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What Is Protein Synthesis

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87 views2 pages

What Is Protein Synthesis

u7tyujhtyujtWhat is protein synthesisWhat is protein synthesisWhat is protein synthesisWhat is protein synthesisWhat is protein synthesisWhat is protein synthesisWhat is protein synthesis

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What is protein synthesis?

Protein synthesis is the process of creating protein molecules. In biological systems, it involves amino
acid synthesis, transcription, translation, and post-translational events. In amino acid synthesis, there is a
set of biochemical processes that produce amino acids from carbon sources like glucose. Not all amino
acids are produced by the body; other amino acids are obtained from diet. Within the cells, proteins are
generated involving transcription and translation processes. In brief, transcription is the process by which
the mRNA template is transcribed from DNA. The template is used for the succeeding step, translation. In
translation, the amino acids are linked together in a particular order based on the genetic code. After
translation, the newly formed protein undergoes further processing, such as proteolysis, post-translational
modification, and protein folding.

Making a Protein, Part 1: Transcription

Even though real protein synthesis does not occur until the second phase, transcription is the initial step in
the protein-making process. The instructions for producing a protein from DNA are "copied down" by an
mRNA during transcription.

By "reading" the sequence of bases on one of the strands of DNA, an enzyme called RNA polymerase
opens a segment of DNA and assembles a strand of mRNA. There will be a G on the RNA if there is a C
on the DNA (and vice versa). If the DNA contains a T, the RNA will include an A, but if the DNA has an
A, the RNA will contain a U (instead of a T). The RNA polymerase closes the helical form as it moves
along the DNA strand.

Enzymes "clean up" the fresh mRNA before it can go out and transmit its protein manufacturing
instructions. They splice the leftover segments, termed exons, together after removing the introns. Exons
are the sequences that really code for proteins, thus they must be preserved by the mRNA. Introns can be
thought of as padding between exons.

Remember how I said a single DNA sequence may code for numerous proteins? The explanation for this
is alternative splicing: before mRNA leaves the nucleus, its exons can be spliced together in a variety of
ways.

Making a Protein, Part 2: Translation

The mRNA exits the nucleus once it has been cleaned and is ready to depart, to complete its destiny of
participating in translation, the second half of protein production.
With the aid of a ribosome, mRNA must interact with tRNA in the cytoplasm. tRNA is a form of RNA
with a spot for free amino acids to connect to and a unique sequence of three nitrogenous bases (an
anticodon) that attaches to the ribosome.

Ribosomes are organelles that help tRNA and mRNA meet. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA
build amino acids into proteins according to the instructions on the mRNA.
There are two subunits in each ribosome (large and small). These are brought together at the outset of the
translation process. Ribosomal components are generally seen floating around in the cytoplasm, but if the
protein it's creating has to be transported into a transport vesicle, a ribosome will dock on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum. The A site (aminoacyl, first position), the P site (peptidyl, second position), and
the E site (ethyl, third position) are the three binding locations on ribosomes where tRNA can dock (the
exit position).
In the end, translation is divided into three stages: commencement, elongation, and termination.

The strand of mRNA creates a loop during initiation, and a tiny ribosomal subunit (the ribosome's
bottom) hooks onto it and looks for a sequence of bases that tells it to start transcription. The start codon
is what this is termed (AUG).
The ribosome's second position (P) site is then occupied by a tRNA with a UAC anticodon that couples
with this start codon. The amino acid Methionine is transported by this tRNA (Met). The big ribosomal
subunit (which is above the mRNA and below the small subunit) also comes into position at this stage.

The completely constructed ribosome begins sliding along the mRNA during the elongation step. Let's
pretend the next set of nucleotides it comes across following the start codon is GCU. The initial position
(A) site of the ribosome will bind to a tRNA molecule with the anticodon CGA. Met establishes a peptide
link with the amino acid it's carrying (alanine). After then, the Met-Ala chain-carrying CGA tRNA shifts
to the second position, and the UAC tRNA enters the E binding site. The first position site is now ready to
receive a fresh tRNA molecule. The ribosome continues this process until it reaches a "stop" codon.

The word "termination" means "to put an end to something." The tRNA that binds to the first position
contains a protein known as a release factor when it reaches the "stop" codon. The ribosome then
disassembles when the amino acid chain separates from the ribosome, either into the cytosol or into the
rough ER's cisterna. It may, however, rebuild and loop back around the mRNA loop. Furthermore,
numerous ribosomes can simultaneously operate on the same mRNA!
That's all there is to know about DNA!
If you need to recall the distinctions between transcription, translation, and replication, here's a simple
chart to help you remember:

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