
- These include cell phones,
laptops and other gadgets used
in communication. The goal of effective global
communication is to achieve
THE NINE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE communication that gets the desired
COMMUNICATION (Michael Osborn, 2009) response leading to harmonious
1. Clarity connections. Krizan (2014) suggests
2. Concreteness these strategies to become an effective
3. Courtesy global communicator:
4. Correctness 1. Review communication principles
5. Consideration 2. Analyze the message receiver.
6. Creativity 3. Be open to an accepting of other
7. Conciseness cultures.
8. Cultural Sensitivity 4. Learn about cultures and apply what is
9. Captivating learned.
5. Consider language needs.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN Living in a globalized world, you encounter

COMMUNICATION people with diverse cultural backgrounds.
Such interactions occur in social,
Ethics – is a branch of philosophy that focuses educational, political and commerce
on issues of right and wrong in human affairs settings. Hence, in today's era of increased
global communication, it is imperative to
Ethical Communicators: understand intercultural communication for
1. Respect audience us to enhance our intercultural awareness
2. Consider the result of communication and competence.
3. Value truth.
4. Use information correctly. Intercultural competence
5. Do not falsify information  is essential for us to live
GLOBALIZATION harmoniously despite
- is the communication and differences in culture
assimilation among individuals,
Intercultural communication skills necessary in multicultural
world.
 refers to interaction with
people from diverse
cultures (Jandt, 1998).

Forms of Intercultural Communication

(Jandt, 1998)

 Interracial communication
- communicating with people
from different races

 Interethnic communication
- interacting with people of
different ethnic origins

 International communication
- communicating between
representatives from
different nations
 Intracultural communication
- interacting with members of
the same racial or ethnic
group or co- culture

According to Gamble and Gamble (2008),

communication style among cultures differs;
it may be high-context or low-context
communication.
 High-context communication – is a
tradition-linked communication
system which adheres strongly to
being indirect.
 Low-context communication – is a
system that works on straightforward
communication.

IMPROVING INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
The following guidelines may help you enhance
your ability to communicate effectively across
cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2008).
1. Recognize the validity and
differences of communication style
among people.
2. Learn to eliminate personal biases
and prejudices.
3. Strive to acquire communication