CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING

VADE MECUM

10.THERMODYNAMICS AND CHEMISTRY DATA

Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

Table of Contents

1. Thermodynamic Properties ...............................................................10.1

1.1 Heat Capacity and Enthalpy ........................................................10.1
1.2 Cp and Cpm and Approximation .................................................10.1
2. Data.....................................................................................................10.2

Index - i
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

1. Thermodynamic Properties
1.1 Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
Heat capacity
• It is function of the system conditions:
 ∂H   ∂U 
At constant pressure: C p =   At constant volume: Cv =  
 ∂T  p  ∂T  v

Enthalpy
• No absolute value, only changes in enthalpy can be calculated. Integrating over the temperature change:
T2
∆H = H ( T2 ) − H ( T1 ) = ∫ C p (T) dT
T1
Mean heat capacity Cp m
• It is the enthalpy change divided by the temperature difference:
T2

∫ Cp (T) dT
H 2 − H 1 T1
Cp m = = ,
T2 − T1 T2 − T1
• In the more familiar form used in heat and mass balances: Q = mCp m ∆T
1.2 Cp and Cpm and Approximation
• In the 1st table, the a, b, c, d values are given for different gases and materials at various temperature ranges
temperature. At a defined temperature (Kcal/kg.ºK):
Cp( T ) = a + b.T + c.T 2 + d .T −2 , Cp “point value”
• As previously given, the average or Cp mean between T and a reference T0:
 T 2 − T02 T 3 − T03 1 
a * (T − T0 ) + b * + c* − d *  −
1


 2 3  T T0 

Cp m ( T ) =
(T − T0 )
- T0 = 273.15K (0 ºC)
• Similarly with 2nd table Cp m must be used within their temperature range limits. The table values use
T0 = 273.15K (0 ºC), as the reference value or bottom value of the range.
Btu cal kcal
• = =
lb.° F g.(°C ⋅ or ⋅ ° K ) kg .(°C ⋅ or ⋅ ° K )

10.1
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

Reaction Heat
C + ½ O2 → CO + 26.8 Kcal/mole
C + O2 → CO2 + 94.4 Kcal/mole
CO + 1/2/O2 → CO2 + 67.6 Kcal/mole
S + O2 → SO2 + 8.9 Kcal/mole
SO2 + ½ O2 → SO3 + 106 Kcal/mole
S + 3/2 O2 → SO3 + 91.8 Kcal/mole
H2 + ½ O2 → H2O + 57.7 Kcal/mole (LHV)
67.6 Kcal/mole (HHV)
CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 + 42.5 Kcal/mole
2. Data
Chemical Properties
ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC ATOMIC WEIGHT VOLUMIC MASS FUSION EVAP. TEMP.
# (g) (g/cm3) TEMP.(C°) (°C)
Actinium Ac 89 (227) 10.0 1600 3200
Aluminum Al 13 26.9815 2.694 660.46 2467
Americium Am 95 (243) 11.7 1200 2607
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 6.7 630.75 1750
Argon Ar 18 39.948 17832e-3 -189.2 -185.7
Arsenic As 33 74.9225 5.73 815 (36 at) 613(sub)
Astatine At 85 (210)
Barium Ba 56 137.34 3.59 725 1640
Berkelium Bk 97 (247)
Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 1.84 1278+5 2970
Bismuth Bl 83 208.98 9.80 271.3 1560
Boron B 5 10.811 2.45 2300 2550 (sub)
Bromine Br 35 79.909 (Br2)3.119e-3 (Br2)-7.2 58.78
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 8.64 320.9 765
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 1.55 839+2 1484
Californium Cf 98 (251)
Carbon C 6 12.01115 (grap) 2.25 3652-3697 4827
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 6.78 798 3257
Cesium Cs 55 132.905 1.87 28.4 678.4
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 3.214 e-3 -100.98 -34.6
Chromium Cr 24 51.996 7.507 1857+20 2672
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 8.7 1495 2870
Copper Cu 29 63.54 8.94 1083.4 2567
Curium Cm 96 (248)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 8.56 1409 2335
Einsteinium Es 99 (254)
Erbium Er 68 167.26
Europium Eu 63 151.96 5.24 820 1700
Fermium Fm 100 (253)
Fluorine F 9 18.9984 (F2)1.696e-3 -219.62 -188.14
Francium Fr 87 (223)
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 7.95 1313 3233
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 5.9 29.78 2403
Germanium Ge 32 72.59 5.46 937.4 2830
Gold Au 79 196.967 19.3 1064.43 2807
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 13.08 2227 4602
Helium He 2 4.0026 1.785 e-4 -272.2 (26atm) -268.93
Holmium Ho 67 164.93
Hydrogen H 1 1.00797 (H2) 8.99 e-5 -259.14 252.87
Indium In 49 114.82 7.28 156.61 2080
Iodine I 53 126.9044 (I2)4.94 113.5 184.35
Iridium Ir 77 192.2 22.64 2410 4130

10.2
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

Chemical Properties
ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC ATOMIC WEIGHT VOLUMIC MASS FUSION EVAP. TEMP.
# (g) (g/cm3) TEMP.(C°) (°C)
Iron Fe 26 55.847 7.9 1535 2750
Krypton Kr 36 83.8 3.708 e-3 -156.6 -152.31
Lanthanum La 57 138.91 6.16 920 3430
Lead Pb 82 207.19 11.343 327.5 1740
Lithium Li 3 6.939 .53 180.5 1347
Lutetium Lu 71 174.97
Magnesium Mg 12 24.312 1.74 648.8 1090
Manganese Mn 25 54.938 7.2 1244 1962
Mendelevium Md 101 (256)
Mercury Hg 80 200.59 13.594 -38.87 356.8
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 10.2 2617 4612
Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 7.07 1010 3127
Neon Ne 10 20.183 .9002 e-3 -248.6 -246.08
Neptunium Np 93 (237)
Nickel Ni 28 58.71 8.9 1453 2732
Niobium Nb 41 92.906 8.57 2468 4742
Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 (N2)1.2505e-3 -219.86 -193.8
Nobelium No 102 (254)
Osmium Os 76 190.2 22.48 3045 5027
Oxygen O 8 15.9994 (O2)1.429e-3 -218.4 -182.962
Palladium Pd 46 106.4 12.02 1552 3140
Phosphorus P 15 30.9738 2.34 590 (42 atm)
Platinum Pt 78 195.09 21.45 1772 3827
Plutonium Pu 94 (244) 19.74 639.5 3454
Polonium Po 84 (210)
Potassium K 19 39.102 .86 63.65 774
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.907 6.78 931 3212
Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Protactinium Pa 91 (231)
Radium Ra 88 (226) 5 700 1140
Radon Rn 86 (222) 9.73 e-3 -71 -62
Rhenium Re 75 186.2 20.5 3180 5630
Rhodium Rh 45 102.905 12.4 1966 3727
Rubidium Rb 37 85.4 1.532 39 6887
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 12.3 2310 3900
Samarium Sm 62 150.35 7.52 1077 1791
Scandium Sc 21 44.956 2.989 1539 2832
Selenium Se 34 78.96 4.81 217 685
Silicon Si 14 28.086 2.32-2.34 1410 2355
Silver Ag 47 107.87 10.49 961.93 2112
Sodium Na 11 22.9898 .97 97.8 882.9
Strontium Sr 38 87.62 2.6 769 1384
Sulphur S 16 32.064 2.07 112.8 444.67
Tantalum Ta 73 180.948 16.6 2996 5425
Technetium Tc 43 (99)
Tellurium Te 52 127.6 6.25 449.5 990
Terbium Tb 65 158.924 158.924
Thallium Tl 81 204.37 11.85 303.5 1457
Thorium Th 90 232.038 11.7 1750 4790
Thulium Tm 69 168.934
Tin Sn 50 118.69 7.18 231.96 2270
Titanium Ti 22 47.9 4.5 1660 3287
Tungsten W 74 183.85 19.35 3410 5660
Uranium U 92 238.03 19.05 1132.3 3818
Vanadium V 23 50.942 5.96 1890 3380
Xenon Xe 54 131.3 5.887e-3 -111.9 -107.1
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Yttrium Y 39 88.905 4.469 1523 3337
Zinc Zn 30 65.37 7.14 419.58 907
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 6.49 1852 4377

10.3
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

Approximation for Typical Components

CHEMICAL MOLECULAR VOLUMIC FUSION EVAPORATION

FORMULA WEIGHT (g) MASS (g/cm3) TEMP. (C°) TEMP. (C°)
Al2O3 101.96 3.9655
BaO 153
BaSO4 136
C3S 228
C2S 172
C3A 270
C4AF 486
C2F 272
CaC03 100.09 2.93 1339 898 (decomp)
CaO 56.08 3.25-3.8 2580 2850
CaSO4 136.14 2.61 >200
CaSO4 (2H2) 172.17 2.32 128 (-1.5H2O) 163 (-2H2O)
CO 28.01 1.25e-3 -199 -191.5
CO2 44 1.977e-3 -56.6 -78.5
CR2O3 151.99 5.21 2435 4000
Fe2O3 160
FeO 71.85 5.7 1420
H2O 18.015 1.00 0.00 100.0
K2O 94
K2SO4 174.27 2.662 1069 1689
KCl 74.56 1.984 776 1500 (sub)
MgCO3 84
MgO 40
Mn2O3 158
Na2O 62
Na2SO4 142.04 2.68 884
NaCl 58.44 2.165 801 1413
P2O5 144
SiO2 60.08 2.26 1703 2230
SO2 64.06 2.927e-3 -72.7 -10
SO3 80.06 1.97 16.83 44.8
TiO2 79.9 3.84 1830-1850 2500-3000
Slag, blast furnace 0.36

10.4
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

Oxyde and Other Definitions

Formula Short Form Mineral Name or Technical Name

Free CaO - Free lime
Ca (HO )2 - Portlandite

3 CaO .SiO2 C2 S Dicalcium silicate, belite, larnite

3 CaO .SiO2 C3 S Tricalcium silicate, alite

3 CaO .Al 2 O3 C3 A Tricalcium aluminate

11 CaO .7 Al2 O3 .CaX C 12 A7 12/7-calcium aluminate, mayenite

2 CAO .( Al2 O3 .Fe2 O3 ) C 2 ( A, F ) Aluminate ferrite

2 CAO.Al 2 O3 .SiO 2 C 2 AS Gehlenite

CaSO4 - Calcium sulphate, anhydrite

CaCO 3 - Calcium carbonate, calcite

2 (2CaO .SiO2 ). CaCO3 - Spurrite

2 (2CaO .SiO2 ). CaSO4 - Sulphate spurrite, sulpho-spurrite

K 2 SO4 - Potassium sulphate, arcanite

(K , Na )2 SO4 - Alkali sulphate

K 2 SO4 2 CaSO4 (0 ) - Calcium langbeinite

(K , Na )2 SO4 .2CaSO4 - Alkali calcium sulphate

KCI - Potassium chloride, sylvine
K 2 O .Al 2 O3 .2 SiO 2 KAS 2 Kalsilite

Na 2 SO4 .3 K 2 SO4 C 4 AF Brown millerite

(0) = Calcium langebeinite will react with the atmosphere to form K 2 Ca (SO4 )2 .H 2 O .

10.5
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

“Point” or Average Cp (mean) in Kcal/kg.°K

Temperature Cp mean Top

Material Limit a b c d
Range Limit
O2 298 to 999°K 1.66341E-1 1.52333E-4 -5.93194E-8 1.14618E+3 0.2408
1000 to 3299°K 2.51162E-1 1.77998E-5 -6.07722E-10 -7.85447E+3 0.2736
3300 to 6000°K 2.83126E-1 1.27044E-5 -9.60847E-10 -1.30952E+5 0.2928
N2 298 to 799°K 2.32210E-1 2.14938E-5 2.76050E-8 6.53840E+2 0.2553
800 to 2199°K 2.42450E-1 5.44079E-5 -1.05755E-8 -7.11335E+3 0.2838
2200 to 6000°K 3.20296E-1 1.05070E-7 2.16255E-10 -5.84722E+4 0.3079
H2 298 to 999°K 3.71752E+0 -6.54182E-4 5.30928E-7 -1.34162E+4 3.4904
1000 to 2099°K 2.11603E+0 1.38511E-3 -2.23797E-7 3.03508E+5 3.7051
2100 to 6000°K 3.79977E+0 2.54376E-4 -8.12917E-9 -8.44345E+5 4.3278
CO2 298 to 799°K 1.49625E-1 2.42420E-4 -9.77776E-8 -1.01938E+3 0.2446
800 to 1799°K 2.60434E-1 6.27757E-5 -1.38167E-8 -1.43928E+4 0.2858
1800 to 3999°K 3.32286E-1 3.92911E-6 -9.13715E-11 -4.80845E+4 0.3158
4000 to 6000°K 3.58571E-1 -5.30873E-6 7.85626E-10 -1.07169E+5 0.3267
CO 298 to 799°K 2.20543E-1 5.60021E-5 8.37651E-9 9.48925E+2 0.2575
800 to 2199°K 2.55445E-1 4.61682E-5 8.98815E-9 9.24077E+3 0.3259
2200 to 6000°K 3.17217E-1 1.74111E-6 3.30179E-11 4.64873E+4 0.3276
SO2 298 to 799°K 9.79544E-2 2.00701E-4 -9.82007E-8 -2.45323E+1 0.1749
800 to 2599°K 2.06945E-1 9.10368E-6 -1.25453E-9 -1.13897E+4 0.2044
2600 to 6000°K 2.17009E-1 2.34333E-6 -6.36079E-13 -1.79038E+4 0.2172
NO 298 to 1199°K 1.81362E-1 1.28289E-4 -4.08850E-8 1.92938E+3 0.2566
1200 to 6000°K 2.92103E-1 3.55985E-6 -1.76784E-10 -2.64192E+4 0.2918
H2O (vap) 298 to 1199°K 3.75618E-1 1.68470E-4 4.13071E-10 1.72986E+3 0.5052
1200 to 2599°K 4.14544E-1 1.91743E-4 -2.78523E-8 -3.59274E+4 0.5997
2600 to 6000°K 7.48058E-1 1.29251E-5 -3.91557E-10 -4.02480E+5 0.7009
SiO2 298 to 846°K 1.74571E-1 1.54435E-4 0.00000E+0 -3.84423E+3 0.2444
847 to 1078°K 2.34315E-1 3.99401E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 1.3490
1079 to 1994°K 2.89399E-1 5.15389E-6 0.00000E+0 -1.64753E+4 0.7851
1995 to 2200°K 3.42819E-3 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.7015
Al2O3 298 to 599°K 1.58181E-1 3.16316E-4 -1.99797E-7 -4.40115E+3 0.2295
600 to 1599°K 2.70931E-1 3.61871E-5 -4.81287E-9 -9.75318E+3 0.2784
1600 to 2327°K 3.56484E-1 -2.66895E-5 7.55563E-9 -5.22846E+4 0.2929
2328 to 4000°K 3.92311E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.3375
Fe2O3 298 to 499°K 2.62773E-1 -2.71539E-4 3.64815E-7 -5.24040E+3 0.1754
500 to 799°K 1.93927E-1 1.68039E-5 5.79035E-8 -4.88997E+3 0.0898
800 to 1099°K 9.36550E+0 -1.24510E-2 4.70597E-6 -1.39500E+6 0.1423
1100 to 1599°K 2.27310E-1 -1.91821E-5 8.86418E-9 -7.56606E+3 0.1691
CaO 298 to 1399°K 2.11063E-1 2.41220E-5 -2.70785E-9 -3.42270E+3 0.2201
1400 to 3199°K 2.09137E-1 2.15260E-5 -7.61534E-10 0.00000E+0 0.2412
3200 to 4000°K 2.67475E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.1894
MgO 298 to 899°K 2.56115E-1 8.67130E-5 -3.47648E-8 -5.23329E+3 0.2725
900 to 4000°K 2.92535E-1 1.98752E-5 -3.78829E-11 -8.79060E+3 0.3274

10.6
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

“Point” or average Cp (mean) ) in Kcal/kg.°K (cont’d)

Temperature
Material Limit a b c d
C p mean Top
Range Limit
K2O 298 to 499°K 1.72260E-1 3.18402E-4 -3.33239E-7 -2.24501E+3 0.2276
500 to 799°K 7.41409E-2 3.14076E-4 -1.12686E-7 9.04108E+3 0.2417
800 to 2000°K 1.87709E-1 9.96111E-5 1.09170E-9 -4.40135E+2 0.3025
Na2O 298 to 599°K 1.04965E-1 5.91884E-4 -3.72410E-7 1.61265E+3 0.2988
600 to 1023°K 3.12327E-1 8.43466E-5 -2.18119E-8 -8.84785E+3 0.3287
1024 to 1405°K 3.18377E-1 4.76363E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.3447
1406 to 3500°K 4.03356E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.3828
CaCO3 298 to 1200°K 2.49575E-1 5.23529E-5 0.00000E+0 -6.19443E+3 0.2692
MgCO3 298 to 599°K 1.90758E-1 2.12990E-4 -1.43661E-10 -3.39798E+3 0.2628
600 to 799°K 1.34623E-1 3.85987E-4 -1.47945E-7 -1.38980E+3 0.2879
800 to 1000°K 1.25484E-1 4.04459E-4 -1.53722E-7 -2.64523E+3 0.3081
K2SO4 298 to 599°K 1.58125E-1 1.54102E-4 -3.18000E-8 -1.89092E+3 0.2074
600 to 856°K -7.13991E-1 1.36132E-3 -3.64171E-7 9.43877E+4 0.2331
857 to 1341°K -3.72465E-1 4.47300E-4 -2.64252E-10 1.88203E+5 0.2556
1342 to 3000°K 2.69999E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2643
Na2SO4 298 to 521°K 1.38524E-1 2.59737E-4 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2417
522 to 979°K 2.44072E-1 9.18685E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2879
980 to 1156°K 2.40087E-1 9.98029E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2997
1157 to 3500°K 3.32160E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.3233
CaSO4 298 to 1400°K 1.23255E-1 1.73351E-4 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2683
+ ½ H2 O 298 to 1000°K 1.16776E-1 2.68688E-4 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2878
+ 2 H2 O 298 to 1000°K 1.26844E-1 4.41399E-4 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.4078
KCl 298 to 699°K 1.61827E-1 1.89934E-5 2.40342E-8 -4.62219E+2 0.1747
700 to 1043°K 4.60282E-1 -5.38732E-4 3.19498E-7 -2.63462E+4 0.1862
1044 to 2000°K 2.35949E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2138
NaCl 298 to 1073°K 2.29593E-1 -5.18511E-5 8.87734E-8 -1.37371E+3 0.2350
1074 to 1499°K 5.09687E-1 -3.28475E-4 1.14261E-7 0.00000E+0 0.2499
1500 to 2500°K 2.73785E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2606
CaCl2 298 to 599°K 1.66077E-1 6.89417E-6 2.86392E-9 -1.02094E+3 0.1634
600 to 1044°K 1.95989E-1 -7.99550E-5 7.04763E-8 -1.79242E+3 0.1708
1045 to 3000°K 2.20815E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2067
CaF2 298 to 599°K 3.29378E-1 -2.80694E-4 2.60932E-7 -5.23867E+3 0.2269
600 to 1423°K 1.74378E-1 9.21586E-5 6.35505E-9 3.01806E+3 0.2635
1424 to 1690°K 3.30558E-1 3.20184E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2855
1691 to 3500°K 3.05840E-1 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2969
C3S 298 to 2600°K 2.18324E-1 3.77524E-5 0.00000E+0 -4.44532E+3 0.2663
C2S 298 to 969°K 2.02438E-1 5.65457E-5 0.00000E+0 -3.63425E+3 0.2238
970 to 1709°K 1.86705E-1 6.39768E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.2488
1710 to 2403°K 2.84470E-1 8.22990E-5 0.00000E+0 0.00000E+0 0.3156
C3A 298 to 2500°K 2.21910E-1 2.77202E-5 0.00000E+0 -4.36714E+3 0.2540
C4AF 298 to 2500°K 1.84143E-1 3.58039E-5 0.00000E+0 -1.79020E+2 0.2335

10.7
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 10 – THERMODYNAMICS AND
VADE-MECUM CHEMISTRY DATA

Cp mean – reference 0ºC

kcal/kg°C 20°C 100°C 200°C 300°C 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C 800°C 900°C 1000°C
O2 0.2190 0.2206 0.2236 0.2271 0.2306 0.2340 0.2372 0.2401 0.2428 0.2451 0.2473
N2 0.2487 0.2485 0.2492 0.2506 0.2525 0.2547 0.2572 0.2597 0.2623 0.2648 0.2671
H2 3.4073 3.4304 3.4453 3.4541 3.4610 3.4681 3.4767 3.4872 3.5000 3.5144 3.5308
CO2 0.1977 0.2077 0.2183 0.2275 0.2356 0.2428 0.2493 0.2550 0.2602 0.2649 0.2891
CO 0.2489 0.2488 0.2500 0.2519 0.2542 0.2568 0.2644 0.2719 0.2780 0.2834 0.2882
SO2 0.1466 0.1522 0.1587 0.1644 0.1695 0.1739 0.1777 0.1810 0.1839 0.1864 0.1886
NO 0.2385 0.2374 0.2383 0.2403 0.2429 0.2456 0.2483 0.2510 0.2536 0.2560 0.2583
H2O 0.4450 0.4471 0.4519 0.4580 0.4648 0.4721 0.4796 0.4873 0.4951 0.5031 0.5111
Air 0.2418 0.2420 0.2433 0.2452 0.2474 0.2499 0.2525 0.2562 0.2578 0.2602 0.2625
SiO2 0.1703 0.1868 0.2025 0.2154 0.2267 0.2372 0.2455 0.2491 0.2524 0.2557 0.2586
Al2O3 0.1768 0.1962 0.2137 0.2286 0.2366 0.2444 0.2509 0.2563 0.2609 0.2650 0.2687
Fe2O3 0.1497 0.1620 0.1729 0.1347 0.1066 0.0923 0.1093 0.1286 0.1401 0.1480 0.1544
CaCO3 0.1870 0.2057 0.2212 0.2322 0.2407 0.2476 0.2536 0.2589 0.2637 0.2681
Raw 0.1835 0.2018 0.2172 0.2277 0.2359 0.2431 0.2496 0.2549 0.2596 0.2639
Slag 0.211 0.211
CaO 0.1749 0.1850 0.1932 0.1989 0.2032 0.2057 0.2096 0.2121 0.2143 0.2162 0.2180
C3S 0.1735 0.1869 0.1980 0.2059 0.2120 0.2170 0.2213 0.2251 0.2286 0.2318 0.2347
C2S 0.1731 0.1851 0.1954 0.2032 0.2094 0.2148 0.2196 0.2240 0.2275 0.2309 0.2344
C3A 0.1752 0.1880 0.1985 0.2057 0.2113 0.2157 0.2195 0.2228 0.2257 0.2283 0.2308
C4AF 0.1920 0.1940 0.1961 0.1982 0.2001 0.2020 0.203 0.2058 0.2076 0.2095 0.2113
Clinker 0.1780 0.1881 0.1985 0.2069 0.2137 0.2190 0.2233 0.2289 0.2302 0.2334 0.2370

kcal/kg°C 1100°C 1200°C 1300°C 1400°C 1500°C 1600°C 1700°K 1800°C 1900°C 2000°C
O2 0.2493 0.2511 0.2528 0.2545 0.2560 0.2574 0.2588 0.2602 0.2614 0.2627
N2 0.2694 0.2715 0.2735 0.2754 0.2772 0.2789 0.2805 0.2820 0.2834 0.2847
H2 3.5490 3.5685 3.5892 3.6107 3.6327 3.6549 3.6772 3.6994 3.7213 3.7430
CO2 0.2729 0.2764 0.2795 0.2825 0.2852 0.2876 0.2899 0.2920 0.2940 0.2958
CO 0.2927 0.2969 0.3011 0.3051 0.3091 0.3130 0.3170 0.3209 0.3249 0.3261
SO2 0.1906 0.1924 0.1939 0.1954 0.1967 0.1979 0.1900 0.2000 0.2010 0.2019
NO 0.2604 0.2623 0.2641 0.2668 0.2673 0.2687 0.2701 0.2713 0.2724 0.2735
H2O 0.5191 0.5269 0.5346 0.5420 0.5492 0.5562 0.5629 0.5694 0.5757 0.5817
Air 0.2647 0.2668 0.2687 0.2706 0.2723 0.2739 0.2755 0.2770 0.2783 0.2796
SiO2 0.2611 0.2634 0.2655 0.2673 0.2690 0.2706 0.2720 0.2605 0.2469 0.2348
Al2O3 0.2720 0.2749 0.2777 0.2802 0.2826 0.2847 0.2867 0.2886 0.2904 0.2921
Fe2O3 0.1597 0.1643 0.1682 0.1717 0.1748 0.1776 0.1801 0.1825 0.1847 0.1868
CaO 0.2197 0.2212 0.2227 0.2241 0.2254 0.2267 0.2279 0.2291 0.2303 0.2314
C3S 0.2375 0.2402 0.2428 0.2453 0.2478 0.2502 0.2525 0.2548 0.2570 0.2592
C2S 0.2377 0.2411 0.2444 0.2477 0.2565 0.2676 0.2779 0.2875 0.2966 0.3051
C3A 0.2331 0.2353 0.2373 0.2393 0.2413 0.2431 0.2449 0.2467 0.2485 0.2502
C4AF 0.2131 0.2150 0.2168 0.2186 0.2204 0.2222 0.2240 0.2258 0.2276 0.2294
Clinker 0.2412 0.2464 0.2529 0.2610 0.2711 0.2836 0.2987 0.3167 0.3382 0.3632

10.8
Rev. 2002